Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses: Prospects for Control

  • Conference paper
Progress in Vaccinology

Part of the book series: Progress in Vaccinology ((VACCINOLOGY,volume 2))

  • 94 Accesses

Abstract

Five distinct hepatitis viruses are currently recognized. Three of them—hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D (δ) virus, and blood-borne non-A non-B hepatitis virus—are transmitted predominantly by exposure to contaminated blood, blood products, and bodily secretions. Two of the viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enterically transmitted non-A non-B hèpatitis virus (ENANB), are spread predominantly by oral exposure to contaminated feces. Although these two viruses share a similar epidemiology and cause a similar clinical disease, they are different in several respects. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about these two enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses and to evaluate prospects for their control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Balayan MS, Andzhaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, et al: Evidence for a virus in a non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology 1983; 20: 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Baroudy BM, Ticehurst JR, Miele TA, et al: Sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus cDNA coding for capsid proteins and RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 2143–2147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Belabbes E-H, Bouguermouh A, Benatallah A, Illoul G: Epidemic non-A, non- B viral hepatitis in Algeria: strong evidence for its spreading by water. J Med Virol 1985; 16: 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Binn LN, Bancroft WH, Lemon SM, et al: Preparation of a prototype inac-tivated hepatitis A virus vaccine from infected cell cultures. J Infect Dis 1986; 153: 749–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bittle JL, Houghten RA, Alexander H, et al: Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature 1982; 298: 30–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bradley DW, Schable CA, McCaustland KA, et al: Hepatitis A virus: growth characteristics of in vivo and in vitro propagated wild and attenuated virus. J Med Virol 1984; 14: 373–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bradley DW, Krawczynski K, Cook EH Jr, et al: Enterically transmitted non- A, non-B hepatitis: serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarins and recovery of disease-associated 27- to 34-nm viruslike particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 6277–6281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control: ACIP: recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. MMWR 1985; 34: 313–335.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cohen JI, Rosenblum B, Ticehurst JR, et al: Complete nucleotide sequence of an attenuated hepatitis A virus: comparison with wild-type virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 2497–2501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cohen JI, Ticehurst JR, Purcell RH, et al: Complete nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis A virus: comparison with different strains of hepatitis A virus and other picornaviruses. J Virol 1987; 61: 50–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen JI, Ticehurst JR, Purcell RH, et al: Complete nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis A virus: comparison with different strains of hepatitis A virus and other picornaviruses. J Virol 1987; 61: 50–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. De Cock KM, Bradley DW, Sandford NL, et al: Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients from Pakistan. Ann Intern Med 19; 106: 227–230.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Favorov MO, Khukhlovich PA, Zairov GK et al: Clinical and epidemiological features and diagnosis of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis with fecal-oral transmission mechanism. Vopr Virusol 1986; 1: 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH: Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a virus-like antigen associated with acute illness. Science 1973; 182: 1026–1028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Flehmig B, Haage A, Pfisterer M: Immunogenicity of a hepatitis A virus vaccine. J Med Virol 1987; 22: 7–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ: Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 Á resolution. Science 1985; 229: 1358–1365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hughes JV, Stanton LW, Tomassini JE, et al: Neutralizing monoclonal an-tibodies to hepatitis A virus: partial localization of a neutralizing antigenic site. J Virol 1984; 52: 465–473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kane MA, Bradley DW, Shrestha SM, et al: Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal: recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA 1984; 252: 3140–3145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kane MA, Bradley DW, Shrestha SM, et al: Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal: recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA 1984; 252: 3140–3145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Khuroo MS: Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis: possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 1980; 68: 818–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Khuroo MS, Duermeyer W, Zargar SA, et al: Acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in India. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 360–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kleid DG, Yansura D, Small B, et al: Cloned viral protein vaccine for foot- and-mouth disease: responses in cattle and swine. Science 1981; 214: 1125–1129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lemon S: Type A viral hepatitis: new developments in an old disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1059–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Melnick JL: Classification of hepatitis A virus as enterovirus type 72 and of hepatitis B virus as hepadnavirus type 1. Intervirology 1982; 18: 105–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Morrow RH, Sai FT, Edgcomb JH, Smetana HF: Epidemiology of viral hep-atitis in Accra, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969; 63: 755–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Myint H, Soe MM, Khin T, et al: A clinical and epidemiological study of an epidemic of non-A non-B hepatitis in Rangoon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34: 1183–1189.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Najarian R, Caput D, Gee W, et al: Primary structure and gene organization of human hepatitis A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 2627–2631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pattanayak S: Magnitude of the Problem of Hepatitis and Directions for Research, Prevention and Control. New Delhi, World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, 1986, pp 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pillot J, Sharma MD, Lazizi Y, et al: Immunological characterization of a viral agent involved in epidemic and sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol 1987; 138: 145–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Provost PJ, Hilleman MR: An inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine prepared from infected marmoset liver. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1978; 159: 201–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Provost PJ, Hilleman MR: Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in cell culture in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1979; 160: 213–221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Provost PJ, Giesa PA, Banker FS, et al: Studies in chimpanzees of live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine candidates. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1983; 172:357– 363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Provost PJ, Bishop RP, Gerety RJ, et al: New findings in live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine development. J Med Virol 1986; 20: 165–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Provost PJ, Hughes JV, Miller WJ, et al: An inactivated hepatitis A viral vaccine of cell culture origin. J Med Virol 1986; 19: 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control: Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis—East Africa. MMWR 1987; 36: 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Ticehurst JR, et al: Hepatitis A virus, in Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH (eds): Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Orlando, Florida, Grune & Stratton, 1984, pp. 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Purcell RH, Ticehurst JR: Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: epidemiology and clinical characteristics, in Zuckerman A (ed): Viral Hepatitis. New York, Alan R. Liss, 1987, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rossman MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, et al: Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature 1985; 317: 145–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shakhgildyan IV, Khukhlovich PA, Kuzin SN, et al: Epidemiological char-acteristics of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis with fecal-oral mode of transmission. Vopr Virusol 1986; 31: 175–179.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shimojo H: Development of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Japan. Presented at the Seventh Joint Conference on Hepatitis: The United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program; Session I II, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shrestha SM, Kane MA: Preliminary report of an outbreak of non-A/non-B viral hepatitis in Katmandu Valley. J Inst Med (Nepal) 1983; 5: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sjogren MH, Eckels KH, Binn LM, et al: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York, Alan R. Liss, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sreenivasan MA, Arankalle VA, Sehgal A, Pavri KM: Non-A, non-B epidemic hepatitis: visualization of virus-like particles in the stool by immune electron microscopy. J Gen Virol 1984; 65: 1005–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Stapleton JT, Lemon SM: Neutralization escape mutants define a dominant immunogenic neutralization site on hepatitis A virus. J Virol 1987; 61: 491–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ticehurst JR, Racaniello VR, Baroudy BM, et al: Molecular cloning and char-acterization of hepatitis A virus cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:5885– 5889.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ticehurst, JR: Hepatitis A virus: clones, cultures, and vaccines. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 46–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Viswanathan R, Sidhu AS: Infectious hepatitis: clinical findings. Indian J Med Res 1957; 45 (suppl): 49–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wong DC, Purcell RH, Sreenivasan MA, et al: Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet 1980; 2: 882–885.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Zairov GK, Stakhanova VM, Listovskaya EK, et al: Electron microscopic investigations in non-A, non-B viral hepatitis with fecal-oral transmission mode. Vopr Virusol 1985; 31: 172–175.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert H. Purcell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Immunology, JNU Complex, Shahid Jeet Singh Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India

    G. P. Talwar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Purcell, R.H. (1989). Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses: Prospects for Control. In: Talwar, G.P. (eds) Progress in Vaccinology. Progress in Vaccinology, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3508-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3508-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96734-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3508-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation