Skip to main content

Strategy Instruction Is Often Insufficient: Addressing the Interdependency of Executive and Attributional Processes

  • Chapter
Intervention Research in Learning Disabilities

Abstract

For several decades, research on the amelioration of learning disabilities (LD) has focused on the training of learning and memory strategies (Ceci, 1987). The intent was to reduce or eliminate performance deficits in LD children by developing learning skills that, for many reasons, had failed to emerge as normal development would predict. Alhough this research focus met with some success (Borkowski, Johnston, & Reid, 1987), problems of strategy maintenance and generalization have remained an obstacle for in-laboratory research and its classroom applications: Learning disabled children who have acquired study strategies generally do not deploy these strategies without prompting on new tasks or with materials different from those used during training (Borkowski et al., 1987).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1987). Mothers’ beliefs about the role of ability and effort in school learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 409 – 414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, J., & Meichenbaum, D. (1979). Verbal rehearsal and serial recall: The mediational training of kindergarten children. Child Development, 50, 1173– 1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, A.F., & Conway, R.N.F. (1989). Cognitive strategies for special education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, G.P., & Graham, S. (1987). Developmental study of praise and blame as attributional cues. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 62 – 66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, J.A. (1988). Problem-solving strategies in learning disabled and normal boys: Developmental and instructional effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 184 – 191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belmont, J.M., & Borkowski, J.G. (1988). A group test of children’s metamemory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26, 206 – 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belmont, J.M., & Borkowski, J.G. (1988). A group test of children’s metamemory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26, 206 – 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., & Cavanaugh, J.C. (1979). Maintenance and generalization of skills and strategies by the retarded. In N. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency( 2nd ed., pp. 569 – 617 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski. J.G., Estrada, M.T., Milstead, M. & Hale, C. (1989) General problem-solving skills: Relations between metacognition and strategic processing. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 12, 57 – 70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., Johnston, M.D., & Reid, M.K. (1987). Metacognition, motivation, and controlled performance. In S. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social, and neurological aspects of learning disabilities(Vol. 2, pp. 147 – 174 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., & Kurtz, B.E. (1987). Motivation and executive control. In J.G. Borkowski & J.D. Day (Eds.), Cognition in special children(pp. 123 – 150 ). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., Milstead, M., & Hale, C. (1988a). Components of children’s metamemory: Implications for strategy generalization. In F.E. Weinert & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences(pp. 73 – 100 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., & Turner, L.A. (1988). Transsituational characteristics of metacognition. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Interaction of Knowledge States and Strategy Use, July, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., Weyhing, R.S., & Carr, M. (1988b). Effects of attributional retraining on strategy-based reading comprehension in learning-disabled students. Journal of Educational Psvchology, 80, 46 – 53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brophy, J., Rohrkemper, M., Rashid, H., & Goldberger, M. (1983). Relationships between teachers’ presentations of classroom tasks and students’ engagement in those tasks. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 544 – 552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butkowsky, I.S., & Willows, D.M. (1980). Cognitive motivational characteristics of children varying in reading ability: Evidence for learned helplessness in poor readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 408 – 422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, M., & Borkowski, J.G. (1987). The importance of attributional retraining for the generalization of comprehension strategies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S.J. (1987). Handbook of cognitive, social and neurological aspects of learning disabilities(Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J.W. (1988). Cognitive-motivational characteristics and academic achievement of learning-disabled children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 357 – 365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covington, M.V., & Omelich, C.L. (1979a). Are causal attributions causal? A path analysis of the cognitive model of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1487 – 1504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covington, M.V., & Omelich, C.L. (1979b). It’s best to be able and virtuous too: Student and teacher evaluative responses to successful effort. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 688 – 700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, J.D., & Hall, L.K. (1987). Cognitive assessment, intelligence, and instruction. In J.D. Day & J.G. Borkowski (Eds.), Intelligence and exceptionality(pp. 457 – 80 ). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C.S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674 – 685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C.S., & Leggett, E.L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256 – 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, E.S., & Dweck, C.S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5 – 12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischner, J.E., & Garnett, K. (1987). Arithmetic difficulties. In K. Kavale, S. Forness, & M. Bender (Eds.), Handbook of learning disabilities Vol. 1: Dimensions and diagnosis(pp. 189 – 209 ). Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelzheiser, L. (1984). Generalization from categorical memory tasks to prose by learning disabled adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 1128– 1138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, C., Milstead, M., Turner, L., & Borkowski, J.G. (1988). Transfer of learning skills in LD children: Are enriched instructions sufficient?Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation, March, Gatlinburg, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, C., Turner, L., Rellinger, E., Bados, M., & Borkowski, J.G. (1988). The development of memory processes in retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation, March, Gatlinburg, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, B., Lowery, B., & DuCette, J. (1986). Attributions of learning disabled children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 59 – 64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavale, K.A. (1980). The reasoning abilities of normal and learning disabled readers on measures of reading comprehension. Learning Disability Quarterly, 3, 34 – 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, B.A., & Miller, D.J. (1976). Persistent use of verbal rehearsal as a function of information about its value. Child Development, 47, 566 – 569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, J.A., Osborne, M., & LaVerrier, L. (1988). Causal attributions of learning-disabled children: Developmental patterns and relation to academic progress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 82 – 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsonis, M.E., & Patterson, C.J. (1980). Comprehensive monitoring skills in learning disabled children. Developmental Psychology, 16, 541 – 542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, B.E., & Borkowski, J.G. (1984). Children’s metacognition: Exploring relations among knowledge, process, and motivational variables. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 335 – 354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, B.E., Schneider, W., Carr, M., Borkowski, J.G., & Turner, L.A. (1988). Sources of memory and metamemory development: Societal, parental, and educational influences. In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leon, J.A., & Pepe, H.J. (1983). Self-instruction training: Cognitive behavioral modifications for remediating arithmetic deficits. Exceptional Children, 50, 54 – 60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, B.G. (1983). Cognitive-motivational factors that contribute to the achievement of learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 483 – 490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, B.G., Kistner, J.A., Ozkaragoz, T., Shapiro, S., & Clausen, L. (1985). Causal attributions of learning disabled children: Individual differences and their implications for persistence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 208 – 216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W. (1986a). Verbal and math self-concepts: An internal-external frame of reference model. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 129 – 150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W. (1986b). Self-serving (bias) in academic attributions: Its relation to academic achievement and self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 190 – 200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1986). The role of the self-system in self-regulated learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, April, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1989). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: A phenomenological view. In B.J. Zimmerman and D.H. Schunk (Eds.), Self- regulated learning and academic achievement(pp. 51 – 82 ). New York: Springer- Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D., & Goodman, J. (1971). Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: A means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 115 – 126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milstead, M., Hale, C., Turner, L., Dutka, S., & Borkowski, J.G. (1988). Metacognitive training for learning disabled students: Investigation of metacognitive feedback on near and far generalization tasks. Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation, March, Gatlinburg, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oka, E.R., & Paris, S.A. (1987). Patterns of motivation and reading skills in underachieving children. In S.J. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social, and neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities(pp. 115 – 145 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padawer, W.J., Zupan, B.A., & Kendall, P.C. (1980). Developing self-control in children: A manual of cognitive-behavioral strategies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palincsar, A., & Brown, A.L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension fostering and monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, 7, 117 – 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S.G., Newman, R.S., & McVey, K.A. (1982). Learning the functional significance of mnemonic actions: A microgenetic study of strategy acquisition. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34, 490 – 509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M, Borkowski, J.G., & O’Sullivan, J. (1985). Children’s metamemory and the teaching of memory strategies. In D.L. Forrest-Pressley, D. MacKinnon, & T.G. Waller (Eds.), Metacognition, cognition, and human performance(pp. 111 – 153 ). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, M.K., & Borkowski, J.G. (1987). Causal attributions of hyperactive children: Implications for training strategies and self-control. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 225 – 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W. (1985). Developmental trends in the metamemory-memory relationship: An integrated review. In D.L. Forrest-Pressley, G.E. MacKinnon, and T.G. Waller (Eds.), Metacognition. cognition and human performance Vol. 1: Theoretical perspectives(pp. 57 – 109 ). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schunk, D.H., & Cox, P.D. (1986). Strategy training and attributional feedback with learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 201 – 209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T.E., Mastropieri, M.A., McLoone, B.B., Levin, J.R., & Morrison, C.R. (1987). Mnemonic facilitation of learning disabled students’ memory for expository prose. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 27 – 34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Short, E.J., & Ryan, E.B. (1984). Metacognitive differences between skilled and less skilled readers: Remediating deficits through grammar and attribution training. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 225 – 235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slife, B.D., Weiss, J., & Bell, T. (1985). Separability of metacognition and cognition: Problem-solving in learning disabled and regular students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 437 – 445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torgesen, J.K., & Kail, R.V. (1980). Memory processes in exceptional children. In B.K. Beogh (Ed.), Advances in special education. Vol. 1: Basic constructs and theoretical orientations(pp. 59 – 99 ). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veit, D.T., Scruggs, T.E., & Mastropieri, M.A. (1986). Extended mnemonic instruction with learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 300 – 308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3 – 25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1 – 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, B.Y.L. (1979). Increasing retention of main ideas through questioning strategies. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 2, 42 – 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Groteluschen, A.K., Borkowski, J.G., Hale, C. (1990). Strategy Instruction Is Often Insufficient: Addressing the Interdependency of Executive and Attributional Processes. In: Scruggs, T.E., Wong, B.Y.L. (eds) Intervention Research in Learning Disabilities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3414-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3414-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-97280-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3414-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics