Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ethylene Dibromide: Toxicology and Risk Assessment

  • Chapter
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 112))

Abstract

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) has been produced in the United States since the 1920s, as a lead scavenger in leaded gasoline. Although this accounted for most of the use of EDB, this application has raised little controversy. However, due to a desire to reduce lead exposure, leaded gasoline is being phased out. EDB is also one of the most effective and widely used fumigants for fruits and vegetables. This application generated considerable controversy, due to unexpected environmental contamination and occupational exposure at the same time animal tests indicated that EDB was a carcinogen, mutagen and reproductive toxin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams EM, Hollingsworth RL, Spencer HC, McCollister DD (1952) Mod Sanit 4: 39–41,70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adkins B JR, Van Stee EW, Simmons JE, Eustis SL (1986) Oncongenic response of strain A/J mice to inhaled chemicals. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 17:311–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albano E, Poli G, Tomasi A, Bini A, Vannini V, Dianzani MN (1984) Toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in isolated hepatocytes: role of lipid peroxidation. Chem Biol Interact 50:255–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alleman TG, Sanders RA, Madison BL (1986) Simultaneous analysis of grain and grain-based products for ethylene, dibromide, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene dichloride. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 69:575–580.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alumot E and Mandel E (1969) Gonadotropic hormones in hens treated with ethylene dibromide. Poult Sci 48:957–960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alumot E, Nachtomi E, Dempenich-Pinto O, Mandel E, Skhindler H (1968) The effect ethylene dibromide in feed on the growth, sexual development and fertility of chickens. Poult Sci 47:1979–1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aman J, Farkas L, Ben-Shamai MH (1946) Experiments on the use of ethylene dibromide as a fumigant for grain and seed. Ann Appl Biol 33:389–395.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS (1987) Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science 236:271–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN and Yanofsky C (1971) The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria. In: Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for their Detection, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amir D (1973) The sites of the spermicidal action of ethylene dibromide in bulls. J Reprod Fert 35:519–525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D (1975) Individual and age differences in the spermicidal effect in ethylene dibromide in bulls. J Reprod Fert 44:561–565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D, Esnault C, Nicolle JC, Courot M (1977) DNA and protein changes in the spermatozoa of bulls treated orally with ethylene dibromide. J Reprod Fert 51:453–456.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D and Lawn U (1976) Changes in total nitrogen, lipoprotein and amino acids in epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa of bulls treated orally with ethylene dibromide. J Reprod Fert 47:73–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D, Nicolle JC, Courot M (1979) Changes induced to bull spermatids and testicular spermatozoa by a single peritesticular injection of ethylene dibromide. Int J Androl 2:162–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D and Tadmor A (1981) The different labelling pattern of the genital tract of bulls and rams after a peritesticular injection of [3H]ethylene dibromide. Comp Biochem Physiol 69C: I21–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amir D and Volcani R (1965) Effect of dietary ethylene dibromide on bull semen. Nature (London) 206:99–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir D and Volcani R (1967) The effect of dietary ethylene dibromide (EDB) on the testes of bulls. Fert Steril 18:144–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson EL, EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group (1983) Quantitative approaches in use to assess cancer risk. Risk Anal 3:277–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1977) EDB presents close to 100% cancer risk for citrus fumigators EPA finds. Pestic Toxic Chem News, October 12, 1977, pp 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1987) Great lakes may sell EDB overseas; EPA likely to be “neutral” Pestic Toxic Chem News February 25, 1987, pp 47–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apfeldort R and Infante PF (1981) Review of epidemiologic study results of vinyl chloride-related compounds. Env iron Hlth Perspect 41:221–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arfellini G, Bartoli S, Colacci A, Mazzullo M, Galli MC, Prodi G, Grilli S (1984) In vivo and in vitro binding of 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane to macromolecules in rat and mouse organs. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 108:204–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong DJ, Kutob R, Sipes IG (1985) Deuterium isotope effect on the expiration and tissue distribution of 1,2-dibromoethane. Toxicologist 5:174 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S and Van Duuren BL (1979) Binding of carcinogenic halogenated hydrocarbons cell macromolecules. J Natl Cancer Inst 63:707–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S and Van Duuren BL (1983) Evidence for binding of metabolically activated 1,2-dibromoethane to chromatin of forestomach and liver. Life Sci 33:1763–1770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S, Van Duuren BL, Kline SA (1979) Interaction of potential metabolites of the carcinogen ethylene dibromide with protein and DNA in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Corn 90:1214–1220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber ED, Donish WH, Mueller KR (1981) A procedure for the quantitative measurement of the mutagenicity of volatile liquids in the Ames Salmonellalmicrosome assay. Mutat Res 90:31–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry TL and Petzinger G (1985) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmation of ethylene dibromide residue in foods. J Food Safety 7(3):171–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berck B (1975) Analysis of fumigants and fumigant residues. J Chromat Sci 13:256–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi A, Olomucki E, Calderon M (1955) Problems connected with ethylene dibromide fumigation of cereals. II. Feeding experiments with laying hens. J Sci Food Agric 6:600–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botti B, Bini A et al. (1986) Decrease of hepatic mitochondrial glutathione and mitochondrial injury induced by 1,2-dibromoethane in the rat in vivo: effect of diethylmaleate pretreatment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83:494–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botti B, Moslen MT, Trieff NM, Reynolds ES (1982) Transient decrease of liver cytosolic glutathione s-transferase activities in rats given 1,2-dibromoethane or CC14. Chem Biol Interact 42:259–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brem H, Stein AB, and Rosenkranz HS (1974) The mutagenicity and DNA-modifying effect of haloalkanes. Cancer Res 34:2576–2579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brimer PA, Tan E, Hsie AW (1982) Effect of metabolic activation on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in the CHO/HGPRT system. Mutat Res 95:377–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broda C, Nachtomi E, Alumot E (1976) Differences in liver morphology between rats and chicks treated with ethylene dibromide. Gen Pharmac 7:345–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin E and Shaikh R (1986) Anatomy of a chemical crisis: The case of ethylene dibromide. Safety Evaluation and Regulation of Chemicals 3, 3rd Int. Conf., Zurich 1984, Homburger (ed.), Karger, Basel. pp 25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Department of Health Services (CDHS) (1985) Report on ethylene dibromide to the scientific review panel. Stationary Source Division, Sacramento, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calingaert G and Shapiro H (1948) Permeability of protective glove materials to tetraethyllead and ethylene bromide. Ind Eng Chem 40:332–335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CE and Belser NO (1968) Biodehalogenation. Reductive dehalogenation of the biocides ethylene dibromide, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and 2,3-dibromobutane in soil. Environ Sci Technol 2:779–783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro CE and Belser NO (1985) Photohydrolysis of ethylene dibromide. J Agric Food Chem 33:536–538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang LW, Pereira MA, Klaunig JE (1985) Cytotoxicity of halogenated alkanes in primary cultures of rat haptocytes from normal, partial hepatectomized, and preneoplastic/neoplastic liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 80:273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clive D (1973) Recent developments with L5178Y TK heterozygote mutagen assay system. Environ Hlth Persp 6:119–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clive D, Johnson KO, Spector JFS, Batson AG, Brown MMM (1979) Validation and characterization of the L5178Y/TK+ mouse lymphoma mutagen assay system. Mutat Res 59:61–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clower M Jr (1980) Modification of the AOAC method for determination of fumigants in wheat. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 63:539–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clower M Jr, McCarthy JP, Carson LJ (1986) Comparison of methodology for determination of ethylene dibromide in grains and grain-based foods. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 69:87–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colacci A, Mazzullo M, Arefellini G, Prodi G, Grilli S (1985) In vitro microsome-and cytosol-mediated binding of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane with DNA. Cell Biol Toxicol 1:45–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courtens J-L, Amir D, Durand J (1980) Abnormal spermiogenesis in bulls treated with ethylene dibromide: An ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study. J Ultrastruct Res 71:103–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crebelli R, Conti G, Conti L, Carere A (1984) Induction of somatic segregation by halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutat Res 138:33–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crespi CL, Seixas GM, Turner TR, Ryan CG, Penman BW (1985) Mutagenicity of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane in two human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Mutat Res 142:133–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch E and Wilson R (1979) Interspecies comparison of carcinogenic potency. J Toxicol Env iron Hlth 5:1095–1118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming RB and Walton MF (1973) Modification of the acute toxicity of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals in the mouse by prefeeding with antioxidants. Food Cosmet Toxicol 11:547–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deichmann WB, Gerard HW (1969) Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane). Toxicology of Drugs and Chemical (booklet) pp 256–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards K, Jackson H, Jones AR (1970) Studies with alkylating esters. II. A chemical interpretation through metabolic studies of the antifertility effects of ethylene dimethanesulphonate and ethylene dibromide. Biochem Pharmacol 19:1783–1789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberg L, Osterman-Golkar S, Singh D (1974) On the reaction kinetics and mutagenic activity of methylating and B-Halogenoethylating gasoline additives. Rad Botany 15: 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eljack AH and Hrudka F (1979) Pattern and dynamic of teratospermia induced in rams by parenteral treatment with ethylene dibromide. J Ultrastruct Res 67:124–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingham TJ, Christensen EA, Maddock MB (1986) In vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of the oyster toadfish and American eel. Environ Mut 8:555–570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot BM and Asby J (1980) Ethylene dibromide and disulfiram: studies in vivo on the mechanism of the observed synergistic carcinogenic response. Carcinogenesis 1:1049–1057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1973) Federal Register 38(b):1254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1980) Ethylene Dibromide: Position Document 2/3. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1981) Office Pesticides Program, Summary of reported pesticide incidents involving ethylene dibromide. EPA, Report No. 431, pp 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1983a) Ethylene dibromide: Notice of decision and emergency order suspending registrations of pesticide products containing ethylene bromide for use as a soil fumigant. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, pp 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1983b) Ethylene dibromide: Position document 4. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1984) Ethylene dibromide: Scientific support and decision document for grain and grain milling fumigation uses. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, pp 1–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1985) Health assessment document for 1,2dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington DC, pp 9–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1988) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein SS, Arnold E, Andrea J, Bass W, Bishop Y (1972) Detection of chemical muta-gens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 23:288–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fanini D, Legator MS, Adams PM (1984) Effects of paternal ethylene dibromide exposure on F1 generation behavior in the rat. Mutat Res 139:133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer GW, Riemer F, Gruttner S (1978) Reaktivitat und Toxizitat homologer Brom-und Dibromalkane. J Prakt Chemie 320(1):133–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson S, Jackson T, Liao CL, Maddy KT (1985) Determination of dibromochloro-propane and ethylene dibromide in air. IARC Sci Publ ISS 68:259–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylor DW and Chen JJ (1986) Relative potency of chemical carcinogens in rodents. Risk Anal 6:283–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanayem BI, Maronpot RR, Matthews HB (1986) Association of chemically induced forestomach cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 32:271–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser E and Frisch S (1929) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Wirkung technisch und hygienisch wichtiger Gase und Dampfe auf den Organismus. Uber gebromte Kohnlenwasserstoffe der Fettreihe. Archiv fur Hygiene 101:48–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold LS, Sawyer CB, Magaw R, Backman GM, Veciana M, Levinson R, Hooper NK, Havender WR, Bernstein L, Peto R, Pike MC, Amers BN (1984) A carcinogenic potency database of the standardized results of animal bioassays. Environ Hlth Perspect 58:9–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf U, Wurgler FE, Katz AJ, Frei H, Juon H, Hall CB, Kale PG (1984) Somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Mut 6:153–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin BD, Bond GP, Sikow MR, Andrew FD, Beliles RP, Niemeier RW (1981) Testing of selected workplace chemicals for teratogenic potential. Scand J Work Environ Hlth 766–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemminiki K, Falck K, Vainio H (1980) Comparison of alkylation rates and mutagenicity of directly acting industrial and laboratory chemicals. Arch Toxicol 46:277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertz-Picciotto I, Gravitz N, Neutra R (1988) How do cancer risks predicted from animal bioassays compare with the epidemiologic evidence? The case of ethylene dibromide. Risk Anal 8:205–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser SG and Scudamore KA (1969) Determination of fumigant residues in cereals and other foodstuffs: a multi-detection scheme for gas chromatography of solvent extracts. J Sci Food Agric 20:566–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill DL, Shih TW, Johnston TP, Struck RF (1978) Macromolecular binding and metabolism of the carcinogen 1,2-dibromoethane. Cancer Res 38:2438–2442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch D (1888) Das bromathyl and die bromathylnarkose. Therapeutische monatshife 2:556–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrudka F and Eljack AH (1979) The effect of ethylene dibromide on differentiation of the acrosome, nucleus, and transient nuclear appendages in ram spermatids. J Ultrastruc Res 67:135–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu LL, Adams PM, Fanini D, Legator MS (1985) Ethylene dibromide: Effects of paternal exposure on the neurotransmitter enzymes in the developing brain of F1 progeny. Mutat Res 147:197–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1977) Some fumigants, the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and miscellaneous industrial chemicals. IARC Monographs 15:195–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inskeep PB and Guengerich FP (1984) Glutathione-mediated binding of dibromoalkanes to DNA: specificity of rat glutathione-S-transferases and dibromoalkane structure. Carcinogenesis 5:805–808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inskeep PB, Koga N, Cmarik JL, Guengerich FP (1986) Covalent binding of 1,2-dihaloalkanes to DNA and stability of the major DNA adduct. Cancer Res 46:2839–2844.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs ES (1980) Use and air quality impact of ethylene dichloride and ethylene dibromide scavengers in leaded gasoline. Banbury Report #5 pp 239–255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs RS (1985) Ethylene dibromide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc 253:2961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobson I, Wahlberg B, Holmberg B, Johansson G (1982) Uptake via the blood and elimination of 10 organic solvents following epicutaneous exposure of anesthesized guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63:181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson FR (1988) Economic costs of misinforming about risk: The EDB scare and the media. Risk Anal 8:261–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AR and Edwards K (1968) The comparative metabolism of ethylene dimethanesulphonate and ethylene dibromide. Experientia 24:1100–1101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson A and Berg S (1980) Determination of 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and benzene in ambient air using porous polymer traps and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis with selected ion monitoring. J Chromat 190:97–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kale PG and Baum JW (1981) Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens: III. Dose-rate effects. Environ Mut 3:65–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kale PG and Baum JW (1983) Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens. Mutat Res 113:135–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley DE (1980) Ethylene. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chem Technol, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York 9:393–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerklaan P, Bouter S, Mohn G (1983) Isolation of a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535 with decreased levels of glutathione (GSH). Primary characterization and chemical mutagenesis studies. Mutat Res 122:257–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerklaan PRM, Zoetemelk CEM, Mohn GR (1985) Mutagenic activity of various chemicals in Salmonella strain TA100 and glutathione-deficient derivatives. On the role of glutathione in the detoxification or activation of mutagens inside bacterial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 34:2151–2156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King JR, von Windeguth DL, Burditt AK Jr (1980) An electron capture gas chromatographic method for determination of residues of 1,2-dibromoethane in fumigated grapefruit. J Agric Food Chem 28:1049–1052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kistler GH and Luckhardt AB (1929) The pharmacology of some ethylene-halogen compounds. Current Researches Anesthesia Analgesia 8:65–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin KT and Brown JL (1986) 1,2-dibromoethane causes rat hepatic DNA damage at low doses. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 141:723–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe WM, Harrington FW, Cooper SE (1982) Toxic effects of organohalide compounds on renal tubular cells in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 220:597–603.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe WM, McNish R, Hook JB, Smithson K (1981a) Depletion by 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and hexachloro-1, 3-butadine of reduced non-protein sulfhydryl groups in target and non-target organs. Biochem Pharmacol 30:2265–2271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe WM, McNish R, Hook JB (198lb) Acute nephrotoxicities and hepatotoxicities of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and 1,2-dibromoethane in male and female F344 rats. Toxicol Lett 8:317–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe WM, Tremmel H, Keisert JE (1980) Toxic effects of organohalide compounds on renal tubular cells in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 220:597–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochman MM (1928) Possible industrial poisonings with ethylene dibromide. Munch ed Wochenscher 75:1334–1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koga N, Inskeep PD, Harris TM, Guengerich FP (1986) S-(2-(N7-Guanyl)ethyl)glutathione, the major DNA adduct formed from 1,2-dibromoethane. Biochemistry 25: 2192–2198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski B, Brittebo EB, Brandt I (1985) Epithelial binding of 1,2-dibromoethane in the respiratory and upper alimentary tracts of mcie and rats. Cancer Res 45:2616–2625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski B, Brittebo EB, d’Argy R, Sperber GO, Brandt I (1986) Fetal epithelial binding of 1,2-dibromoethane in mice. Carcinogenesis 7:1709–1714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna G, Xu J, Nath J, Petersen M, Ong T (1985) In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice exposed to ethylene dibromide. Mutat Res 158:81–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronevi T, Walhberg JE, Holmberg B (1981) Skin pathology following epicutaneous exposure to seven organic solvents. Int J Tiss Reac III:21–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubinski H, Gutzke GE, Kubinski ZO (1981) DNA-cell binding (DCB) assay for suspected carcinogens and mutagens. Mutat Research 89:95–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane JC (1980) Gasoline and other motor fuels. Encyclopedia of Chem Technol 11: 664–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leenhouts HP, Sijsma MJ, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Chadwick KH (1986) The combined effect of 1,2-dibromoethane and X-rays on the induction of somatic mutations in Tradescantia. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 49:109–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letz GA, Pond WM, Osterich JD et al. (1984) Two fatalities after acute occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. JAMA 252:2428–2431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuze E (1922) Zur Theorie der Narkose: Die Verteilung der Inhalationsnarkotika im Tierkorper [On the theory of narcosis. The distribution of inhaled narcotics in the animal body]. Archiv fuer experimentelle pathologie and pharmakologie 95:145–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas GHW (1928) A study of the fate and toxicity of bromine and chlorine containing anesthetics. J Pharmacol 34:223–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyday PA (1981) Bromine. Mienral Yearbook, Vol. 1, Metals and Minerals, Bureau of Mines, pp 155–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyday PA (1986) Bromine. Mineral Yearbook, Vol. 1. Methalo and Minerals, pp 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarland RT, Gandolfi M, Sipes IG (1984) Extra-hepatic GSH-dependent metabolism of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in the rat and mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 7:213–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malone B (1971) Analytical methods for the determination of fumigants. Residue Reviews 38:21–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel HG (1971) Pathways of drug biotransformation: biochemical conjugations. In: Fundamentals of Drug Metatolism and Drug Disposition, LaDu, ed., pp 149–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann AM and Darby FJ (1985) Effects of 1,2-dibromoethane on glutathione metabolism in rat liver and kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 34:2827–2830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmetschke G (1910) Ueber todliche Bromathyl-and Bromathylen-Vergiftung. [On lethal ethyl bromide and ethylene bromide intoxication]. Viereljahresschr. Gerichtl Med Oeff Sanitaetswes 40:61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCollister DD, Hollingsworth RL, Oyen F (1956) Comparative inhalation toxicity of fumigant mixtures. Ind Hlth 13:1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meneghini R (1974) Repair replication of oppossum lymphocyte DNA: Effect of compounds that bind to DNA. Chem Biol Interact 8:113–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf RL (1981) Insect control technology. Encycl Chem Technol 13:465–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milks MM, Wilt SR, Ali I, Pereira MA, Couri D (1982) Dibromoethane effects on the induction of y-glutamyl-transpeptidase positive foci in rat liver. Arch Toxicol 51:27–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moody DE, Clawson GA, Woo GH, Smuckler EA (1982) Cellular distribution of cytochrome P-450 loss in rats of different ages treated with alkyl halides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 66:278–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moody DE and Smuckler EA (1986) Disturbances in hepatic heme metabolism in rats administered alkyl halides. Toxicol Lett 32:209–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moriya M, Ohta T, Watanabe K, Miyazawa T, Kato K, Shiraso Y (1983) Further mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assay systems. Mutat Res 116: 185–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moslen MT (1984) Increased incidence of hepatic foci and nodules in rats given one or two doses of 1,2-Dibromoethane. Toxic Path 12:307–314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moslen MT, Ahluwalia MB, Farber E (1985) 1,2-Dibromoethane initiation of hepatic nodules in Sprague-Dawley rats selected with Solt-Farber system. Arch Toxicol 58: 118–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtomi E (1970) The metabolism of ethylene dibromide in the rat; the enzymic reaction with gluatathione in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 19:2853–2860.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtomi E and Alumot E (1972) Comparison of ethylene dibromide and carbon tetrachloride toxicity in rats and chicks: blood and liver levels; lipid peroxidation. Exp Mol Patho 116:71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nachtomi E, Alumot E, Bondi A (1966) The metabolism of ethylene dibromide in the rat. I. Identification of detoxification products in urine. Israel J Chem 4:239–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtomi E, Alumot E, Bondi A (1968) Biochemical changes in organs of chicks and rats poisoned with ethylene dibromide and carbon tetrachloride. Israel J Chem 6:803–811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtomi E and Sarma DSR (1977) Repair of rat liver DNA in vivo damaged by ethylene dibromide. Biochem Pharmacol 26:1941–1945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978) Bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane for possible carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis, Tech Report Series No. 86, pp vii-viii, 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Criteria for a recommended standard. (NIOSH) (1977) Occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide (EDB), U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Washington D.C. 20402 US Govt Print Office, pp 1–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Toxicology Program (1982) Carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane in F344 rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation study). Natl Inst Hlth Publ No. 82–1766, pp 1–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Toxicology Program (1983) Short-term in vitro mammalian cell assay results. NTP Technical Bulletin No. 9, p 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niefert IE, Cook FC, Roark RC, Cox WH, Tonkin L (1925) Fumigation against grain weevils with various volatile organic compounds. USDA Dept. Bull #1313, February 26, 1925, pp 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke KD, Kociba FJ, Keyes DG, McKenna MJ (1981) A thirteen week repeated inhalation study of ethylene dibromide in rats. Fund Appl Toxicol 1:437–442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NTP see National Toxicology Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta T, Nakamura N, Moriya M, Shirasu Y, Kada T (1984) The SOS-function-inducing activity of chemical mutagens in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 131:101–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson WA, Habermann RT, Weisburger EK, Ward JM, Weisburger JH (1973) Induction of stomach cancer in rats and mice by halogenated aliphatic fumigants. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1993–1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead EV (1960) Pathological changes in ethylene dibromide poisoning AMA Arch Ind Hlth 21:525–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong T, Stewart J, Wen Y, Whong W (1987) Application of SGS umu-test for the detection of genotoxic volatile chemicals and air pollutants. Environ Mut 9:171–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott MG, Scharnweber HC, Langner RR (1980) Mortality experience of 161 employees exposed to ethylene dibromide in two production units. Br J Ind Med 37:163–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa N and Guengerich FP (1983) Evidence for formation of an S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyll glutathione adduct in glutathione-mediated binding of the carcinogen 1,2-dibromoethane to DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci 80:5266–5270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parrish CF (1983) Solvents, industrial. Encycl Chem Technol 21:377–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peers AM (1985) The determination of ethylene dibromide in air. IARC Sci Publ Issue 68:197–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peoples SA, Maddy KT, Riddle LC (1978) Human occupational health problems resulting from exposure to ethylene dibromide in California in 1975 and 1976. Vet Human Toxicol 20:241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MA and Stoner GD (1985) Comparison of rat liver foci assay and strain A mouse lung tumor assay to detect carcinogens: a review. Fund Appl Toxicol 5:688–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perocco P and Prodi G (1981) DNA damage by haloalkanes in human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Cancer Lett 13:213–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peto R, Pike MC, Bernstein L, Gold LS, Ames BN (1984) The TD50: A proposed general covention for the numerical description of the carcinogenic potency of chemicals in chronic-exposure animal experiments. Environ Hlth Perspect 58:1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pflessor G (1938) Uber die Hautschadigende Wirkung von Athylendibromid, einem Bestandteil der Flussigkeit aus Fernwasserstands-anzeigern [Skin damaging effects of ethylene dibromide. A constituent of liquid from remote water gauges]. Arch Gewerbepathol Gewerbehyg 8:591–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pignatello JJ and Cohen SZ (1989) Environmental chemistry of ethylene dibromide in soil and groundwater. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 112

    Google Scholar 

  • Plotnick HB and Conner WL (1976) Tissue distribution of 14C-labeled ethylene dibromide in the guinea pig. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 13:251–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plotnick HB, Weigel WW, Richards DE, Cheever KL, Kommineni C (1980) Dietary disulfiram enhancement of the toxicity of ethylene dibromide. Banbury Report 5, pp 279–286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plotnick HB, Weigel WW, Richards DE, Cheever KL (1979) The effect of dietary disulfiram upon the tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-1,2-dibromoethane in the rat. Research Communications Chem Pathol Pharmacol 26:535–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Principe P, Dogliotti E, Bignami M, Crebilli R, Falcone E, Fabrizi M, Conti G, Comba P (1981) Mutagenicity of chemicals of industrial and agricultural relevance in Salmonella,Streptomyces and Aspergillus. J Sci Food Agric 32:826–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prodi G, Arfellini G, Colacci A, Grilli S, Mazzullo M (1986) Interaction of halocompounds with nucleic acids. Toxicol Pathol 14:438–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quillardet P, DeBellecombe C, Hofnung M (1985) The SOS Chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: validation study with 83 compounds. Mutat Res 147: 79–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabuteau MA (1877) Recherches sur les effets du bromure d’ethylene. Comptes Rendu des Seances, Memoires Societe Biologie, pp 404–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rains DM and Holder JW (1981) Ethylene dibromide residues in biscuits and commercial flour. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 64:1252–1254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JC, Park CN, Ott MG, Gehring PJ (1979) Carcinogenic risk assessment: ethylene dibromide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 47:411–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannug U, Sundvall A, Ramel C (1978) The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on Salmonella typhimurium I. activation through conjugation with glutathion in vitro. Chem Biol Interactions 20:1–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe JM, Schrader SM, Steenland K, Clapp DE, Turner T, Hornung RW (1987) Semen study of papaya workers exposed to ethylene dibromide. NIOSH, Cincinnati, PB86–221447, pp 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reesal MR (1985) Clostridia: an alternative cause of ethylene dibromide fatalities. J Am Med Assoc (letter to the editor) 254:3181–3182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reineke C (1978) Bromine. Encycl Chem Technol 4:226–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reznik G, Stinson SF, Ward JM (1980) Respiratory pathology in rats and mice after inhalation of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane of 1,2 dibromoethane for 13 weeks. Arch Toxicol 46:233–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe VK, Hollingsworth RL, McCollister DD (1954) Pesticide toxicity-Toxicity study of a grain fumigant (Dowfume EB-5). J Agric Food Chem 2:1318–1323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe VK, Spencer HC, McCollister DD, Hollingsworth RL, Adams EM (1952) Toxicity of ethylene dibromide determined on experimental animals. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 6:158–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sansone EB and Tewari YB (1978) Penetration of protective clothing materials by 1,2dibromo-3-chloropropane, ethylene dibromide, and acrylonitrile. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 39:921–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat PK, Kandara M, Dhruva AK, Malhotra VK, Jhanwar RS (1986) Poisoning by ethylene dibromide: six cases: a clinicopathological and toxicological study. Indian J Med Sci 40:121–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherbatscheff D (1902) Ueber wirkungen and nachwirkungen des bromathylens and bromathyls “[On the effect and after effects of ethylene bromide and ethylene dibromide]” Archiv Experim Pathol Pharmakol 47:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlinke JC (1969) Toxicologic effects of five soil nematocides in cattle and sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1364–1366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlinke JC (1970) Toxicologic effects of five soil nematocides in chickens. Am J Vet Res 31:1119–1121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrader SM, Rateliffe JM, Turner TW, Hornung RW (1987) The use of new field methods of semen analysis in the study of occupational hazards to reproduction the example of ethylene dibromide. J Occup Med 29:963–966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott BR, Sparrow AH, Schwemmer SS, Schairer LA (1978) Plant metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) to a mutagen of greater potency. Mutat Res 49:203–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiau SY, Huff RA, Wells BC, Felkner IC (1980) Mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity for several pesticides tested with Bacillus subtilis mutants. Mutat Res 71: 169–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shih TW and Hill DL (1981) Metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane by glutathione transferase and microsomal mixed function oxidase: further evidence for formation of two reactive metabolites. Res Corn Chem Pathol Pharmacol 33:449–461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short RD, Minor JL, Fergusson B, Unger T, Lee C-C (1976) The developmental toxicity of ethylene dibromide inhaled by rats and mice during organogenesis. Prepared by the Midwest Research Institute for USEPA, PB-256 659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short RD, Minor JL, Winston JM, Seifter J, Lee C-C (1978) Inhalation of ethylene dibromide during gestation by rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 46:173–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short RD, Winston JM, Hong CB, Minor JL, Lee CC, Seifter J (1979) Effects of ethylene dibromide on reproduction in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 49:97–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sina JF, Bean CL, Dysart GR, Taylor VI, Bradley MO (1983) Evaluation of the alkaline elution/rat hepatocyte assay as a predictor of carcinogenic/mutagenic potential. Mutat Res 113:357–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sipes IG, Wiersma DA, Armstrong DJ (1986) The role of glutathione in the toxicity of xenobiotic compounds: metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane by glutathione. Adv Exp Med Biol 197:457–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RF and Goldman L (1983) Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to ethylene dibromide. Neuro Toxicol Teratol 5:579–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow AH, Schairer LA, Villalobos-Pietrini R (1974) Comparison of somatic mutation rates induced in Tradescantia by chemical and physical mutagens. Mutat Res 26:265–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer EY (1981) Guide to the chemicals used in crop protection. Res Centre, Univ. Sub Post Office, London, Ont., Canada, Publ #1093, 7th Ed., p 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stampfer JF, McLeod MJ, Betts MR, Martinez AM, Berardinelli SP (1984) Permeation of eleven protective garment materials by four organic solvents. Am Ind Hyg Assoc 45:642–654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SRI International (1982) Ethylene dibromide, U.S. salient statistics, Chemical Economics Handbook,November 1982. Menlo Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenland K, Carrano A, Clapp D, Ratcliffe J, Ashworth L, Meinhardt T (1985) Cytogenetic studies in humans after short-term exposure to ethylene dibromide. J Occup Med 27:729–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steenland K, Carrano A, Ratcliffe J, Clapp D, Ashworth L, Meinhardt T (1986) A cytogenetic study of papaya workers exposed to ethylene dibromide. Mutat Res 170:151–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein HP, Bahlman LJ, Leidel NA, Parker JC, Thomas AW (1978) Ethylene dibromide and disulfiram toxic interaction. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 39:35–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinburg SM, Pignatello JJ, Sawhney BL (1987) Persistence of 1,2-Dibromoethane in soils: entrapment in intraparticle micropores. Environ Sci Technol 21:1201–1208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenger VA and Atchison GJ (1978) Bromine compounds. Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol 4:243–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinson SF, Reznik G, Ward JM (1981) Characteristics of proliferative lesions in the nasal cavities of mice following chronic inhalation of 1,2-dibromoethane. Cancer Lett 12: 121–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolzenberg SJ and Hine CH (1980) Mutagenicity of 2- and 3-carbon halogenated compounds in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Environ Mut 2:59–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner GD, Conran PB, Greisiger A, Stober J, Morgan M, Pereira MA (1986) Comparison of two routes of chemical administration on the lung adenoma response in strain A/J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 82:19–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storer RD and Conolly RB (1983) Comparative in vivo genotoxicity and acute hepatotoxicity of three 1,2-dihaloethanes. Carcinogenesis 4:1491–1494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stott WT and McKenna MJ (1984) The comparative absorption and excretion of chemical vapors by the upper, lower, and intact respiratory tract of rats. Fund Appl Toxicol 4: 594–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundheimer DW, White RD, Brendel K, Sipes IG (1982) The bioactivation of 1,2dibromoethane in rat hepatocytes: covalent binding to nucleic acids. Carcinogenesis 3:1129–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney MH, Beaumont JJ, Waxweiler RJ, Halperin WE (1986) An investigation of mortality from cancer and other causes of death among workers employed at an East Texas chemical plant. Arch Env Health 41:23–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szuman L (1888) Das Bromaethyl and die Bromoaethylnarkose. Therapeutische Monatshefte 2:155–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan E and Hsie AW (1981) Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of haloethanes as studied in the CHO/HGPRT system. Mutat Res 90:183–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM (1986) Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J Hazard Mat 13: 301–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teramoto S, Saito R, Aoyama H, Shirasu Y (1980) Dominant lethal mutation induced in male rats by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). Mutat Res 77:71–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ter Haar G (1980) An investigation of possible sterility and health effects from exposure to ethylene dibromide. Banbury Report 5, 1980, pp 167–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tezuka H, Ando N, Suzuki R, Terahata M, Moriya M, Shirasu Y (1980) Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese Hamster cells treated with pesticides positive in microbial reversion assays. Mutat Res 78:177–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas BGH and Yant WP (1927) Toxic effects of ethylene dibromide. Publ Hlth Rep 42:370–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi A, Albano E, Dianzani MU, Slater TF, Vannini V (1983) Metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane to a free radical intermediate by rat liver microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Elsevier Sci Pub BV 160:191–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker JD, Xu J, Stewart J, Ong T (1984) Detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes induced by ethylene dibromide vapor. Mutat Res 138: 93–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner D (1977) A mortality survey on employees at an ethylene dibromide plant. Unpublished report to G. Ter Haar, October 28, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. International Trade Commission (1981) Synthetic organic chemicals—United States production and sales, 1980. US Govt Print Office, USITC #1183. pp 247, 251, 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. International Trade Commission (1982) Synthetic organic chemicals—United States production and sales, 1981. US Govt Print Office, USITC #1292. pp 227, 231, 237–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. International Trade Commission (1983) Synthetic organic chemicals—United States production and sales, 1982. US Govt Print Office, USITC #1422. pp 239, 244, 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. International Trade Commission (1984) Synthetic organic chemicals—United States production and sales, 1983. US Govt Print Office, USITC #1588. pp 237, 242, 251–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bladeren PJ, Breimer DD, Rotteveel-Smijs, DeJong RAW, Buijs W, Van der Gen A (1980) The role of glutathione conjugation in the mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane. Biochem Pharmacol 29:2975–2982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bladeren PJ, Breimer DD, Van Huijgevoort JATCM, Vermeulen MPE, Van der Gen A (1981a) The metabolic formation of N-acetyl-S-2-hydroxyethyl-l-cystine from tetradeutero-1,2-dibromoethane. Relative importance of oxidation and glutathione conjugation in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 30:2499–2502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bladeren PJ, Breimer DD, Van Huijgevoort JATCM, Vermeulen MPE, Van der Gen A (198lb) The influence of disulfiram and other inhibitors of oxidative metabolism on the formation of 2-hydroxyethyl-mercapturic acid from 1,2-dibromoethane by the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 30:2983–2987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengart G, Smith AC, Melchionn S, Seldman I, Roth D (1979) Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 63:1433–1439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel E and Chandler JLR (1974) Mutagenicity testing of cyclamate and some pesticides in Drosophila melanogaster Experentia 30:621–623.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Oettingen WF (1964) The halogenated hydrocarbons of industrial and toxicological importance. In: Elsevier Monographs On Toxic Agents; Browning E, Editor. pp 196–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westlake GE, Bunyan PJ, Stanley PI, Walker CH (1981) A study on the toxicity and the biochemical effects of ethylene dibromide in the Japanese quail. Br Poult Sci 22:355–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White RD, Gandolfi AJ, Bowden GT, Sipes IG (1983) Deuterium isotope effect on the metabolism and toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 69:170–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White RD, Sipes IGG, Gandolfi AJ, Bowden GT (1981) Characterization of the hepatic DNA damage caused by 1,2-dibromoethane using the alkaline elution technique. Carcinogenesis 2:839–844.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore AS (1983) Facts and values in risk analysis for environmental toxicants. Risk Anal 3:23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiersma DA, Schnellmann RG, Sipes IG (1986) The in vitro metabolism and bioactivation of 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) by human liver. J Biochem Toxicol 1:1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams GM, Laspia MF, Dunkel VC (1982) Reliability of the haptocyte primary culture/DNA repair test in testing of coded carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Mutat Res 97:359–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong LCK, Winston JM, Hong CB, Plotnick H (1982) Carcinogenicity and toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63:155–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong LCK, Winston JM, Hong CB, Hagensen J (1979) Study of carcinogenicity and toxicity of inhaled 1,2-dibromoethane in rats treated with disulfiram. Final Report by Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, MO, pp 1–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong O, Morgan RW, Whorton MD (1985) An epidemiologic surveillance program for evaluating occupational reproductive hazards. Am J Ind Med 7:295–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Working PK, Smith-Oliver T, White RD, Butterworth BE (1986) Induction of DNA repair in rat spermatocytes and hepatocytes by 1,2-dibromoethane: the role of glutathione conjugation. Carcinogenesis 7:467–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida YH and Inagaki E (1986) Mutagenicity of ethylene dibromide in Drosophila melanogaster. Tachikawa Tandai Kiyo 19:49–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig G and Sherma J (1972) Ethylene Dibromide. Anal Methods Pestic Plant Growth Regulators 6:711–712.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA

    George V. Alexeeff

  2. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Wendell W. Kilgore & Ming-Yu Li

Authors
  1. George V. Alexeeff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wendell W. Kilgore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ming-Yu Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    George W. Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alexeeff, G.V., Kilgore, W.W., Li, MY. (1990). Ethylene Dibromide: Toxicology and Risk Assessment. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 112. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3342-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3342-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7973-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3342-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation