Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 113))

Abstract

The purpose of exploring the potential naturally occurring toxic hazards in food plants is not to persuade a person to avoid these common foods. Rather, it is important to put some perspective on these chemicals (natural pesticides) in our foods, and to clearly show that their toxicology, which is unknown in most cases, needs to be better understood. Many natural pesticides function similarly to synthetic pesticides or other biohazard chemicals. The natural pesticide concentration in our foods may be as much as 10,000 times higher than that of synthetic pesticide residues (Ames 1983). In some cases, these natural chemicals are prime candidates to be monitored by plant producers and plant breeders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramovici A (1977) Mycotoxins and abnormal fetal development. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 3:81–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed SS, Müller K (1978) Effect of wound-damages on the glyco-alkaloid content in potato tubers and chips. Lebensm Wiss Technol 11:144–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed EM, Dennison RA, Dougherty RH, Shaw PE (1978) Effect of nonvolatile orange juice components, acid, sugar, and pectin on the flavor threshold of d-limonene in water. J Agric Food Chem 26:192–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akkmeteli MA (1977) Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses. Ann Nutr Aliment 31:957–976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrowicz J, Smyk B (1973) The association of neoplastic diseases and mycotoxins in the environment. Tex Rep Biol Med 31:715–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfa J, Heyl E (1923) Potatoes of the 1922 harvest with an unusually high solanine content. Z Nahr Genussm 46:306–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen EH, Kuć J (1968) α-Solanine and α-chaconine as fungitoxic compounds in extracts of Irish potato tubers. Phytopathology 58:776–781.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alozie SO, Sharma RP, Salunkhe DK (1979) Inhibition of rat cholinesterase isoenzymes in vitro and in vivo by the potato alkaloid, α-chaconine. J Food Biochem 2:259–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (1984) Nutrition and cancer: Cause and prevention. Calif Cancer J Clin 34:121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Council on Science and Health (1987) Mother nature and her chemicals join us for Thanksgiving dinner. New York, NY. 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN (1983) Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens: Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science 221:1256–1263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN, Gold LS (1989) Pesticides, Risk, and Applesauce. Science 244:755–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS (1987) Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236:271–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1988) 1987 Pesticide residue annual reports. Calif Dept Food Agric. pp 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1989) Woman dies after tanning. Bryan-College Station Eagle, May 28, Bryan, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer AW (1988) Determination of safrole and myristicin in nutmeg and mace by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 438:117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15:617–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arseculeratne SN, Gunatilaka AAL, Panabokke RG (1981) Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka: Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and hepatotoxic properties in some traditional medicinal herbs. J Ethnopharmacol 4:159–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arseculeratne SN, Gunatilaka AAL, Panabokke RG (1985) Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Part 14: Toxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs. J Ethnopharmacol 13:323–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA, Ceska O, Liu M, Furniss E (1983) An ultrasensitive bioassay for the detection of furocoumarins and other photosensitizing molecules. Photochem Photobiol 38:113–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augustin J, McDole RE, Painter GC (1977) Influence of fertilizer, irrigation, and storage treatments on nitrate-N content of potato tubers. Am Potato J 54:125–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austad J, Kavli G (1983) Phototoxic dermatitis caused by celery infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Contact Dermatitis 9:448–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bababunmi EA (1978) Toxins and carcinogens in the environment: An observation in the tropics. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 4:691–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babish JG, Stoewsand GS (1975) Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rats fed varietal cauliflower leaves. J Nutr 105:1592–1599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babish JG, Stoewsand GS (1978) Effect of dietary indole-3-carbinol on the induction of the mixed-function oxidases of rat tissue. Food Cosmet Toxicol 16:151–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey G, Goeger D, Hendricks J, Nixon J, Pawlowski N (1985) Indole-3-carbinol promotion and inhibition of aflatoxin B1 carcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Proc 67th Ann Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 26(456):115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey GS, Hendricks JD, Shelton DW, Nixon JE, Pawlowski NE (1987) Enhancement of carcinogenesis by the natural anticarcinogen indole-3-carbinol. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:931–934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) (1982) Phytoalexins. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 1–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker D, Keeler R, Gaffield W (1987) Lesions of potato sprout and extracted potato sprout alkaloid toxicity in Syrian hamsters. Clin Toxicol 25:199–208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balazs T, Herman EH (1976) Toxic cardiomyopathies. Ann Clin Lab Sci 6:467–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balducci L, Wallace C, Khansur T, Vance RB, Thigpen JT, Hardy C (1986) Nutrition, cancer, and aging: An annotated review I. Diet, carcinogenesis, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 34:127–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bean GA, Southall A (1983) Effect of pyridazinone herbicides on growth and aflatoxin release by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:503–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beier RC (1985) A reverse phase technique for separating the linear furanocoumarins in celery. J Liq Chromatogr 8:1923–1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beier RC, Ivie GW (1985) Linear furanocoumarins in the common herb parsley (Petroselium sativum): Biologically active compounds. Abstr No AGFD-181, 190th Am Chem Soc Natl Meet, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beier RC, Ivie GW, Oertli EH (1983a) Psoralens as phytoalexins in food plants of the family Umbelliferae: Significance in relation to storage and processing. In: Finley JW, Schwass DE (eds) Xenobiotics in foods and feeds. Am Chem Soc Symp Ser 234. pp 295–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beier RC, Ivie GW, Oertli EH, Holt DL (1983b) HPLC analysis of linear furanocoumarins (psoralens) in healthy celery (Apium graveolens). Food Chem Toxicol 2:163–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beier RC, Oertli EH (1983) Psoralen and other linear furocoumarins as phytoalexins in celery. Phytochemistry 22:2595–2597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA (1974) Biochemical bases of resistance of plants to pathogens. In: Maxwell FG, Harris FA (eds) Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. The University Press of Mississippi, pp 403–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA (1981) Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 32:21–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA, Wheeler MH (1986) Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Ann Rev Phytopathol 24:411–451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belogurov AA, Zavilgelsky GB (1981) Mutagenic effect of furocoumarin monoadducts and cross-links on bacteriophage lambda. Mutat Res 84:11–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW (1982) Genetics of mycotoxin production with emphasis on aflatoxins. In: Krumphanzl V, Sikyta B, Vanek A (eds) Overproduction of microbial products. Academic Press, London, pp 549–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW (1985) Mutants and mycotoxins: aflatoxins as a model system. In: Lacey J (ed) Trichothecenes and other mycotoxins. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berberich S (1988) Potato plants make their own insect repellent. Agric Res 36(2):15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman J (1970) Condensation of indole and formaldehyde in the presence of air and sensitizers: A facile synthesis of indolo[3.2-b]carbazole. Tetrahedron 26:3353–3355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley SF, Hightower AW, Beier RC, Fleming DW, Brokopp CD, Ivie GW, Broome CV (1986) Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Ann Intern Med 105:351–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilyk A, Sapers GM (1985) Distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in lettuce, kale, chive, garlic chive, leek, horseradish, red radish, and red cabbage tissues. J Agric Food Chem 33:226–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilyk A, Sapers GM (1986) Varietal differences in the quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin contents of highbush blueberry, cranberry and thornless blackberry fruits. J Agric Food Chem 34:585–588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham DJ, Key MM, Tubich GE, Perone VB (1961) Phototoxic bullae among celery harvesters. Arch Dermatol 83:73–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birt DF, Pelling JC, Pour PM, Tibbels MG, Schweickert L, Bresnick E (1987) Enhanced pancreatic and skin tumorigenesis in cabbage-fed hamsters and mice. Carcinogenesis 8:913–917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjeldanes LF, Chang GW (1977) Mutagenic activity of quercetin and related compounds. Science 197:577–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackard CE, Doe RP, Mellinger GT, Byar DP (1970) Incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in patients receiving diethylstilbestrol for carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 26:249–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordia A, Bansal HC, Arora SK, Singh SV (1975) Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis 21:15–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeois CH, Shank RC, Grossman RA, Johnsen DO, Wooding WL, Chandavimol P (1971) Acute aflatoxin B1 toxicity in the macaque and its similarity to Reye’s syndrome. Lab Invest 24:206–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd JN, Babish JG, Stoewsand GS (1982) Modification by beet and cabbage diets of aflatoxin B1-induced rat plasma α-foetoprotein elevation, hepatic tumorigenesis, and mutagenicity of urine. Food Chem Toxicol 20:47–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MR (1976) Role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of chemically induced pulmonary disease: Mechanism of action of the lung-toxic furan, 4-ipomeanol. Environ Hlth Perspect 16:127–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MR (1977) Evidence for the clara cell as a site of cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activity in lung. Nature 269:713–715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MR, Burka LT (1978) In vivo studies on the relationship between target organ alkylation and the pulmonary toxicity of a chemically reactive metabolite of 4-ipomeanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207:687–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MR, Burka LT, Harris TM, Wilson BJ (1973) Lung-toxic furanoterpenoids produced by sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) following microbial infection. Biochim Biophys Acta 337:184–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd MR, Wilson BJ (1971) Preparative and analytical gas chromatography of ipomeamarone, a toxic metabolite of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). J Agric Food Chem 19:547–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradfield CA, Bjeldanes LF (1984) Effect of dietary indole-3-carbinol on intestinal and hepatic monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase activities in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 22:977–982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradfield CA, Bjeldanes LF (1987a) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of anticarcinogenic indoles in Brassica oleracea. J Agric Food Chem 35:46–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradfield CA, Bjeldanes LF (1987b) Structure-activity relationships of dietary indoles: A proposed mechanism of action as modifiers of xenobiotic metabolism. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 21:311–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun R, Greeff U, Netter KJ (1980) Indications for nitrosamide formation from the mushroom poison gyromitrin by rat liver microsomes. Xeonbiotica 10:557–564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun U, Kalbhen DA (1973) Evidence for the biogenic formation of amphetamine derivatives from components of nutmeg. Pharmacology 9:312–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J (1981) Care of the mentally handicapped. E African Med J 58:469–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown JP, Dietrich PS (1978) Promutagenic plant phenolics in man’s diet: Do mutagenic flavonols and anthraquinones play a role in environmental mutagenesis/carcinogenesis. Abstract Cb-5, 9th Ann Meet Environ Mutagen Soc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan RL, Hoover DG, Jones SB (1983) Caffeine inhibition of aflatoxin production: Mode of action. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:1193–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan RL, Lewis DF (1984) Caffeine inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis: Probable site of action. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:1216–1220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buck WB, Cysewski SJ (1986a) Nervous form of ergotism. In: Howard JL (ed) Current veterinary therapy: Food animal practice, Vol 2. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, p 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck WB, Cysewski SJ (1986b) Tremorgenic toxins. In: Howard JL (ed) Current veterinary therapy: Food animal practice, Vol 2. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, pp 378–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullerman LB (1974) Inhibition of aflatoxin production by cinnamon. J Food Sci 39:1163–1165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullerman LB (1979) Significance of mycotoxins to food safety and human health. J Food Prot 42:65–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burka LT (1978) 1-(3′-Furyl)-6,7-dmydroxy-4,8-dimethylnonan-1-one, a stress metabolite from sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Phytochemistry 17:317–318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burka LT, Iles J (1979) Myoporone and related keto alcohols from stressed sweet potatoes. Phytochemistry 18:873–874.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burka LT, Bowen RM, Wilson BJ (1974) 7-Hydroxymyoporone, a new toxic furanosesquiterpene from mold-damaged sweet potatoes. J Org Chem 39:3241–3244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burka LT, Felice LJ, Jackson SW (1981) 6-Oxodendrolasin, 6-hydroxydendrolasin, 9-oxofarnesol and 9-hydroxyfarnesol, stress metabolites of the sweet potato. Phytochemistry 20:647–652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busby WF, Wogan GN (1981) Psorlens. In: Shank RC (ed) Mycotoxins and N-nitroso compounds: Environmental riskt, Vol II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp 105–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushway RJ, Ponnampalam R (1981) α-Chaconine and α-solanine content of potato products and their stability during several modes of cooking. J Agric Food Chem 29:814–817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bushway RJ, Bureau JL, McGann DF (1983) Alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine content of potato peels and potato peel products. J Food Sci 48:84–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carman AS Jr, Kuan SS, Ware GM, Francis OJ Jr, Kirschenheuter GP (1986) Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the potato glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine J Agric Food Chem 34:279–282.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter JN, Bosma SM (1974) Effect of fertilizer and irrigation on nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen in potato tubers. Agron J 66:263–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassier C, Moustacchi E (1981) Mutagenesis induced by mono- and bi-functional alkylating agents in yeast mutants sensitive to photo-addition of furocoumarins (pso). Mutat Res 84:37–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caster WO, Burton TA, Irvin TR, Tanner MA (1986) Dietary aflatoxins, intelligence and school performance in Southern Georgia. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 56:291–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casterline CL (1980) Allergy to Chamomile tea. J Am Med Assoc 244:330–331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalono EA, Hasling VC, Pons WA Jr, Schuller WH (1979) Analysis of sweet potato products for lung edema toxins. HortScience 14:124–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceska O, Chaudhary S, Warrington P, Poulton G, Ashwood-Smith M (1986) Naturally-occurring crystals of photocarcinogenic furocoumarins on the surface of parsnip roots sold as food. Experientia 42:1302–1304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang RS, Yeung HW (1988) Inhibition of growth of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by crude extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs. Antiviral Res 9:163–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary SK, Ceska O, Tetu C, Warrington DJ, Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA (1986) Oxypeucedanin, a major furocoumarin in parsley, Petroselinum crispum. Planta Med 462–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan Y, Nagel D, Gross M, Cerny R, Toth B (1985) Isolation of N2-[γ-L-(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. J Agric Food Chem 33:817–820.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan Y, Nagel D, Issenberg P, Toth B (1984) Identification of p-hydrazinobenzoic acid in the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. J Agric Food Chem 32:1067–1069.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney AM, Clawson TA, Webster B (1928) Endemic goiter in rabbits. I. Incidence and characteristics. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 43:261–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childers NF (1981) A diet to stop arthritis, the nightshades and ill health. Somerset Press, Inc, Somerville, NJ. pp 1–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu D-T, Wong WL, Mavlight GM (1988) Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs I. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction in cancer patients by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vitro. J Clin Lab Immunol 25:119–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claringbold WDB, Few JD, Renwick JH (1982) Kinetics and retention of solanidine in man. Xenobiotica 12:293–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark CA, Lawrence A, Martin FA (1981) Accumulation of furanoterpenoids in sweet potato tissue following inoculation with different pathogens. Phytopathology 71:708–711.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Committee On Food Protection, NRC (1966) Toxicants occurring naturally in foods. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC. pp 1–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee On Food Protection, NRC (1973) Toxicants occurring naturally in foods. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. pp 1–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Concon JM (1988a) Food toxicology: Principles and concepts, Part A. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp 1–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Concon JM (1988b) Food toxicology: Contaminants and additives, Part B. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp 676–1371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway GA, Slocumb JC (1979) Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. J Ethnopharmacol 1:241–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordell GA (1981) Introduction to alkaloids: A biogenetic approach. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 118–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correa P (1981) Epidemiological correlations between diet and cancer frequency. Cancer Res 41:3685–3690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corrier DE, Ziprin RL (1986a) Enhanced resistance to listeriosis induced in mice by preinoculation treatment with T-2 mycotoxin. Am J Vet Res 47:856–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corrier DE, Ziprin RL (1986b) Immunotoxic effects of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated immunity to listeriosis in mice: Comparison with cyclophosphamide. Am J Vet Res 47:1956–1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corner DE, Holt PS, Mollenhauer HH (1987) Regulation of murine macrophage phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes by T-2 toxin. Am J Vet Res 48:1304–1307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coxon DT, Curtis RF, Howard B (1975) Ipomeamarone, a toxic furanoterpenoid in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in the United Kingdom. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13:87–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby DG, Aharonson N (1967) The structure of carotatoxin, a natural toxicant from carrot. Tetrahedron 23:465–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Culvenor CCJ, Edgar JA, Smith LW, Kumana CR, Lin HJ (1986) Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch and Mey identified as cause of veno-occlusive disease due to a herbal tea. Lancet 1:978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cyong J-C, Matsumoto T, Arakawa K, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Otsuka Y (1987) Anti-Bacteroides fragilis substance from rhubarb. J Ethnopharmacol 19:279–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson JN, Babish JG, DeLaney KA, Taylor DR, Phillips TD (1987) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate decreases the bioavailability of aflatoxin in the chicken. Poult Sci 66(Suppl 1):89.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLoach JR, Kachatourians GG (1988) Interaction of T-2 toxin with cell membranes. No 12. In: Proc 26th Symposium on Cellular and Molecular Mode of Action of Selected Microbial Toxins in Foods and Feeds. The National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, Maryland. (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLoach JR, Gyongyossy-Issa MIC, Kachatourians GG (1989) Species-specific hemolysis of erythrocytes by T-2 toxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 97:107–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW (1987) Aflatoxin and human disease. Adverse Drug React Acute Poison Rev 4:175–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener JL, Davis ND (1969) Aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. In: Goldblatt LA (ed) Aflatoxin. Scientific background, control and implications. Academic Press, New York, pp 13–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Peto R (1981) The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:1191–1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doster AR, Farrell RL, Wilson BJ (1983) An ultrastructural study of bronchiolar lesions in rats induced by 4-ipomeanol, a product from mold-damaged sweet potatoes. Am J Pathol 111:56–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draughon FA, Ayres JC (1981) Inhibition of aflatoxin production by selected insecticides. Appl Environ Microbiol 41:972–976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubick MA (1986) Historical perspectives on the use of herbal preparations to promote health. J Nutr 116:1348–1354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1985) CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp 1–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1987a) Father nature’s farmacy: Yarrow (Achillea millefolium). HerbalGram 12:6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1987b) Father nature’s farmacy: The mint family. HerbalGram 14:6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1988a) These compounds have been compiled from a large number of references by Duke JA, and are unpublished in the present form.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1988b) Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L., Apiaceae). Notes on economic plants. Econ Bot 42:442–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1988c) Father nature’s farmacy: The carrot family. HerbalGram 15:11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham SK, Babish JG, Castleman WL (1987) 4-Ipomeanol-induced effects on sendai viral pneumonia in mice. Am J Pathol 126:364–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durham SK, Boyd MR, Castleman WL (1985) Pulmonary endothelial and bronchiolar epithelial lesions induced by 4-ipomeanol in mice. Am J Pathol 118:66–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner G (1931) Ueber die lebensrettende wirkung von pglanzenteilen und daraus isolierten säften bei der tödlich verlaufenden, subakuten uranvergiftung. Biochem Z 232:218–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwood JH, MacKenzie G (1973) Associations between the incidence of neurological malformations and potato blight outbreaks over 50 years in Ireland. Nature 243:476–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel I, Sever LE (1973) Questions concerning the possible association of potatoes and neural-tube defects, and an alternative hypothesis relating to maternal growth and development. Teratology 8:325–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenwick GR, Heaney RK, Mullin WJ (1983) Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 18:123–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field B, Kerr C (1973) Potato blight and neural-tube defects. Lancet 2:507–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher JF, Trama LA (1979) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of some coumarins and psoralens found in citrus peel oils. J Agric Food Chem 27:1334–1337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher GS, Frank AW, Cherry JP (1988) Total gossypol content of glandless cottonseed. J Agric Food Chem 36:42–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floss HG, Guenther H, Hadwiger LA (1969) Biosynthesis of furanocoumarins in diseased celery. Phytochemistry 8:585–588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program (1988) Residues in Foods—1987. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 71:156A-174A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth AA (1954) British Poisonous Plants. Bull No 161, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England, pp 1–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke S, Freimuth U, List PH (1967) Ueber die giftigkeit der frühjahrslorehel, Gyromitra (Helvella) esculenta Fr. Arch Toxicol 22:293–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franzblau SG, Cross C (1986) Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of Chinese medicinal herbs. J Ethnopharmaeol 15:279–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu-Sun Y, Kong-Nien S (1986) Epidemiology and early diagnosis of primary liver cancer in China. Adv Cancer Res 47:297–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigliotti H, Levenberg B (1964) Studies on the γ-glutamyltransferase of Agaricus bisporus. J Biol Chem 239:2274–2284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillner M, Bergman J, Cambillau C, Fernström B, Gustafsson J (1985) Interactions of indoles with specific binding sites for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rat liver. Mol Pharmacol 28:357–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin R, Virtanen AI (1961) Glucobrassicin, the precursor of 3-indolylacetonitrile, ascorbigen, and SCN- in Brassica oleracea species. Suom Kemistil B 34:15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin R, Virtanen AI (1962) Neoglucobrassicin, ein zweiter SCN--precursor vom indoltyp Brassica-Arten. Acta Chem Scand 16:1378–1384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold J, Cates W Jr (1980) Herbal abortifacients. J Am Med Assoc 243:1365–1366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblatt LA (1972) Implications of mycotoxins. Clin Toxicol 5:453–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham S (1983) Results of case-control studies of diet and cancer in Buffalo, NY. Cancer Res 43:2409s–2413s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M, Mittelman A, Wilkinson G (1978) Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Natl Cancer Inst 61:709–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham S, Schotz W, Martino P (1972) Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Cancer 30:927–938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray AI, Waterman PG (1978) Coumarins in the Rutaceae. Phytochemistry 17:845–864.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh R, Blackwell BA, Pare JRJ, Miller JD, Levandier D, Meier R-M, Taylor A, Apsimon JW (1985) Isolation and characterization by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy of secondary metabolites of some Fusarium species. In: Steyn PS, Vleggaar R (eds) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins. Sixth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, pp 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grekin DA, Epstein JH (1981) Psoralens, UVA (PUVA) and photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 33:957–960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griebel C (1924) Solanine content of potatoes of the 1922 crop. Z Nahr Genussm 47:436–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grisebach H, Ebel J (1978) Phytoalexins, chemical defense substances of higher plants? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 17:635–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross TP, Ratner L, DeRodriguez O, Farrell KP, Israel E (1987) An outbreak of phototoxic dermatitis due to limes. Am J Epidemiol 125:509–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson EL (1988) FDA total diet study, April 1982-April 1984, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 71:1200–1209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamerski D, Beier RC, Kneusel RE, Matern U, Himmelspach K (1989) Novel coumarins accumulating in elicitor-treated Ammi majus L. cell suspension cultures. Phytochemistry. (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton PB (1982) Mycotoxins and farm animals. Refu Vet 39:17–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannuksela M, Stenback F, Lahti A (1986) The carcinogenic properties of topical PUVA. Arch Dermatol Res 278:347–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen AA (1925) Two fatal cases of potato poisoning. Science 61:340–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson CH (ed) (1974) The effect of FDA regulations (GRAS) on plant breeding and processing. CSSA Special Publication Number 5, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI. pp 1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB (1986) The role of phytoalexins in natural plant resistance. In: Green MB, Hedin PA (eds), Natural resistance of plants to pests. Roles of allelochemicals. Am Chem Soc Symp Ser 296. pp 22–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardigree AA, Epier JL (1978) Comparative mutagenesis of plant fiavonoids in microbial systems. Mutat Res 58:231–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris CC, Tsung-Tang S (1986) Interactive effects of chemical carcinogens and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Surv 5:765–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Phillips TD, Huff WE (1988a) Possible methods to combat the mycotoxin problem. Proc Plains Nutrition Council Symp Mycotoxins Livestock Feeds, Tex A&M Res Center, Amarillo. pp 1E–4E.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Phillips TD, Huff WE, Corrier DE (1988b) Approaches to the prevention of aflatoxicosis. Proc Md Nutr Conf, Baltimore, pp 102–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey RB, Phillips TD, Kubena LF, Huff WE (1988c) Dietary hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and its impact on aflatoxin toxicity in pigs and milk residues in dairy cows. Proc 31st Ann Meet Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag, Little Rock, AR. p 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes AW (1980) Mycotoxins: A review of biological effects and their role in human diseases. Clin Toxicol 17:45–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney RK, Fenwick GR (1980) Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: Analysis of 22 varieties of Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera). J Sci Food Agric 31:785–793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BE, Benton B, Jing J, Yu MC, Pike MC (1979) Risk factors for cancer in the testis in young men. Int J Cancer 23:598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henseler T, Christophers E, Hönigsmann H, Wolff K, and nineteen other investigators (1987) Skin tumors in the European PUVA study. J Am Acad Dermatol 16:108–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesseltine CW (1976) Conditions leading to mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds. In: Rodericks JV (ed) Mycotoxins and other fungal related food problems, Vol 149. Adv Chem Ser, Am Chem Soc, Washington, DC. pp 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesseltine CW (1979) Introduction, definition, and history of mycotoxins of importance to animal production. In: Interactions of mycotoxins in animal production. Nat Acad Sci (USA), Washington, DC. pp 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesseltine CW (1985) Global significance of mycotoxins. In: Steyn PS, Vleggaar R (eds) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins. Sixth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, pp 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama T (1977) Changing patterns of cancer in Japan with special reference to the decrease in stomach cancer mortality. In: Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA (eds) Origins of human cancer. Book A. Incidence of cancer in humans, Vol 4. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp 55–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan RP (III) (1983) Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by drinking an herbal tea. J Am Med Assoc 249:2679–2680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt PS, DeLoach JR (1988a) T-2 mycotoxin alters splenocyte activation and interleukin-2 production. Proc 26th Symposium on Cellular and Molecular Mode of Action of Selected Microbial Toxins in Foods and Feeds. The National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase. (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt PS, DeLoach JR (1988b) In vitro effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the immune response of mice. Am J Vet Res 49:1480–1484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt PS, Corrier DE, DeLoach JR (1988) Suppressive and enhancing effect of T-2 toxin on murine lymphocyte activation and interleukin 2 production. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 10:365–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson JB, Miki N, Towers GHN (1987) Isopimpinellin is not phototoxic to viruses and cells. Planta Med 53:306–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huisgen R, Reimlinger H (1956) Nitroso-acyl-amine und diazo-ester. X. Die isomerisierung der nitroso-acyl-alkylamine zu diazo-estern und ihre kinetik. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 599:161–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue H, Uritani I (1979) Biosynthetic correlation of various phytoalexins in sweet potato root tissue infected by Ceratocystis fimbriata. Plant Cell Physiol 20:1307–1314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving GW, Fontaine TD, Doolittle SP (1946) Partial antibiotic spectrum of tomatin, an antibiotic agent from the tomato plant. J Bacteriol 52:601–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivie GW (1978) Linear furocoumarins (psoralens) from the seed of Texas Ammi majus L. (Bishop’s weed). J Agric Food Chem 26:1394–1403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivie GW, Holt DL, Ivey MC (1981) Natural toxicants in human foods: Psoralens in raw and cooked parsnip root. Science 213:909–910.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivie GW, MacGregor JT, Hammock BD (1980) Mutagenicity of psoralen epoxides. Mutat Res 79:73–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadhav SJ, Sharma RP, Salunkhe DK (1981) Naturally occurring toxic alkaloids in foods. Crit Rev Toxicol 9:21–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek R, Kyzlink V, Blattny C Jr (1976) An evaluation of the embryo-toxic effects of blighted potatoes on chicken embryos. Teratology 14:335–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns AN (1980) Beware the bay leaf. Br Med J 281:1682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson C, Brannon DR, Kuć J (1973) Xanthotoxin: A phytoalexin of Pastinaca sativa root. Phytochemistry 12:2961–2962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan DT, Keen NT, Thomason IJ (1980) Association of glyceollin with the incompatible response of soybean roots to Meloidogyne incognita. Physiol Plant Pathol 16: 309–318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler RF (1973) Comparison of the teratogenicity in rats of certain potato-type alkaloids and the veratrum teratogen cyclopamine. Lancet 1:1187–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler RF (1986) Teratology of steroidal alkaloids. In: Pelletier SW (ed) Alkaloids: Chemical and biological perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, pp 389–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeler RF, Brown D, Douglas DR, Stallknecht GF, Young S (1976a) Teratogenicity of the solanum alkaloid solasodine and of “Kennebec” potato sprouts in hamsters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15:522–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler RF, Young S, Brown D (1976b) Spina bifida, exencephaly, and cranial bleb produced in hamsters by the solanum alkaloid solasodine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 13:723–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler RF, Young S, Brown D, Stallknecht GF, Douglas D (1978) Congenital deformities produced in hamsters by potato sprouts. Teratology 17:327–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keji C (1981) Certain progress in the treatment of coronary heart disease with traditional medicinal plants in China. Am J Chin Med 9:193–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RB, Daniels EG, Hinman JW (1962) Agaritine: Isolation, degradation, and synthesis. J Org Chem 27:3229–3231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kew MC (1986) The development of hepatocellular cancer in humans. Cancer Surv 5:719–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury JM (1964) Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. p 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinlen L, Hewitt A (1973) Potato blight and anencephalus in Scotland. Brit J Prev Soc Med 27:208–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knogge W, Kombrink E, Schmelzer E, Hahlbrock K (1987) Occurrence of phytoalexins and other putative defense-related substances in uninfected parsley plants. Planta 171: 279–287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kömives T, Casida JE (1983) Acifluorfen increases the leaf content of phytoalexins and stress metabolites in several crops. J Agric Food Chem 31:751–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • König H (1953) Untersuchungen über solaninwirkung bei rind und schaf im zusammenhang mit kartoffelkraut-fütterung. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 95:97–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh P (1976) Mycotoxic nephropathy. In: Brandly CA, Cornelius CE, Beveridge WIB (eds) Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, Vol 20, Academic Press, New York, pp 147–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Phillips TD, Heidelbaugh ND (1987) Novel approach to the preventive management of aflatoxicosis in poultry. Proc 91st Annu Meet US Animal Health Assoc, Salt Lake City, Utah. pp 302–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Phillips TD, Huff WE (1988) Modulation of aflatoxicosis in growing chickens by dietary addition of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Poult Sci 67(Suppl 1):106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuć J (1972) Phytoalexins. Ann Rev Phytopathol 10:207–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn R, Löw I (1961) Zur konstitution der leptine. Chem Ber 94:1088–1095.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer P (1966) Antithyroid action in rats of small doses of some naturally occurring compounds. Endocrinology 79:1117–1122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer P, Greer MA (1977) Antithyroid substances and naturally occurring goitrogens. Karger, New York, pp 1–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer P, Štole V (1964) Studien über beziehungen zwischen rhodanbildung und kropfbildender eigenschaft von nahrungsmitteln, V. Vergleich der wirkung von weisskohl und rhodanid auf die rattenschilddrüse. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chem 335:216–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer P, Štolc V, Kutka M (1964) Naturally occurring goitrogens and thyroid function. Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. pp 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee HK, Kim YK, Kim Y-H, Roh JK (1987) Effect of bacterial growth-inhibiting ingredients on the Ames mutagenicity of medicinal herbs. Mutat Res 192:99–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee LS, Dunn JJ, DeLucca AJ, Ciegler A (1981) Role of lactone ring of aflatoxin B1 in toxicity and mutagenicity. Experientia 37:16–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrain PM, Barthe R (1926) Dermite professionnelle des mains et des avant-bras chez un ramasseur de celeris. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 33:662–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepper W (1949) Solanine content of 58 varieties of potatoes. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 89:264–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman S (1986) Photosensitizing drugs and their possible role in enhancing ocular toxicity. Ophthalmology 93:304–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levenberg B (1961) Structure and enzymatic cleavage of agaritine, a phenylhydrazide of L-glutamic acid isolated from Agaricaceae. J Am Chem Soc 83:503–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libert B, Franceschi VR (1987) Oxalate in crop plants. J Agric Food Chem 35:926–938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liewen MB, Marth EH (1985) Growth and inhibition of microorganisms in the presence of sorbic acid: A review. J Food Prot 48:364–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsell CA (1977) The mycotoxins and human health hazards. Ann Nutr Aliment 31: 997–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz DJ (1984) Herbal teas and water intoxication in a young child. J Fam Prac 18: 933–937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • List PH, Luft P (1967) Gyromitrin, das gift der fruehjahrslorchel, Gyromitra (Helvella) esculenta Fr. Tetrahedron Lett 20:1893–1894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locci R, Kuć J (1967) Steroid alkaloids as compounds produced by potato tubers under stress. Phytopathology 57:1272–1273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lord KM, Epton HAS, Frost RR (1988) Virus infection and furanocoumarins in celery. Plant Pathol 37:385–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loub WD, Wattenberg LW, Davis DW (1975) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rat tissues by naturally occurring indoles of cruciferous plants. J Natl Cancer Inst 54: 985–988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkinen SM, Kreula M, Kauppi M (1977) Acute oral toxicity of ethylidene gyromitrin in rabbits, rats and chickens. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:575–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor JT, Jurd L (1978) Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids: Structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella tymphimurium. Mutat Res 54:297–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malinow MR, Bardana EJ Jr, Pirofsky B, Craig S, McLaughlin P (1982) Systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in monkeys fed alfalfa sprouts: Role of a nonprotein amino acid. Science 216:415–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannon J, Johnson E (1985) Fungi down on the farm. New Sci 105(1445): 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (1984) Outbreak of phototoxic dermatitis from limes. MMWR 34:462–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masri SM (1984) Defenses against aflatoxin carcinogenesis in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol 177:115–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massaldi HA, King CJ (1974) Retention of d-limonene during freeze drying of orange juice. J Food Sci 39:445–448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matovinovic J (1983) Endemic goiter and cretinism at the dawn of the third millennium. Ann Rev Nutr 3:341–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattocks AR (1980) Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Comfrey. Lancet 2:1136–1137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClusky GA, Cooks RG, Knevel AM (1978) Direct analysis of mushroom constituents by mass spectrometry. Tetrahedron Lett 46:4471–4474.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy MT, Stern RS (1987) Psoralens and related compounds in the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacol Ther 34:75–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKee RK (1955) Host-parasite relationships in the dry-rot disease of potatoes. Ann Appi Biol 43:147–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinley ER, Carlton WW (1980a) Patulin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster. Food Cosmet Toxicol 18:173–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley ER, Carlton WW (1980b) Patulin mycotoxicosis in Swiss ICR mice. Food Cos-met Toxicol 18:181–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean EK (1970) The toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (senecio) alkaloids. Pharmacol Rev 22:429–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon B, Yen S, Rothman KJ (1973) Potato blight and neural-tube defects. Lancet 1:598–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan M, Thompson JC (1979) An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys: Examination of criteria of solanine poisoning. Q J Med 48:227–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltz ML, MacGregor JT (1981) Activity of the plant flavonol quercetin in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/− mutation, DNA single-strand break and Balb/c 3T3 chemical transformation assays. Mutat Res 88:317–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael AD (1986) Historical perspectives on the use of herbal preparations to promote health. J Nutr 116:1348–1354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirocha CJ, Pathre SV, Christensen CM (1977) Zearalenone. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds) Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publishers Inc, Park Forest South, IL. pp 345–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondy NI, Gosselin B (1988) Effect of peeling on total phenols, total glycoalkaloids, discoloration and flavor of cooked potatoes. J Food Sci 53:756–759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondy NI, Leja M, Gosselin B (1987) Changes in total phenolic, total glycoalkaloid, and ascorbic acid content of potatoes as a result of bruising. J Food Sci 52:631–633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto I, Watanabe F, Osawa T, Okitsu T (1982) Mutagenicity screening of crude drugs with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay. Mutat Res 97:81–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morin Y, Têtu A, Mercier G (1969) Quebec beer-drinkers’ cardiomyopathy: clinical and hemodynamic aspects. In: Albertson PD, Krauss M, Bielefeld HR (eds) Experimental “metabolic” cardiopathies and their relationship to human heart diseases, Vol 156. Ann NY Acad Sci, New York, pp 566–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin YL, Daniel P (1967) Quebec beer-drinkers cardiomyopathy: Etiological considerations. Can Med Assoc J 97:926–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris SC, Lee TH (1984) The total toxicity and teratogenicity of Solanaceae glycoalkaloids, particularly those of the potato (Solanum tuberosum): A review. Food Technoi Aust 36:118–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullin WJ, Sahasrabudhe MR (1977) Glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetable crops. Can J Plant Sci 57:1227–1230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mun AM, Barden ES, Wilson JM, Hogan JM (1975) Teratogenic effects in early chick embryos of solanine and glycoalkaloids from potatoes infected with late-blight Phytophthora infestons. Teratology 11:73–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray RDH, Méndez J, Brown SA (1982) The natural coumarins: Occurrence, chemistry and biochemistry. John Wiley, New York, pp 1–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1982) Psoralens. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Bull No 6, p 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1982) Diet, nutrition and cancer. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevin NC, Merrett JD (1975) Potato avoidance during pregnancy in women with a previous infant with either anencephaly and/or spina bifida. Brit J Prev Soc Med 29:111–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishie K, Daxenbichler ME (1980) Toxicology of glucosinolates, related compounds (nitriles, R-goitrin, isothiocyanates) and vitamin U found in cruciferae. Food Cosmet Toxicol 18:159–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill M J, Adesanya SA, Roberts MF (1983) Antifungal phytoalexins in Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Z Naturforsch Teil C 38:693–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgell WH (1963) Inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase in vitro by alkaloids, glycosides, and other natural substances. Lloydia 26:36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgell WH, Hibbs ET (1963) Cholinesterase inhibition in vitro by potato foliage extracts. Am Potato J 40:403–405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orgell WH, Vaidya KA, Dahm PA (1958a) Cholinesterase inhibition in vitro by extracts of potato. Proc Iowa Acad Sci 65:160–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgell WH, Vaidya KA, Dahm PA (1958b) Inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase in vitro by extracts of solanaceous plants. Science 128:1136–1137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osol A, Farrar GE (1947) The dispensatory of the United States of America, Vol 24. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, pp 334–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osswald H, Frank HK, Komitowski D, Winter H (1978) Long-term testing of patulin administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. Food Cosmet Toxicol 16: 243–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panzer PE (1983) The dangers of cooking with bay leaves. J Am Med Assoc 250:164–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park DL, Lee LS, Price RL, Pohland AE (1988) Review of the decontamination of aflatoxin by ammoniation: Current status and regulation. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 71:685–703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons BJ (1980) Psoralen photochemistry. Photochem Photobiol 32:813–821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak MA, Daniels F, Fitzpatrick TB (1962) The presently known distribution of furocoumarins (psoralens) in plants. J Invest Dermatol 39:225–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patil BC, Sharma RP, Salunkhe DK, Salunkhe K (1972) Evaluation of solanine toxicity. Food Cosmet Toxicol 10:395–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paxton J (1980) A new working definition of the term “phytoalexin.” Plant Dis 64:734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peckham JC, Mitchell FE, Jones OH, Doupnik B Jr (1972) Atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:169–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pence BC, Buddingh F, Yang SP (1986) Multiple dietary factors in the enhancement of dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis: Main effect of indole-3-carbinol. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:269–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose LS (1957) Genetics of anencephaly. J Ment Defìc Res 1:4–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pestka JJ (1988) Enhanced surveillance of foodborne mycotoxins by immunochemical assay. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 71:1075–1081.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RL (1975) Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res 35:3513–3522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TD, Clement BA, Kubena LF, Harvey RB (1988b) Mycotoxins: Detection and detoxification. Proc 23rd Natl Meet Poult Health Condemnations, Delmarva Poultry Industry Inc, Ocean City, MD. pp 94–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TD, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Taylor DR, Heidelbaugh ND (1988a) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: A high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poult Sci 67:243–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierro LJ, Haines JS, Osman SF (1977) Teratogenicity and toxicity of purified α-chaconine and α -solanine. Teratology 15(2):31A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polacco JC, Sands DC (1977) The mycotoxin patulin inhibits respiration of higher plant cells. Plant Sci Lett 9:121–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock GA (1982) Mycotoxins in animal feeds. Mod Vet Pract 4:285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponnampalam R, Mondy NI (1986) Effect of foliar application of indoleacetic acid on the total glycoalkaloids and nitrate nitrogen content of potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 34:686–688.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyysalo H (1976) Identification of volatile compounds in seven edible fresh mushrooms. Acta Chem Scand B 30:235–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyysalo H, Niskanen A (1977) On the occurrence of N-methyl-N-formylhydrazones in fresh and processed false morel, Gyromitra esculenta. J Agric Food Chem 25: 644–647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyysalo H, Niskanen A, von Wright A (1979) Formation of toxic methylhydrazine during cooking of false morels, Gyromitra esculenta. J Food Saf 1:295–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renwick JH (1972) Hypothesis: Anencephaly and spina bifida are usually preventable by avoidance of a specific but unidentified substance present in certain potato tubers. Brit J Prev Soc Med 26:67–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick JH (1982a) Vitamin supplementation and neural tube defects. Lancet 1:748.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick JH (1982b) Food and malformation. Practitioner 226:1947–1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick JH, Claringbold WDB, Earthy ME, Few JD, McLean ACS (1984) Neural-tube defects produced in Syrian hamsters by potato glycoalkaloids. Teratology 30:371–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riazuddin S, Malik MM, Nasim A (1987) Mutagenicity testing of some medicinal herbs. Environ Mol Mut 10:141–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich JR, Keen NT, Thomason IF (1977) Association of coumestans with the hypersensitivity of lima bean roots to Pratylenchus scribneri. Physiol Plant Pathol 10:105–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards DE (1972) The isolation and identification of toxic coumarins. In: Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins: Fungal toxins, Vol VIII. Academic Press, New York, pp 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ries CA, Sahud MA (1975) Agranulocytosis caused by Chinese herbal medicines: Dangers of medications containing aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. J Am Med Assoc 231:352–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodricks JV (1978) Food hazard of natural origin. Fed Proc 37:2587–2593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roitman JN (1981) Comfrey and liver damage. Lancet 1:944. Ross AE, Nagel DL, Toth B (1982) Occurrence, stability and decomposition of β-N[γ-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine (agaritine) from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Food Chem Toxicol 20:903–907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusul G, Marth EH (1988) Food additives and plant components control growth and aflatoxin production by toxic aspergini: A review. Mycopathologia 101:13–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge AE (1976) The environmental-public health significance of mycotoxins. Proc 1st Intl Symp Feed Composition, Animal Nutrient Requirements, and Computerization of Data, Utah State University, Logan, pp 345–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge AE (1977) The public health significance of mycotoxins. Ann Nutr Aliment 31:1019–1030.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salaman RN (1985) The history and social influence of the potato. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp 1–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato K, Ishiguri Y, Doke N, Tomiyama K, Yagihashi F, Murai A, Katsui N, Masamune T (1978) Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin from acetate via oxylubimin in potato. Phytochemistry 17:1901–1902.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxe TG (1987) Toxicity of medicinal herbal preparations. Am Fam Physician (United States) 35:135–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheel LD, Perone VB, Larkin RL, Kupel RE (1963) The isolation and characterization of two phototoxic furanocoumarins (psoralens) from diseased celery. Biochemistry 2:1127–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlatter C (1988) The importance of mycotoxins in foods. Bibl Nutr Dieta 41:55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidlin-Mészáros J (1974) Gyromitrin in trockenlorcheln (Gyromitra esculenta sicc.). Mitt Geb Lebensmittelunters Hyg 65:453–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidlin-Mészáros J (1975) Sind die getrockneten lorcheln, Gyromitra (Helvella) esculenta, ungiftig? Schweiz Z Pilzkd 53:106–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1968) Toxicology and carcinogenic action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Cancer Res 28:2237–2246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1976) Hazards of oral contraceptives to future generations. Int J Environ Stud 9:81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1977) Health hazards due to oestrogenic mycotoxins in certain foodstuffs. Int J Environ Stud 11:149–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1980) Disorders and tumors associated with alcoholic drinks and mycotoxins. Nutr Cancer 2:88–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1981) Mycotoxins and fetal abnormalities. Int J Environ Stud 17:25–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoental R (1984) Mycotoxins and the Bible. Perspect Biol Med 28:117–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider JA, Nakanishi K (1983) A new class of sweet potato phytoalexins. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:353–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider JA, Lee J, Naya Y, Nakanishi K, Oba K, Uritani I (1984) The fate of the phytoalexin ipomeamarone: Furanoterpenes and butenolides from Ceratocystis fimbriata-infected sweet potatoes. Phytochemistry 23:759–764.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber K (1968) Steroid alkaloids: The solanum group, Vol 10. In: The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, Manske RHF (ed) Academic Press, New York, pp 1–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott BR, Pathak MA, Mohn GR (1976) Molecular and genetic basis of furocoumarin reactions. Mutat Res 39:29–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segelman AB, Segelman FP, Karliner J, Sofia D (1976) Sassafras and herb tea. J Am Med Assoc 236:477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifulla KI, Ryzhova KE (1972) Effect of hydrocortisone, solasodine, and solanine on the growth and development of fetuses of pregnant rats. Mater Vses Konf Issled Lek Rast Perspeckt Ikh Ispol’z Proizvod Lek Prep 1970:160–162; Chem Abstr 83:22383t (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman PJ, Mathias CGT, O’Malley MA, Beier RC, Fehrs LJ, Serrill WS, Halperin WE (1987) Phytophotodermatitis from celery among grocery store workers. Arch Dermatol 123:1478–1482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shane BS, Littman CB, Essick LA, Gutenmann WH, Doss GJ, Lisk DJ (1988) Uptake of selenium and mutagens by vegetables grown in fly ash containing greenhouse media. J Agric Food Chem 36:328–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shank RC, Bourgeois CH, Keschamras N, Chandavimol P (1971) Aflatoxins in autopsy specimens from Thai children with an acute disease of unknown aetiology. Food Cosmet Toxicol 9:501–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shih M J, Kuć J (1974) α- and β-Solamarine in Kennebec Solatium tuberosum leaves and aged tuber slices. Phytochemistry 13:997–1000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RK (1976) Herbal intoxication: Psychoactive effects from herbal cigarettes, tea, and capsules. J Am Med Assoc 236:473–476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinden SL (1972) Effect of light and mechanical injury on the glycoalkaloid content of greening resistant potato tubers. Am Potato J 49:368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinden SL, Webb RE (1972) Effect of variety and location on the glycoalkaloid content of potatoes. Am Potato J 49:334–338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinden SL, Sanford LL, Deahl KL (1986) Segregation of leptine glycoalkaloids in Solarium chacoense bitter. J Agric Food Chem 34:372–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinden SL, Sanford LL, Osman SF (1980) Glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle in Solatium chacoense Bitter. Am Potato J 57:331–343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smalley EB (1978) Salivary syndrome in cattle. In: Wyllie TD, Morehouse LG (eds) Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicoses. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 121–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DA (1982) toxicity of phytoalexins. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DM (1985) Occupational photodermatitis from parsley. Practitioner 229:673–675.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith O (1977) Chemical composition of the potato. In: Potatoes: Production, storing, processing. 2nd Ed. AVI Publishing Co, Westport, CT. pp 59–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiers PS, Pietrzyk JJ, Piper JM, Glebatis DM (1974) Human potato consumption and neural-tube malformation. Teratology 10:125–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley WL, Jurd L (1971) Citrus coumarins. J Agric Food Chem 19:1106–1110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbauer CE, Kushman LJ (1971) Sweetpotato culture and diseases. Agric Handb No 388, Agric Res Serv, US Dept Agric, Washington, DC. pp 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner RP (1986) Folk medicine: The art and the science. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. pp 1–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz M-D, Monlin-Traffort J, Régli P (1987) Transmission and scanning electron-microscopy study of the action of Sage and Rosemary essetial oils and eucalyptol on Candida albicans. Mycoses 31:40–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson M (1978) The confusing world of health food. FDA Consumer 12:18–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern RS, Thibodeau LA, Kleinerman RA, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB, and 22 participating investigators (1979) Risk of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 300:809–813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoessl A, Stothers JB, Ward EWB (1974) Lubimen: A phytoalexin of several solanaceae. Structure revision and biogenetic relationships. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. pp 709–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoessl A, Stothers JB, Ward EWB (1976) Sesquiterpeneid stress compounds of the Solanaceae. Phytochemistry 15:855–872.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoessl A, Unwin CH, Ward EWB (1972) Postinfectional inhibitors from plants. I. Capsidiol, an antifungal compound from Capsicum frutescens. Phytopathol Z 74:141–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoewsand GS, Babish JB, Wimberly HC (1978) Inhibition of hepatic toxicities from poly-brominated biphenyls and aflatoxin B1 in rats fed cauliflower. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 2:399–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stransky L, Tsankov N (1980) Contact dermatitis from parsley (Petrosellnum). Contact Dermatitis 6:233–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stürckow B, Löw I (1961) Die wirkung einiger Solanum-alkaloidglykoside auf den kurtoffelkäfer, Leptinotarsa decemlineata say. Entomol Exp Appl 4:133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surak JG (1978) Phytoalexins and human health—A review. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 91:256–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taira T, Fukagawa Y (1958) Bitter substance separated from alcohol distillation of sweet potato mash. Nippon Nôgei Kagaku Kaishi 32:513–514;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taira T, Fukagawa Y (1958) Bitter substance separated from alcohol distillation of sweet potato mash. Chem Abst 53:4645c (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi T (1946) Bitter substance, produced in black-rotted sweet potatoes. Sci Insect Control (Kyoto) 12:26–29;

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi T (1946) Bitter substance, produced in black-rotted sweet potatoes. Chem Abst 43:8453 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Talib S, Banerjee AK (1982) Covalent attachment of psoralen to a single site on vesicular stomatitis virus genome RNA blocks expression of viral genes. Virology 118:430–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanew A, Hönigsmann H, Ortel B, Zussner C, Wolff K (1986) Nonmelanoma skin tumors in long-term photochemotherapy treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:960–965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatum JH, Berry RE (1979) Coumarins and psoralens in grapefruit peel oil. Phytochemistry 18:500–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple NJ, El-Khatib SM (1987) Cabbage and vitamin E: Their effect on colon tumor formation in mice. Cancer Lett 35:71–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietjen KG, Matern U (1984) Induction and suppression of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured cells of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., by metabolites of Alternaria carthami Chowdhury. Arch Biochem Biophys 229:136–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietjen KG, Hunkler D, Matern U (1983) Differential response of cultured parsley cells to elicitors from two non-pathogenic strains of fungi 1. Identification of induced products as coumarin derivatives. Eur J Biochem 131:401–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tingey WM, Mackenzie JD, Gregory P (1978) Total foliar glycoalkaloids and resistance of wild potato species to Empoasca fabae (Harris). Am Potato J 55:577–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth B (1975) Synthetic and naturally occurring hydrazines as possible cancer causative agents. Cancer Res 35:3693–3697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth B (1979) Hepatocarcinogenesis by hydrazine mycotoxins of edible mushrooms. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 5:193–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth B (1983) Carcinogens in edible mushrooms. In: Stich HF (ed) Carcinogens and mutagens in the environment: Naturally occurring compounds, Vol III. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, FL. pp 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth B, Nagel D (1981) Studies of the tumorigenic potential of 4-substituted phenylhydrazines by the subcutaneous route. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 8:1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth B, Sornson H (1984) Lack of carcinogenicity of agaritine by subcutaneous administration in mice. Mycopathologia 85:75–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth B, Raha CR, Wallcave L, Nagel D (1981) Attempted tumor induction with agaritine in mice. Anticancer Res 1:255–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truitt EB Jr, Callaway E, Braude MC, Krantz JC Jr (1961) The pharmacology of myristicin, a contribution to the psychopharmacology of nutmeg. J Neuropsychiatry 2:205–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trumble JT, Quiros CF (1988) Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance in Apium species to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J Econ Entomol 81:602–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trumble JT, Dercks W, Quiros CF, Beier RC (1989) Host plant resistance and linear furanocoumarin content of selected Apium accessions. J Econ Entomol (In Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuite J (1977) Mycology of mycotoxic fungi. The genus Aspergillus. In: Wyllie TD, Morehouse LG (eds) Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicoses, Vol 1. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueno Y (1977) Trichothecenes: Overview address. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds) Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publishers Inc, Forest Park South, IL. pp 189–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umeda M, Tsutsui T, Saito M (1977) Mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA-single strand breaks and chromosome aberrations by various mycotoxins. Gann 68:619–625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uritani I, Miyano M (1955) Derivatives of caffeic acid in sweet potato attacked by black rot. Nature 175:812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanEtten CH, Tookey HL (1983) Glucosinolates. In: Rechcigl M Jr. (ed) CRC handbook of naturally occurring food toxicants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanEtten CH, Daxenbichler ME, Williams PH, Kwolek WF (1976) Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables: Analysis of the edible part from twenty-two varieties of cabbage. J Agric Food Chem 24:452–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanEtten CH, Daxenbichler ME, Tookey HL, Kwolek WF, Williams PH, Yoder OC (1980) Glucosinolates: Potential toxicants in cabbage cultivars. J Am Soc Hort Sci 105:710–714.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vannier SH, Stanley WL (1958) Fluorometric determination of 7-geranoxycoumarin in lemon oil: Analysis of mixtures of grapefruit oil in lemon oil. J Assoc Offic Agric Chem 41:432–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Scott EJ (1976) Therapy of psoriasis 1975. J Am Med Assoc 235:197–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vederas JC (1985) Biosynthetic studies on mycotoxins using multiple stable isotope labelling and NMR spectroscopy. In: Steyn PS, Vleggaar R (eds) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins. Sixth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, pp 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veech JA (1979) Histochemical localization and nematoxicity of terpenoid aldehydes in cotton. J Nematol 11:240–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virtanen AI (1965) Studies on organic sulphur compounds and other labile substances in plants. Phytochemistry 4:207–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vo-Dinh T (1987) Evaluation of an improved fiberoptics luminescence skin monitor with background correction. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48:594–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vo-Dinh T, Gammage RB (1981) The lightpipe luminoscope for monitoring occupational skin contamination. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 42:112–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vo-Dinh T, White DA, O’Malley MA, Seligman PJ, Beier RC (1988) Fluorescence detection of phototoxic psoralens in vegetable products. J Agric Food Chem 36:333–337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Der Hude W, Braun R (1983) On the mutagenicity of metabolites derived from the mushroom poison gyromitrin. Toxicology 26:155–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace RB, Hoover J, Sandler D, Rifkind BM, Tyroler HA (1977) Altered plasma-lipids associated with oral contraceptive or oestrogen consumption; The lipid research clinic program. Lancet 2:11–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walters CL, Carr FPA, Dyke CS, Saxby MJ, Smith PLR, Walker R (1979) Nitrite sources and nitrosamine formation in vitro and in vivo. Food Cosmet Toxicol 17:473–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward EWB, Unwin CH, Hill J, Stoessl A (1975) Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins from fruits of eggplants. Phytopathology 65:859–863.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg LW (1971) Studies of polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylases of the intestine possibly related to cancer: Effect of diet on benzpyrene hydroxylase activity. Cancer 28:99–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg LW (1983) Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. Cancer Res 43:2448s–2453s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster B, Marine D, Cipra A (1931) The occurrence of seasonal variations in the goiter of rabbits produced by feeding cabbage. J Exp Med 53:81–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehner FC, Thiel PG, DuRand M (1979) Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin emodin in the Salmonella/microsome system. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:658–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler MH, Bell AA (1988) Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi. In: McGinnis MR (ed) Current topics in medical mycology, Vol 2. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 338–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler MH, Bhatnager D, Bennett JW (1988) Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus with chlobenthiazone. Abstr Annu Meet Am Phytopathol Soc, St. Paul, MN. Phytopathology 78:1617.

    Google Scholar 

  • White JW Jr (1975) Relative significance of dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. J Agric Food Chem 23:886–891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willimott SG (1933) An investigation of solanine poisoning. Analyst 58:431–439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BJ (1978) Hazards of mycotoxins to public health. J Food Protect 41:375–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BJ, Burka LT (1983) Sweet potato toxins and related toxic furans. In: Keeler RF, Tu AT (eds) Handbook of natural toxins: Plant and fungal toxins, Vol I. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BJ, Yang DTC, Boyd MR (1970) Toxicity of mould-damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Nature 227:521–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BJ, Boyd MR, Harris TM, Yang DTC (1971) A lung oedema factor from mouldy sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Nature 231:52–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson GS (1959) A small outbreak of solanine poisoning. Mon Bull Minist Hlth Public Hlth Lab Serv 18:207–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RH, Poley GW, DeEds F (1961) Some pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of tornatine and its derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 3:39–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witkin LB (1956) Acute toxicity of hydrazine and some of its methylated derivatives. Am Med Assoc Arch Ind Hlth 13:34–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf M J, Duggar BM (1946) Estimation and physiological role of solanine in the potato. J Agric Res 73:1–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood FA, Young DA (1974) TGA in potatoes. Publ No 1533, Canada Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1987) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Tech Rep Ser 759:1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wray BB, O’Steen KG (1975) Mycotoxin-producing fungi from house associated with leukemia. Arch Environ Hlth 30:571–573.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright AV, Niskanen A, Pyysalo H, Korpela H (1978) The toxicity of some N-methyl-N-formylhydrazones from Gyromitra esculenta and related compounds in mouse and microbial tests. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45:429–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu CM, Koehler PE, Ayres JC (1972) Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) and bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) from celery infected with Sclerotina sclerotiorum. Appl Microbiol 23:852–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu MT, Salunkhe DK (1978) Difference between light- and wound-induced biosynthesis of α-solanine and α -chaconine in potato tubers. Biol Plant 20:149–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi T (1980) Mutagenicity of isothiocyanates, isocyanates and thioureas on Salmonella typhimurium. Agric Biol Chem 44:3017–3018.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates SG, England RE (1982) Isolation and analysis of carrot constituents: Myristicin, falcarinol, and falcarindiol. J Agric Food Chem 30:317–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AR (1986) Aspects of psoralen phototumorigenesis with emphasis on the possible role of tumour promotion. Biochimie 68:885–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yourtee DM, Kirk-Yourtee CL (1986) The mutagenicity of aflatoxin Q1 to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 with or without rat or human liver microsomal preparations. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 54:101–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaika LL, Buchanan RL (1987) Review of compounds affecting the biosynthesis or bioregulation of aflatoxins. J Food Protect 50:691–708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BG, Ali LA, Tenekjian KK, Khalidi U, Kurban AK (1984) Ficus carica; isolation and quantification of the photoactive components. Contact Dermatitis 11:21–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziprin RL, McMurray DN (1988) Differential effect of T-2 toxin on murine host resistance to three facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium bovis. Am J Vet Res 49:1188–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zitnak A (1961) The occurrence and distribution of free alkaloid solanidine in netted gem potatoes. Can J Biochem Physiol 39:1257–1265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

George W. Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beier, R.C. (1990). Natural Pesticides and Bioactive Components in Foods. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 113. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3366-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3366-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7983-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3366-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics