Abstract
Screening newborns for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has been effective in preventing the mental retardation that typically occurred when diagnosis was based on clinical symptomatology. This chapter provides an overview of the disease and its manifestations as well as a comparison of outcome in children with CH diagnosed clinically with those now being found via newborn screening. A detailed description of the author’s own longitudinal study of screened CH children is also presented with special emphasis on the factors predicting better outcome.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbasi, V., & Aldige, C. (1977). Evaluation of sodium L-thyroxine (TH) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism. Journal of Pediatrics, 90, 209–301.
Addison, G.M., Rosenthal, M., & Price, D.A. (1989). Congenital hypothyroidism: Increased incidence in Asian families. (Abstract) In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher & D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism New York: Plenum
Alm, J., Larsson, A., & Zetterstrom, R. (1981). Congenital hypothyroidism in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 70, 907–912.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics. American Thyroid Association Committee on Neonatal Screening (1987). Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: Recommended guidelines. Pediatrics, 80, 745–749.
Andersen, H.J. (1975). Hypothyroidism. In L.I. Gardner (Ed.), Endocrinology and Genetic Disease of Childhood. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
Antonozzi, I., Monaco, F., & Dominici, R. (1982). Regional differences in central and southern Italy in congenital hypothyroidism. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening (pp. 119–120). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Bainbridge, R., Mughal, Z., Mimouni, F., & Tsang, R.C. (1987). Transient congenital hypoparathyroidism: How transient is it? The Journal of Pediatrics, 111, 866–868.
Balazs, R., Cocks, W.A., Eayrs, J.T., & Kovacs, S. (1971). Biochemical effects of thyroid hormones on the developing brain. In D.A. Hamburgh & E.J.W. Barrington (Eds.), Hormones in development. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Barclay, R.A. (1981). Hyperactive children. A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.
Bargagna, S., Cittadoni, L., Falciglia, G., Ferretti, G., Marcheschi, M., Chiovato, L., Giusti, F.L., Genzi, G.F. & Pinchera, A. (1989). Neuropsychological development of congenital hypothyroid children. (Abstract) In F.A. Delange, D.A. Fisher & D. Glinoer (Eds). Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Barnes, N.D. (1985). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: The first decade. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 60, 587–592.
Bode, H.H., Vanjonack, W.J., & Crawford, J.D. (1978). Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding. Pediatrics, 62, 13–16.
Bodegard, G., Fyro, K., & Larsson, A., (1983). Psychological reactions in 102 families with a newborn who has a falsely positive screening test for congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 304, 1–21.
Brown, A.L., Fernhoff, P.M., Milner, J., McEwen, C., & Elsas, L.S. (1981). Racial differences in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism. The Journal of Pediatrics, 99, 934–936.
Browne, A.W., Bronstein, I.P., & Kraines, F. (1939). Hypothyroidism and cretinism in childhood: VI. Influence of thyroid therapy on mental growth. American Journal of Disease in Children, 57, 517–523.
Burrow, B.N., & Dussault, J.H. (1980). Neonatal thyroid screening. New York: Raven Press.
Burrow, G.N., Bachrach, L.A., & Holland, H. (1983). Maternal-fetal thyroid function. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Cheek, D.B. (1975). The fetus. In D.B. Cheek (Ed.), Fetal and postnatal cellular growth. Hormones and Nutrition. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Chopra, I.J. (1972). A radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine in unextracted serum. Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, 34, 938–949.
Collipp, P.J., Kaplan, S.A., Kogut, M.D., Tasem, W., Plachte, F., Schlamm, V., Boyle, D.C., Ling, S.M., & Koch, R. (1965). Mental retardation in congenital hypothyroidim: improvement with thyroid replacement therapy. American Journal of Mental Deficiencies, 70, 432–437.
Connelly, J. (1986). Congenital hypothyroidism. Australian Pediatrics Journal, 22, 165–166.
Crome, L, & Stern, J. (1972). Pathology of mental retardation. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.
David, M., Dorche, C., Coudier, J., Rolland, M.O. (1983). Follow up results of congenital hypothyroid infants found by neonatal screening. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal Screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Davy, T., Daneman, D., Walfish, P.G., & Ehrlich, R.M. (1985). Congenital hypothyroidism: The effect of stopping treatment at 3 years. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood, 139, 1028–1030.
DeGroot, L.J., Larsen, P.R., Refetoff, S., & Stanbury, J.B. (1984). Hypothyroidism in infants and children, and developmental abnormalities of the thyroid gland. In DeGroot (Ed.), The thyroid and its diseases (pp. 610–641).
Delange, F., DeVijlder, J., Morreale de Escobar, G., Ruchiccioli, P., Varrone, S. (1989). Significance of early diagnostic data in congenital hypothyroidism. In F.A. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.), Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Delange, F. (1980). Panel and general discussion: Optimal screening and recall procedures. In G.N. Burrow & J.H. Dussault, Neonatal thyroid screening. New York: Raven Press.
Delange, F., Beckers, C., Hofer, R., Konig, M.P., Monaco, F., & Varrone, S. (1979). Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Europe. Acta Endocrinological Supplement, 90, 223–247.
Delange, F., Bourdoux, P., Ketelbant-Balasse, P., Van Humskerken, A., Glinoer, D., & Ermans, A.M. (1983). Transient primary hypothyroidism in the newborn. In J.H. Dussault & P. Walker (Eds.), Basic and clinical endocrinology: Congenital hypothyroidism (pp. 275–301). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Delange, F., Dodion, J., Wolter, R., Bourdoux, P., Dalhem, A., Glinoer, D., & Ermans, A. (1978). Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn infant. The Journal of Pediatrics, 92, 974–976.
Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1973). Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 757–767.
Dussault, J.H. (1987). Thyroid binding immunoglobulins and congenital hypothyroidism. Presented at the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California.
Dussault, J.H. (November, 1988). The Quebec network for genetic medicine—CHUL. Congenital hypothyroidism. Abstract No. 022. International Symposium on Newborn Screening, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Dussault, J.H., Coulombe, P., LaBerge, C., Letarte, J., Guyda, H., & Khoury, J. (1975). Preliminary report on a mass screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism. Journal of Pediatrics, 86, 670–674.
Dussault, J.H., Mitchell, M.L., LaFranchi, S., & Murphey, W.H. (1980). gional screening for congenital hypothyroidism: Results of screening one million North American infants with filter paper spot T4-TSH. In G.N. Burrow (Ed.), Neonatal thyroid screening (pp. 155–165). New York: Raven Press.
Dussault, J.H., & Morissette, J. (1983). Higher sensitivity of primary thyrotropin in screening for congenital hypothyroidism: A myth? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 56, 849–852.
Ermans, A.M., Boudoux, P., Lagasse, R., Delange, F., & Thilly, C. (1980). Congenital hypothyroidism in developing countries. In G.N. Burrow & J.H. Dussault (Eds.), Neonatal thyroid screening. New York: Raven Press.
Farriaux, J.P., Dhondt, J.L., & Lebecq, M.R. (1988). Intellectual outcome in hypothyroid children screened at birth. Abstract No. 017. International Screening Symposium of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sa. Paulo, Brazil.
Fellous, A., Lennon, A.M., Francon, J., & Nunez, J. (1979). Thyroid hormones and neurotubule assembly in vitro during brain development. European Journal of Biochemistry, 101, 365–376.
Ferreira, P. (1986). Neonatal screening in Canada 1985: A survey. Unpublished manuscript.
Ferreira, P. (1987). Canadian neonatal screening practices. In B.L. Therrell (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fisher, D.A. (1975). Neonatal detection of hypothyroidism. The Journal of Pediatrics, 86, 822–824.
Fisher, D.A. (1987). Maturation of thyroid hormone actions. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 21–24). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Fisher, D.A., & Klein, A.H. (1981). Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn. New England Journal of Medicine, 304, 702–712.
Focarile, F., Rondanini, G.F., Bollati, A., Bartolucci, A., & Chiumello, G. (1984). Free thyroid hormones in evaluating persistently elevated thyrotropin levels in children with congenital hypothyroidism on replacement therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59, 1211–1214.
Foley, T.P., & Murphey, W.H. (1980). Hypothyroidism at birth, during the first week of life and approximately one month of age: Comparison to primary T4 with secondary TSH screening. In G.N. Burrow (Ed.), Neonatal thyroid screening (pp. 75–86). New York: Raven Press.
Frasier, S.D., Penny, R., & Snyder, R. (1982). Primary congenital hypothyroidism in Spanish-surnamed infants in Southern California. Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 315.
Frost, G.J., & Parkin, M.M. (1986). A comparison between the neurological and intellectual abnormalities in children and adults with congenital hypothyroidism. European Journal of Pediatrics, 145, 480–484.
Fuggle, P., Murphy, G., Thorley, G., & Grant, D.B. (1989). Congenital hypothyroidism: Psychological outcome at three and five years. (Abstract) In F. De-lange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Fyro, K., & Bodegard, G., (1987). Four-year follow-up of psychological reactions to false positive screening tests for congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 76, 107–114.
Gesell, A., Amatruda, C.A., & Culotta, C.S. (1936). Effect of thyroid therapy on the mental and physical growth of cretinous infants. American Journal of Disease in Childhood, 52, 1117–1138.
Glorieux, J., Desjardins, M., Dussault, J.H., Letarte, J., Morissette, J., & Thi-bault, L. (1987). Follow-up congenitally hypothyroid children: Delineation of a group at higher risk. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 81–84). Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Excerpta Medica.
Glorieux, J., Dussault, J.H., Letarte, J., Guyda, H., & Morissette, J. (1983). Preliminary results on the mental development of hypothyroid infants detected by the Quebec screening program. The Journal of Pediatrics, 102, 19–22.
Glorieux, J., Desjardins, M., Letarte, J., Morissette, J., & Dussault, J.H. (1988). Useful parameter to predict the eventual mental outcome of hypothyroid children. Pediatric Research, 24, 6–8.
Glorieux, J., Dussault, J.H., Morissette, J., Desfardins, M., Letarte, J., & Guyda, H. (1985). Follow-up at ages 5 and 7 years on mental development in children with hypothyroidism detected by Quebec screening program. The Journal of Pediatrics, 107, 913–915.
Grant, D.B., & Hulse, J.A. (1980). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 55, 913–914.
Grant, G.A., Carson, D.J., McReid, M., & Hutchinson, J.M. (1986). Congenital hypothyroidism missed on screening. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61, 189–197.
Guyda, H.J., (1983). Treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. In J.H. Dussault & P. Walker (Eds.), Basic and clinical endocrinology: Congenital hypothyroidism (pp. 385–396). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Hagberg, B., & Westphal, O. (1970). Ataxic syndrome in congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 59, 323–327.
Hahn, H.B., Spiekerman, A.M., Otto, W.R., & Hossalla, D.E. (1983). Thyroid function tests in neonates fed human milk. American Journal of Disease in Children, 137, 220–222.
Hamburgh, M.N., Mendoza, L.A., Burkart, J.F., & Weil, F. (1971). Thyroid-dependent processes in the developing nervous system. In D.A. Hamburgh & E.J.W. Barrington (Eds.), Hormones in development. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hanefield, F., Richter, I., Weber, B., & Zabransky, S. (1974). Neurological studies on children with hypothyroidism on long-term treatment. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica, 63, 332–333.
Hebert, R., Laureau, E., Vanasse, M., Richard, J., Morrissette, J., Glorieux, J., Desjardins, M., Letarte, J., & Dussault, J. (1986). Auditory brainstem response audiometry in congenitally hypothyroid children under early replacement therapy. Pediatric Research, 20, 570–573.
Heyerdahl, S. (1987). Development of children with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening in Norway. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 81–84). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Holmes, G. (1979). The cerebellum of man. Brain, 62, 1–30.
Holt, A.B., Kerr, G.R., & Cheek, D.B. (1975). Prenatal hypothyroidism and brain composition. In D.B. Cheek (Ed.), Fetal and post-natal cellular growth. Hormones and Nutrition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Horn, G. (1955). Thyroid deficiency and inanition. The effects of replacement therapy on the development of the cerebral cortex of young albino rats. Anatomical Research, 121, 63.
Hulse, A.(1983). Congenital hypothyroidism and neurological development. Journal of Childhood Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 629–635.
Hulse, J.A. (1984). Outcome for congenital hypothyroidism. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 59, 23–30.
Hulse, J.A., Grant, D.B., Clayton, B.E., Lilly, P., Jackson, D., Spracklan, A., Edwards, R.W.H., & Nurse, D. (1983). Population screening for congenital hypothyroidism. British Medical Journal, 280, 675–678.
Hulse, J.A., Grant, D.B., Jackson, D., & Clayton, B. (1982). Growth, development, and reassessment of hypothyroid infants diagnosed by screening. British Medical Journal, 284, 1435–1436.
Ibanez, L., Albisu, M., Potau, N., Vicens-Calvet, E., & the Catalan Collaborative Group (1989). Follow-up of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) detected by neonatal screening in Catalonia. (Abstract) In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Illig, R. (1983). Follow-up of thyroid function tests, skeletal maturation and scintigraphic findings with congenital hypothyroidism discovered by neonatal screening. In H. Naruse M., Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Illig, R., & Largo, R.H. (1987). Mental development in 60 children with congenital hypothyroidism prospective follow-up study at one, four and seven years of age. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 85–89). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Illig, R., Largo, R.H., Qin, Q., Torresani, T., Rochiccioli, P., & Larsson, A. (1987). Mental development in congenital hypothyroidism after neonatal screening. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 62, 1050–1055.
Illig, R., Largo, R.H., & Rochiccioli, P. (1985). European collaborative study on mental development in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) diagnosed by neonatal screening. Poster No. 73. Second joint meeting: Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, Baltimore.
Illig, R., Largo, R.H., Weber, M., Augsburger, T.H., Lipp, A., Wissler, D., Perrenoud, A.E., Torresani, T. (1986). Sixty children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal thyroid: Mental development at 1,4, and 7 years: a longitudinal study. Acta Endocrinologica, 279, 346–353.
Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities (1987). Learning disabilities: A report to the U.S. congress.
Irie, M., Nakajima, H., Inomata, H., Naruse, H., Suwa, S., &Takasugi, N. (1987). Screening of neonatal hypothyroidism in Japan. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 41–47). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Jennings, P.E., O’Malley, B.P., Griffin, K.E., Northover, B., & Rosenthal, F.D. (1984). Relevance of increased serum thyroxine concentrations associated with normal serum triiodothyronine values in hypothyroid patients receiving thyroxine: A case for “tissue thyrotoxicosis.” British Medical Journal, 289, 1645–1647.
Kirkland, R.T., Kirkland, J.L., Robertson, M.C., Librik, L., & Clayton, G.W. (1972). Strabismus and congenital hypothyroidism. The Journal of Pediatrics, 80, 648–650.
Klein, A., Meltzer, S., & Kenny, F.M. (1972). Improved prognosis in congenital hypothyroidism treated before age three months. Journal of Pediatrics, 81, 912–915.
Klein, R. (1986). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. The Lancet, August, 403.
Klein, R.Z. (1979). Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Advances in Pediatrics, 26, 417–440.
Klett, M., Schonberg, D., Bohnert, R. & Wille, L. (1983). Influence of various clinical conditions on thyroid function in the newborn. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.) Neonatal Screening Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Koldovsky, O., & Thornburg, W. (1987). Hormones in milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastro Nutrition, 6, 172–196.
Komianou, F., Makaronis, G., Lambadaridis, J., Sarafidou, R., Vrachni, F., Mengreli, C., & Pantelakis, S. (1988). Psychomotor development in congenital hypothyroidism. European Journal of Pediatrics, 147, 275–278.
Konstantarcas, M., & Homatidis, S. (November, 1988). Evidence of pre, peri- and neonatal complications in the births of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children. Presented at Challenge and Change in Childhood Psychopathology Conference, Toronto.
Laberge, C. (1983). Cost benefit evaluation of neonatal thyroid screening programs. In G.N. Burrow & J.H. Dussault, Neonatal thyroid screening. New York: Raven.
Ladenson, P.W., Stokes, J.W., & Ridgway, E.C. (1984). Reversible alteration of the visual evoked potential in hypothyroidism. The American Journal of Medicine, 77, 1010–1014.
LaFranchi, S.H., Hannna, C.E., Krainz, P.L., Skeels, M.R., Miyahira, R. S., & Sesser, D.E. (1985). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism with specimen collection at two time periods: Results of the northwest regional screening program. Pediatrics, 76, 734–740.
LaFranchi, S.H., Murphey, W.H., Foley, J.P., Larsen, P.R., & Buist, N.R. (1979). Neonatal hypothyroidism detected by the northwest regional screening program. Pediatrics, 63, 180–191.
Larsen, P.R., & Broskin, K. (1975). Thyroxine immunoassay using capillary blood samples collected on filter paper. In D. A. Fisher & G.N. Burrow (Eds.), Perinatal thyroid physiology and disease. New York: Raven Press.
Lauder, J.M., & Krebs, H. (1986). Do neurotransmitter, neurohumors, and hormones specify critical periods? In W.T. Greenough & J.M. Juraska (Eds.), Developmental neuropsychobiology. New York: Academic Press.
Layde, P.M., Von Allmen, S.D., & Oakley, G.P. (1979). Congenital hypothyroidism control programs. A cost-benefit analysis. Journal of the American Association, 241, 2290–2292.
Legrand, J. (1986). Thyroid hormone effects on growth and development. In G. Hennemann (Ed.), Thyroid hormone metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Leiner, H.C., Leiner, A.L., & Dow, R.S. (1986). Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? Behavioural Neuroscience, 100, 443–454.
Letarte, J., Guyda, J., Dussault, J.H., & Glorieux, J. (1980). Lack of protective effect of breast-feeding in congenital hypothyroidism: Report of 12 cases. Pediatrics, 65, 703–705.
Letarte, J. & La Franchi, S. (1983). Clinical features of congenital hypothyroidism. In J.H. Dussault & P. Walker (Eds.) Basic and clinical endocrinology: Congenital hypothyroidism (pp. 351–383). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Levine, G.D., & Therrell, B.L. (1986). Second testing for hypothyroidism. Pediatrics, 78, 375–376.
Levine, M.D., Oberklaid, F., &Meltzer, L. (1981). Developmental output failure: A study of low productivity in school-aged children. Pediatrics, 67, 18–25.
Lewis, A. (1937). A study of cretinism in London. Lancet, 2, 1501–1525.
MacFaul, R., Dorner, S., Brett, E.M., & Grant, D.B. (1978). Neurological abnormalities in patients treated for hypothroidism from early life. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 53, 611–619.
Maenpaa, J. (1972). Congenital hypothyroidism: Aetiological and clinical aspects. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 47, 914–923.
Maki, I., Nose, O., Harada, T., Kai, H., Tajiri, H., Ogawa, M., Abe, M., Miyai, K., Mizuta, M., Takesada, M., Yabuuchi, H. (1983) Follow up study of treated hypothyroid infants on psychological and neurological development. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal Screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Malone, M.J., Rosman, N.P., Szoke, M., & Davis, D. (1976). Myelination of brain in experimental hypothyroidism. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 26, 1–11.
Man, E.B., & Serunian, S.A. (1976). Thyroid function in human pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 125, 949–957.
Mitchell, M.L. (1986). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: A decade later. Infant Screening Newsletter, Vol. 11.
Mitchell, M.L., Larsen, R., Levy, H.L., Bennett, A.J., & Madoff, M.A. (1978). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 239, 2348–2351.
Mizuta, H., Amino, N., Ichihara, K., Harade, T., Nose, O., Tanizawa, O., & Miyai, K. (1983). Thyroid hormones in human milk and their influence on thyroid function of breast-fed babies. Pediatric Research, 14, 468–471.
Money, J. (1956). Psychologic studies in hypothyroidism. Archives of Neurology in Psychiatry, 76, 296–309.
Morreale de Escobar, G., Escobar del Rey, F., Ruiz-Marcos, A. (1983). Thyroid hormone and the developing brain. In J.H. Dussault & P. Walker (Eds.), Congenital hypothyroidism. New York: Dekker.
Morreale de Escobar, G., Obregon M.J., Escobar del Rey F (1989). Transfer of thyroid hormone from mother to fetus In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glineoer (Eds), Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Morreale de Escobar, G., Pastor, R., Obregon, M.J., & Escobar del Rey, F. (1985). Effects of maternal hypothyroidism on the weight and thyroid hormone content of rat embryonic tissues, before and after onset of fetal thyroid function. Endocrinology, 117, 1890–1900.
Moschini, L., Costa, P., Marinelli, E., Maggioni, G., Sorcini Carta, M., Fazzini, D., Diodato, A. , Sabini, G., Grandolfo, M.E., Carta, S., Porro, G., Paolella, A., Gordiale, S., & Brinciotti, M. (1986). Longitudinal assessment of children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screeing. Helv Paediatrica Acta, 41, 415–24.
Moschini, L., Sorcini, C., Costa, P., Antonozzi, I., Paolella, A., Porro, G., & Carta, S. (1989). Mental development in 75 children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening. In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Muir, A., Daneman, D., Daneman, A., & Ehrlich, R. (1988). Thyroid scanning ultrasound, and serum thyroglobulin in determining the origin of congenital hypothyroidism. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 142, 214–216.
Murphy, G., Hulse, J.A., Jackson, D., Tyner, P., Glossop, J., Smith, I., & Grant, D. (1986). Early treated hypothyroidism: Development at 3 years. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61, 761–765.
Myant, N.B. (1971). The role of thyroid hormone in the fetal and postnatal development of mammals. In D.A. Hamburgh & E.J.W. Barrington (Eds.), Hormones in development. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative (November, 1981). Effects of neonatal screening for hypothyroidism: Prevention of mental retardation by treatment before clinical manifestations. Lancet, 2, 1095–1098.
New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative (1982). Pitfalls in screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. Pediatrics, 70, 16–20.
New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative (1984). Characteristics of infantile hypothyroidism discovered on neonatal screening. The Journal of Pediatrics, 104, 539–544.
New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative (1985). Neonatal hypothyroidism screening: Status of patients at 6 years of age. The Journal of Pediatrics, 107, 915–918.
Nicholson, J.L., & Altman, J. (1972). Synoptogenesis in the rat cerebellum. Effects of early hypo and hyperthyroidism. Science, 176, 530–531.
Nunez, J. (1984). Thyroid hormones and microtubules during brain development. International Endocrine Society Meeting, Quebec City.
Osier, W. (1897). Sporadic cretinism in America. Transactions of the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons, 4, 169.
Pekonen, B., & Pekonen, F. (1984). Ontogenesis of the nuclear 3,4,3′-triiodothy-ronine receptor in the human fetal brain. Endocrinology, 114, 677–679.
Pelton, W., & Bass, N.H. (1973). Adverse affects of excess thyroid hormone on the maturation of rat cerebrum. Archives of Neurology, 29, 145–150.
Perez-Castillo, A., Bernal, J., Ferreiro, B., & Pans, T. (1985). The early ontogenesis of thyroid hormone receptor in rat fetus. Endocrinology, 111, 2457–2461.
Peter, F., Wang, S.T., & Strunc, G. (1987). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism with a one-day TSH assay. Immunoradimetric (IRMA) and immunofluo-rometric (IFMA) tests compared. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 61–62). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Plioplys, A. V., Gravel, C., & Hawkes, R. (1986). Selective suppression of neurofilament antigen expression in the hypothyroid rat cerebral cortex. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 75, 53–68.
Potter, B.J., Mano, M.T., Belling, G.B., Mclntosch, G.H., Hua, C., Cragg, B.G., Marshall, J., Wellby, M.L., & Hetzel, B.S. (1982). Retarded fetal brain development resulting from severe dietary iodine deficiency in sheep. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 8, 303–313.
Price, D.A., Ehrlich, R.M., & Walfish, P.G. (1981). Congenital hypothyroidism: Clinical and laboratory characteristics in infants detected by neonatal screening. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 56, 845–851.
Raiti, S., & Newns, G.H. (1971). Cretinism: Early diagnosis and its relation to mental prognosis. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46, 692–694.
Redmond, G.P. (1982). Therapy of congenital hypothyroidism in the era of mass screening. Seminars in Perinatology, 6, 181–189.
Rezvani, I., & DiGeorge, A.M. (1977). Reassessment of the daily dose of oral thyroxine for replacement therapy in hypothyroid children. Pediatrics, 90, 291–297.
Richards, G.E., Karyl, A., Norcross, A., & Cavallo, A. (1987). Evoked potential in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism. Abstract No. 476, Pediatric Research Program, 21, 253A.
Rickards, A., Coakley, J., Francis, I., Armstrong, S., & Connelly, J., (1988). Results of follow-up at 5 years in a group of hypothyroid Australian children detected by newborn screening. (Abstract) In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Rickards, A., Connelly, J., Coakley, J., & Armstrong, S. (1987). Psychological follow-up in Australian hypothyroid children detected by newborn screening. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 77–80). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Rives, S., & Toublanc, J.E. (1987). Cognitive and affective outcomes of congenital hypothyroid follow-up. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 109–112). Amsterdam-New York-Oxford: Exerpta Medica.
Rochiccioli, P., Roge, B., Alexandre, F., & Dutau, G. (1983). Study of perinatal and environmental factors of neuropsychological development of hypothyroid infants detected by neonatal screening. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Roge, B., Rochiccioli, P., Alexandre, F., & Moron, P. (1987). An eight-year study of the mental and psychomotor development of hypothyroid children detected by neonatal screening. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 91–94). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Rondanini, G.F., Bollati, A., Della Porta, V., Cerabolini, R., Lenti, C., Rovej, L., Manzoni, A., & Chumello, G. (1989) Long term neurological prognosis in early treated congenital hypothyroid children. (Abstract) In F. Delange, D. A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Rosman, N.P. (1976). Neurological and muscular aspects of thyroid dysfunction in childhood. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 23, 575–594.
Rovet, J.F. (1989). Does breast feeding protect the hypothyroid infant diagnosed by newborn screening? Manuscript submitted for publication.
Rovet, J., & Ehrlich, R. (1988). Thyroid screening follow-up study. Final report to the Ontario Ministry of Health.
Rovet, J., Ehrlich, R., & Sorbara, D. (1987a). Intellectual outcome in children with fetal hypothyroidism. Journal of Pediatrics, 110, 700–704.
Rovet, J., Ehrlich, R., & Sorbara, D. (1987b). Longitudinal prospective investigations of hypothyroid children detected by neonatal thyroid screening in Ontario. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (pp. 99–103). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Rovet, J.F., Ehrlich, R.M., & Sorbara, D. (1989). Effect of thyroid hormone level on temperament in infants with congenital hypothyroidism detected by screening of neonates. Journal of Pediatrics, 114, 63–68.
Rovet, J.F., Sorbara, D.L., & Ehrlich, R.M. (1986). The intellectual and behavioural characteristics of children with congenital hypothyroidism identified by neonatal screening in Ontario. The Toronto prospective study. In Genetic disease: Screening and management (pp. 281–315). New York: Liss.
Sack, J., Frucht, H., Amadeo, O., Brish, M., & Lunenfeld, B. (1981). Breast milk thyroxine and not cow’s milk may mitigate and delay the clinical picture of neonatal hypothyroidism. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 277, 54–56.
Sato, T., & Suzuki, Y. (1979). Presence of tri-iodothyronine, no detectable thyroxine and reverse tri-iodothyronine in human milk. Endocrinology Japan, 26, 507–513.
Schapiro, S. (1966). Metabolic and maturational effects of thyroxine in the infant rat. Endocrinology, 78, 527–532.
Siegel, L.S., & Heaven, R. (1986). Defining and categorizing learning disabilities. In S. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social and neuropsycholgoical aspects of learning disabilities, 1, 95–121. Hillsdale, NJ: Ehrlbaum.
Smith, D.W., Blizzard, R.M., & Wilkins, L. (1957). The mental prognosis in hypothyroidism of infancy and childhood, Pediatrics, 19, 1011–1022.
Tenore, A., Militerni, R., D’Argenzio, G., DiMaio, S., Lubrano, P., Sandomenico, M.L., Mariano, A., & Varrone, S. (1987). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the region of Campania (Italy): Preliminary data on neuro-psychomotor follow-up. In B.L. Therrell Jr. (Ed.), Advances in neonatal screening (p. 107). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Tenore, A., Parks, J.S., & Bongiovanni, A.M. (1977). Relationship of breast feeding to congenital hypothyroidism. In G. Chiumello & Z. Laron (Eds.), Recent progress in pediatric endocrinology. New York: Academic Press.
Therrell, B.L. (1987). National screening status report. Infant Screening, 10, 5–6.
Therrell, B.L., Meyer, D., Brown, L.O. et al. (1982). Incidence of primary congenital hypothyroidism in Texas by race and sex. In R.H. Dobbins (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1982 National Newborn Screening Symposium (pp. 57–60). Chicago, Illinois Department of Health.
Thieffry, A.F., Dhondt, J.L., Farriaux, J.P., & Parquet, P. (1983) Psychological cost of neonatal screening to families. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Thompson, G.N., McCrossin, R.B., Penfold, J.L., Woodroffe, P., Rose, W.A., & Robertson, E.F. (1986). Management and outcome of children with congenital hypothyroidism detected on neonatal screening in South Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 145, 18–22.
Thyroid Foundation of America (1986). Newsletter. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Toublanc, J.E., Rives, S., & Job, J.C. (1989). Factors related to the intellectual development of children treated for congential hypothyroids m. (Abstract) In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds). Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism New York: Plenum.
United States Department of Education. Information provided by Office of Special Education, U.W. Department of Education.
Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx, M., Debruyne, F., Dooms, L., Eggermont, E., & Eeckels, R. (1983). Sensorineural hearing loss in sporadic congenital hypothyroidism. Archives of Disease in Children, 58, 419–422.
Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx, M., Malvaux, P., Craen, M., Ernould, C., & Wolter, R. (1980). Neuropsychological study of treated children with thyroid dysgenesis. In G.N. Burrow & J.H. Dussault (Eds.), Neonatal thyroid screening. New York: Raven Press.
VanVliet G., Barboni T., Klees M., Cantraine F., Wolter F. Treatment strategy and long term follow up of congenital hypothyroidism. In F. Delange, D.A. Fisher, D. Glinoer (Eds.) Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum.
Virtanen, M., Maenpaa, J., Santavuori, P., Hirovonen, E., & Perheentupa, J. (1983). Congenital hypthyroidism: Age at start of treatment versus outcome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 72, 197–201.
Walfish, P.G. (1981). Thyroid physiology and pathology. In R. Collu et al. (Eds.), Pediatric endocrinology. New York: Raven Press.
Walfish, P.G. (Feb. 1984). The best way to screen for neonatal hypothyroidism. Diagnostic Medicine, 7:57–75.
Walfish, P.G., Gera, E., & Ehrlich, R.M. (1983). Primary TSH screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. Results of simultaneous cord and neonatal heel blood testing within the same infant population. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Neonatal screening. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
Walfish, P.G., Ginsberg, J., Rosenberg, R.A., & Howard, N.J. (1979). Results of a regional cord blood screening program for detecting neonatal hypothyroidism. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 54, 1–7.
Weichsel, M.E. (1978). Thyroid hormone replacemnt therapy in perinatal period: Neurological consideration. Pediatrics, 92, 1035–1038.
Wolter, R., Noel, P., deCock, P., Craen, M., Enould, C.H., Malvaux, P., Verstraetan, F., Simons, J., Mertans, S., & Van Broeck, N. (1979). Neuro-psycholgoical study in treated thyroid dysgenesis. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement, 277, 41–46.
Yoshida, K., Sakurada, T., Takahashi, T., Furuhashi, N., Kiase, K., & Yoshi-naga, K. (1986). Measurement of TSH in human aminiotic fluid: Diagnosis of fetal thyroid abnormality in utero. Clinics of Endocrinology, 25, 313–318.
Zetterstrom, R. (1988). Psychological consequences of false-positive results. Abstract No. 14. International Screening Symposium of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, San Paulo, Brazil.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rovet, J.F. (1990). Congenital Hypothyroidism: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Functioning. In: Holmes, C.S. (eds) Psychoneuroendocrinology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3306-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3306-0_17
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7960-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3306-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive