Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ultrastructural Correlates of Antimycotic Treatment

  • Chapter
Current Topics in Medical Mycology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Medical Mycology ((CT MYCOLOGY,volume 2))

Abstract

The descriptive ultrastructure of a large variety of fungal species either grown under in vitro culture conditions or in situ during infection of the host has been reported in detail. Morphologic characterization of yeasts, dimorphic fungi, and filamentous fungi has been done using scanning electron microscopy to elaborate the surface structure, transmission electron microscopy to reveal the internal subcellular organelles, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to display some intramembranous molecular structures (2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 17, 28, 31, 45, 50, 61, 64, 66, 70, 75, 83, 85, 112, 113, 124). For a long time the detailed description of fungal substructure has been hampered by the lack of adequate methodology. From the early days of explorative research, especially the field of transmission electron microscopy has been encumbered with difficulties of clear-cut visualization, hence obscuring the interpretation of the observations (17).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aerts F, Van Cutsem J, De Brabander M: The activity of ketoconazole and itraconazole against Aspergillusfumigatus in mixed cultures with macrophages or leukocytes. Mykosen 29:165–176, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Agar HD, Douglas HD: Studies on the cytological structure of yeast: Electron microscopy of thin section. J Bacterial 73:365–375, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Doory Y : The ultrastructure of Cryptococcus neoformans. Sabouraudia 9:113–120, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Arai T, Mikami Y, Yokoyama K, Kawata T, Masuda K: Morphological changes in yeasts as a result of the action of 5-fluorocytosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 12:255–260, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. . Avers CJ, Federman M: The occurrence in yeast of cytoplasmic granules which resemble microbodies. J Cell Biol 37:555–560, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bakerspigel A : Some observations on the cytology of Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol 87:228–237, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Barug D, de Groot C : Microscopic studies of Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata after in vitro treatment with bifonazole. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 33:538–545, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Barug D, Samson RA, Kerkenaar A: Microscopic studies of Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata after in vitro treatment with bifonazole. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 33:528–537, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bastide M. Jouvert S, Bastide JM : Action des antifongiques sur la paroi et la membrane cytoplasmique de Candida albicans revelee par microscopic electronique a balayage. I. Amphotericine B et nystatine. Bull Soc My col Med 10:113–118, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bastide M, Jouvert S, Bastide JM: A comparison of the effects of several antifungal imidazole derivatives and polyenes on Candida albicans: An ultrastructural study by scanning electron microscopy. Can J Microbiol 28:1119–1126, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bastide M, Jouvert S, Bastide JM: Etude cytologique de Faction des imidazoles sur Candida albicans. Pathol Biol 30:458–462, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beckett A, Heath IB, McLaughlin DJ: An Atlas of Fungal Ultrastructure. London, Longman, 1972, pp 1–221.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bent KJ, Moore RH: The mode of action of griseofulvin, in Biochemical Studies of Antimicrobial Drugs. 16th Symposium of Society of General Microbiology. London, Cambridge University Press, 1966, pp 82–110.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blank H, Taplin D, Roth FJ: Electron microscopic observations of the effects of griseofulvin on dermatophytes. Arch Dermatol 81:667–680, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Borgers M: Mechanism of action of antifungal drugs, with special reference to the imidazole derivatives. Rev Infect Dis 2:520-534, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Borgers M: Antifungal Azole Derivatives. Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology. Scientific Basis of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Greenwood D. O’Grady F (eds).London, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp 133–153.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Borgers M, De Nollin S: The preservation of subcellular organelles of Candida albicans with conventional fixatives. J Cell Biol 62:574–581, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Borgers M, Van Cutsem J: Ketoconazole induced morphological changes In yeasts and dermatophytes, In Meinhof W (ed): Oral Therapy in Dermatomycoses: A Step Forward. The Medicine Publishing Foundation, 1985, pp 51-60.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Borgers M, Vanden Bossche H: The mode of action of antifungal drugs, Levine HB : Ketoconazole in the Management of Fungal Disease. New York, Adis Press, 1982, pp 25–27.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Borgers M, Van de Ven M: Sensitivity testing and morphological changes in Candida albicans after ketoconazole treatment. The Cervix 2:149–158, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Borgers M, Van de Ven MA: Degenerative changes in fungi after itraconazole treatment. Rev Infect Dis, 9 (suppl. 1):S33–S42, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Borgers M, De NollIn S, Verheyen A, De Brabander M, Thienpont D: Effects of new anthelmintics on the micro tubular system of parasites, In Borgers M and De Brabander M (eds): Microtubules and Microtubule Inhibitors. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1975, pp 497-508.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Borgers M, De Nollin S, Thone F, Van Belle H: Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans. J Histochem Cytochem 25:193–199, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Borgers M, Vanden Bossche H, De Brabander M, Van Cutsem J: Promotion of pseudomycelium formation of Candida albicans in culture: A morphological study of the effects of miconazole and ketoconazole. Postgrad Med J 55: 687–691, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Borgers M, Levine HB, Cobb JM: Ultrastructure of Coccidioides immitis after exposure to the imidazole antifungals miconazole and ketoconazole. Sabouraudia 9:27–3S, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Borgers M, Vanden Bossche H, De Brabander M: The mechanism of action of the new antimycotic ketoconazole. Am J Med 74:2–7, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bozzola JJ, Mehta RJ, Nisbet LJ, Valenta JR: The effect of aculeacin A and papulacandin B on morphology and cell wall ultrastructure in Candida albicans . Can J Microbiol 30:857–863, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Breslau A, Hensley T, Erickson J : Electron microscopy of cultured spherules of Coccidioides immitis. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:627–637, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cassone A, Kerridge D, Gale EF: Ultrastructural changes in the cell wall of Candida albicans following cessation of growth and their possible relationship to the development of polyene resistance. J Gen Microbiol 110:339–349, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cassone A, Mason RE, Kerridge D: Lysis of growing yeast-form cells of Candida albicans and by echinocandin: A cytological study. Sabouraudia 19:97–110, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Catterall MD, Ward ME, Jacobs P: A reappraisal of the role of Pityrosporum orbiculare in pityriasis versicolor and the significance of extracellular lipase. J Invest Dermatol 71:398–401, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Costa AL : In vitro antimycotic activity of fenticonazole. Mykosen 25:47–52, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Costa AL, Valenti A, Veronese M: Study of the morphofunctional alterations produced by fenticonazole on strains of Candida albicans, using the scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.). Mykosen 27:29–35, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Danilenko II, Stepanyuk W: Ultrastructure, composition of neutral lipids and their fatty acids of Candida tropicalis strain D-2 mutants resistant to the polyene antibiotic nystatin. BBA 691:201–210, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D’Arcy PF, Scott EM: Antifungal agents, E Jucker : Progress in Drug Research. Basel, Birkhauser Verlag, 1978, pp 93–147.

    Google Scholar 

  36. De Brabander M, Aerts F, Van Cutsem J, Vanden Bossche H, Borgers M: The activity of ketoconazole in mixed cultures of leukocytes and Candida albicans . Sabouraudia 18:197–210, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Degreef H, Van De Kerckhove M, Gevers D, Van Cutsem J, Vanden Bossche H, Borgers M: Ketoconazole (R 41400) in the treatment of dermatophyte infections. IntJDermatol 20:662–669, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. De Nollin S, Borgers M: The ultrastructure of Candida albicans after in vitro treatment with miconazole. Sabouraudia 12:341–351, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. De Nollin S, Borgers M: Scanning electron microscopy of Candida albicans after in vitro treatment with miconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 7:704–711, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. De Nollin S, Borgers M: An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of Candida albicans after in vitro treatment with imidazoles. Mykosen 19:317–328, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. De Nollin S, Thone F, Borgers M: Enzyme cytochemistry of Candida albicans . J Histochem Cytochem 23:758–765, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. De Nollin S, Van Belle H, Goossens F, Thone F, Borgers M: Cytochemical and biochemical studies of yeasts after in vitro exposure to miconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11:500–513, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. De Nollin S, Jacob W, Garrevoet T, Van Daele A, Dockx P: Influence of econazole and 5-fluorocytosine on the ultrastructure ofAspergillusfumigatus and the cytochemical localization of calcium ions as measured by laser microprobe mass analysis. Sabouraudia 21:287–302, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. De Nollin S, Jacob W, Dockx P: Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) of cytochemically localized calcium on Aspergillus fumigatus after exposure to ketoconazole. Abstr 4133 , Hlth Int Congress on Cell Biology, Tokyo, p. 464,1984.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Djaczenko W, Cassone A : Visualization of new ultrastructural components in the cell wall of Candida albicans with fixatives containing Tapo. J Cell Biol 52:186–192, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Dockx P : In vitro microscopic study of fungus cells treated with econazole. Mykosen 24:218–223, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Evans G, White NH: Effect of the antibiotics radicicolin and griseofulvin on the fine structure of fungi. J Exp Bot 18:465–470, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Foury F, Goffeau A: Stimulation of active uptake of nucleosides and amino acids by cyclic adenosine 3’: 5’-monophosphate in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 250:2354–2362, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fromtling RA, Yu HP, Shadomy S: In vitro inhibitory activities of 2 new orally absorbable imidazole derivatives: Bay n7133 and Bay L 9139. Sabouraudia 21:179–184, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gale GR : Cytology of Candida albicans as influenced by drugs acting on the cytoplasmic membrane. J Bacteriol 86:151–157, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gale EF, Cundliffe E, Reynolds PE, Richmond MH, Waring MJ: The Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Action. London, Wiley & Sons, 1982, pp 201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Godefroi EF, Heeres J, Van Cutsem J, Janssen PAJ: The preparation and antimycotic properties of derivatives of 1-phenethylimidazole. J Med Chem 12:784–791, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gunther TH, Kattner W, Mesher HJ: Uber das Verhalten und die Lokalisation der sauren Phosphatase von Hefezellen bei Repression und Derepression. Exp Cell Res 45:133–138, 1966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Hamilton-Miller JMT : Chemistry and biology of the polyene macrolide antibiotics. Bacteriol Rev 37:166–196, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS : Econazole: A review of its antifungal activity and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 16:177–201, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Heeres J, Backx LJJ, Mostmans JH, Van Cutsem J: The synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent. J Med Chem 22:1003–1007, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Heeres J, Hendrickx R, Van Cutsem J: Antimycotic azoles. Part 6. Synthesis and antifungal properties of terconazole, a novel triazole ketal. J Med Chem 26: 611–613,1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Heeres J. Backx LJJ, Van Cutsem J: Antimycotic azoles. Part 7. Synthesis and antimycotic properties of a series of novel triazol-3-ones. J Med Chem 27: 894–900, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hino H, Takizawa K, Asboe-Hansen G: Ultrastructure of Cryptococcus neoformans . Acta Dermatovener 62:113–117, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Humphrey MJ, Jevons S, Tarbit MH: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of UK-49858, a metabolically stable triazole antifungal drug, in animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28:648–653, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ito S : Fine structure of Cryptococcus neoformans. An electron microscopic study. Jpn J Dermatol 76:65, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Iwata K, Kanda Y, Yamaguchi H, Osumi M: Electron microscopic studies on the mechanisms of action of clotrimazole on Candida albicans . Sabouraudia 11:205–209, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Jevans S, Gymer GE, Brammer KW, Cox DA, Lemming MRG: Antifungal activity of tioconazole (UK-20.349), a new imidazole derivative. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 15:597–602, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Karaoui R, Bou-Resli M, Al-Zaid NS, Mousa A: Tinea versicolbr: Ultrastructural studies on hypopigmented and hyperpigmented skin. Dermatologica 162: 69–85, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kanazawa T : Antimycotic action of A diamidine compound, 1, 4-bis-(M,M’-amidinophenoxymethyl)-cyclohexane dilactate on Candida albicans. Acta Med Okayama 35:327–341, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Keddie FM : Electron microscopy of Malassezia furfur in tinea versicolor. Sabouraudia 5:134–137, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kerridge D, Whelan WL: The polyene macrolide antibiotics and 5-fluorocytosine: Molecular actions and interactions, API Trinci, JE Ryley : Mode of Action of Antifungal Agents. London, Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp 343–375.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kerridge D, Koh TY, Johnson AM: The interaction of amphotericin B methyl ester with protoplasm of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 96:117–123, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kessler HJ : Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen mit Isoconazolnitrat, einem Breitspektrum-Antimykotikum aus der Gruppe der Imidazol-Derivate. Arzneim Forsch 29:1344–1351, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kitajima Y, Sekiya T, Nozawa Y: Freeze fracture ultrastructural alterations induced by filipin, pimaricin, nystatin and amphotericin B in the plasma membrane of Epidermophyton, Saccharomyces and red blood cells. A proposal of models for polyene ergosterol complex-induced membrane lesions. BBA 445: 452–465, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Malawista SE : Microtubules and the movement of melanin granules in frog dermal melanocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 253:702–710, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Manna VK, Pearse AD, Marks R: T he effect of Povidone-Iodine paint on fungal infection. J Int Med Res 12:121–123, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Marichal P, Gorrens J, Vanden Bossche H: The action of itraconazole and ketoconazole on growth and sterol synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Sabouraudia : J Med Vet My col 22:13–21, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Masperi P, Dalfolio G, Calefano A, Vannini GL: Autophagic vacuole development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes exposed in vitro to miconazole. Sabouraudia : J Med Vet My col 22:27–35, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Matille PH, Moor H, Robinow C: Biology of yeast, A Rose, J Harrison : Yeast Cytology, Vol. 1. London and New York, Academic Press, 1969, pp 219–302.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mazabrey D, Nadal J, Seguela JP, Linas MD: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy: Study of effects of econazole on Microsporum canis . Mycopathologia 91:151–157, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. MedoffG, Kobayashi GA: The polyenes, DEC Speller : Antifungal Chemotherapy. London, Wiley & Sons, 1980, pp 3–33.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Meingassner JG, Sleytr UB: The effects of naftifine on the ultrastructure of Candida parapsilosis: A freeze fracture study. Sabouraudia 20:199–207, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Meingassner JG, Sleytr U, Petranyi G: Morphological changes induced by naftifine, a new antifungal agent, in Trichophyton mentagrophytes . J Invest Dermatol 77:444–451, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Meingassner JG, Sleytr UB, Petranyi G: SF 86-327: Effects on the ultrastructure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro. 13th Int Congress of Chemotherapy, Vienna PS 4.8/4.7, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Meingassner JG, Miiller M. Sleytr UB: SF-86-327: Effects on the ultrastructure of Candida albicans in vitro. 13th Int Congress of Chemotherapy, Vienna, 1983, PS 4.8/4-8.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Mixich G, Thiele K: Ein Beitrag zur stereospezifischen Synthese von antimykotisch wirksamen Imidazolyloximathern. Oxiconazole-nitrat (Sgd 301-76), ein neues Breitbandantimykotikum. Arzneim Forsch 29:1510–1513, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Montes LF : Systemic abnormalities and the intracellular site of infections of the stratum corneum. JAMA 213:1469–1472, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Montes LF, Patrick TA, Martin SA, Smith M: Ultrastructure of blastospores of Candida albicans after permanganate fixation. Invest Dermatol 45:227, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Moor H, Miihlethaler K: Fine structure in frozen-etched yeast cells. J Cell Biol 17:609–628, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Negroni de Bonvehi MB, Borgers M, Negroni R: Ultrastructural changes produced by ketoconazole in the yeast-like phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Histoplasma capsulatum . Mycopathologia 74:113–118, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Negroni de Bonvehi MB, Van de Ven M, Borgers M, Negroni R: Ultrastructural changes produced by ketoconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans and Sporothrix schenckii . Clin Res Rev 3:5–11, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Norberg B : Cytoplasmic micro tubules and radial segmented nuclei (Rieder cells). Effects of osmolality, ionic strength, pH, penetrating non-electrolytes, griseofulvin and a podophyllin derivative. Scand J Haematol 1:445–454, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Nozawa Y, Kitajima Y, Sekiya T, Ito Y: Ultrastructural alterations induced by amphotericin B in the plasma membrane of Epidermophyton floccosum as revealed by freeze-etch electron microscopy. BBA 367:32–38, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Osumi M, Yamada N, Okada J, Yamaguchi H, Hiratani T, Plempel: The effect of bifonazole on the structure of Triehophyton. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 33: 1484–1491, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Osumi M, Yamada N, Yamada Y, Yamaguchi H: The effect of bifonazole on the structure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Dermatologica 169:19–32, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Palacios J, Serrano R: Proton permeability induced by polyene antibiotics. A plausible mechanism for their inhibition of maltose fermentation in yeast. FEBS Letters 91:198–201, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Pena A : Studies on the mechanism of K+ transport in yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 167:397–419, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pesti M, Novak EK, Ferenczy L, Svoboda A: Freeze fracture electron microscopical investigation of Candida albicans cells sensitive and resistant to nystatin. Sabouraudia 19:17–26, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Pesti M, Becher D, Bartsch G: The effect of miconazole on ergosterolless mutant of Candida albicans . Acta Microbiol Hung 30:25–29, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Petrou MA, Rogers TR: A comparison of the activity of mepartricin and amphotericin B against yeasts. J Antimicrob Chemother 16:169–178, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Plempel M, Bartmann K, Biichel KH, Regel E: Experimented Befunde uber ein neues oral wirksames Antimykotikum mit breiten Wirkungsspecktrum. Deutsche Med Wochenschr 94:1356–1364, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Plempel M, Regel E, Biichel KH: Antimycotic efficacy of bifonazole in vitro and in vivo. Arzneim Forsch 33:517–524, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Polak A, Grenson M: Evidence for a common transport system for cytosine, adenine and hypoxanthine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans . Eur J Biochem 32:276–282, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Preusser HJ : Die Wirkung von Econazol auf die Feinstruktur der Zellen von Trichophyton rubrum. Mykosen 18:453–465, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Preusser HJ : Effects of in vitro treatment with econazole on the ultrastructure of Candida albicans. Mykosen 19:304–316, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Preusser HJ: Trichophyton rubrumlCandida albicans. Stuttgart, Gustaf Fischer Verlag, 1982, pp 1–109.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Raab WPE: The Treatment of Mycoses With Imidazole Derivatives. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Readio JD, Bittman R: Equilibrium binding of amphotericin B and its methyl ester and borate complex to sterols. BBA 685:219–224, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Scheklakow ND, Delektorski WW, Golodova OA: Veranderungen der Ultrastruktur von Candida albicans unter der Einwirkung von Polyenantibiotika. Mykosen 24:140–152, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Scherwitz C : Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Econazolnitrat auf die Candida albicans Mykose der menschlichen Haut. Mykosen 24: 244–247, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Scholer HJ: Flucytosine, DCE Speller : Antifungal Chemotherapy. London, Wiley & Sons, 1980, pp 35–106.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Scott EM, Gorman SP, McGrath SJ: Inhibition of hyphal development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthroconidia by ketoconazole and miconazole. JAntimicrob Chemother 15:405–415, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Sekiya T, Yano K, Nozawa Y: Effects of amphotericin B and its methyl ester on plasma membranes of Candida albicans and erythrocytes as examined by freezefracture electron microscopy. Sabouraudia 20:303–311, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Shadomy S : In vitro studies with 5-fluorocytosine. Appl Microbiol 17:871–877, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Sobel JD: Pathogenesis of vaginal candidosis, BW Eliot : Oral Therapy in Vaginal Candidosis. Oxford, Medicine Publishing Foundation, 1984, pp 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Sun SH, Huppert M: A cytological study of morphogenesis in Coccidioides immitis . Sabouraudia 14:184–198, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Sun SH, Sekhon SS, Huppert M: Electron microscopic studies of saprobic and parasitic forms of Coccidioides immitis . Sabouraudia 17:265–273, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tanenbaum L, Anderson C, Chaplin M, Jones R, Matthews T, Walker K: Sulconazole nitrate 1% cream: Preclinical and clinical profile. Abstr llth Int Congr Chemother. No. 148, Boston, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Thienpont D, Van Cutsem J, Borgers M: Ketoconazole in experimental candidosis. Rev Infect Dis 2:570–576, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Tolman EL, Isaacson DM, Rosenthale ME, McGuire JL, Van Cutsem J, Borgers M, Vanden Bossche H: Anticandidal activities of terconazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29:986–991, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Van Cutsem J, Van Gerven F, Van de Ven MA, Borgers M, Janssen PAJ: Itraconazole, a new triazole that is orally active in aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26:527–534, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Vanden Bossche H : Biochemical targets for antifungal azole-derivative. Hypothesis of the mode of action. Curr Topics Med My col 1:313–351, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Vanden Bossche H, Willemsens G, Cools W, Marichal P, Lauwers W: Hypothesis on the molecular basis for the antifungal activation of N-substituted imidazoles and triazoles. Biochem Soc Trans 11:665–667, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Vanden Bossche H, Lauwers, W, Willemsens G, Marichal P, Cornelissen F, Cools W: Molecular basis for antimycotic and antibacterial activity of Nsubstituted imidazoles and triazoles: The inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Pest Sci 15:188–198, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Vannini GL, Mares D, Giori P, Bonora A: Antifungal properties of some pyrazolyl-sulfides. Mycopathologia 74:l–l4, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Walker KAM, Braemer AC, Hitt S, Jones RE, Matthews TR: l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2, 6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-lH-imidazole nitrate, a new potent antifungal agent. J Med Chem 21:840–843, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Weber K, Wehland J, Herzog W: Griseofulvin interacts with microtubules both in vivo and in vitro. J Mol Biol 102:817–830, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Wiemken A: Eigenschaften der Hefevacuole (Thesis). Zürich, Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Wooley DW: Some biological effects produced by benzimidazole and their reversal by purines. J Biol Chem 152:225–232, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Yamaguchi H, Iwata K, Nagano M, Osumi M: Ultrastructure of Saccharomyces cerevisaae treated with econazole. J Electron Microsc 30:305–314, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Yamaguchi H, Hiratani R, Plempel M: In vitro studies of a new oral azole antimycotic, BAY n7133. J Antimicrob Chem 11: 135–149, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Marcel Borgers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA

    Michael R. McGinnis Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Borgers, M. (1988). Ultrastructural Correlates of Antimycotic Treatment. In: McGinnis, M.R. (eds) Current Topics in Medical Mycology. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8323-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3730-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation