Abstract
This group of lesions includes occipitalization of the atlas and basilar impression. Also discussed in this section are the Klippel-Feil deformity, which has a common association with craniovertebral junction anomalies, and atlanto-occipital hypermobility, which is being reported with increasing frequency.
“I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and judgment. I will never do harm to anyone.” Hippocrates of Cos
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Klippel M, Feil A. Un cas d’absence des vertebres cervicales avec cage thoracique remontant jusqua s la base du craine. Nouv Icon Salpetriere, 1912;25:223.
Hensinger, RN: Osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral fonction. Spine 11(4):323, 1986.
McRae DI. Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum: correlation of the anatomic and neurologic findings. Acta Radiol 1953;40:335.
List CF. Neurologic syndromes accompanying developmental anomalies of the occipital bone atlas and axis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1941;45:577.
Zimbler S, Belkin S. Birth defects involving the spine. In: Symposia on birth defects and the orthopaedic surgeon. Orthop Clin North Am 1976;7:303.
Hensinger RN. Atlanto-occipital fusion. In: The Cervical Spine. The Cervical Spine Research Society. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1983:161–163.
Wadia NH. Myelopathy complicating congenital atlantoaxial dislocation. Brain 1967;90:449.
Hensinger RN, MacEwen GD. Congenital anomalies of the spine. In: Rothman RH and Simeone F, eds. The Spine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982, 2nd ed. Vol. I, 188.
Caetano de Barros M, Farias W, Ataide L, Lins S. Basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. A study of 66 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1968;31:596.
Nicholson JT, Sherk HH. Anomalies of the occipitocervical articulation. J Bone Joint Surg 1968;50A:295.
Pasztor VJ, Pifiko P, Horvath M. Transoral surgery for basilar impression. Surg Neurol 1980;14:473.
Van Gilder JC, Menezes AH, Doland KD. The Craniovertebral Junction and its Anomalies. New York: Futura, 1987:235–236.
Raynor RB. Congenital malformations at the base of the skull. In: The Cervical Spine. The Cervical Spine Research Society. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1983:147.
McRae DL, Barnum AS. Occipitalization of the atlas. Am J Radiol 1953;70:23.
Grantham SA, Dick HM, Thompson RC, Jr, Stinchfield FE. Occipitocervical arthrodesis: indications, technique and results. Clin Orthop 1969;65:118.
Chamberlain WE. Basilar impression (platybasia), a bizarre development anomaly of the occipital bone and upper cervical spine with striking and misleading neurlogic manifestations. Yale J Biol Med 1939;11:487.
Henderson DRF. Vertical atlantoaxial subluxation and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1975;14:31.
McGregor W. The significance of certain measurements of the skull in the diagnosis of basilar impression. Br J Radiol 1948;21:171.
Kricum, ME. Imaging Modalities in Spinal Disorders. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988:154.
Fischgold H, David M, Bregeat P. La tomographic de la base du crane en neuro-chirurgie et neuro-ophthalmologie. Paris: Masson & Cie, 1952. [Also cited by Hinck VC, Hopkins CE, Savara BS. Diagnostic criteria of basilar impression. Radiology 1961;76:572.]
Wiesel SW, Rothman RH. Occipitoatlantal hypermobility. Spine 1979;4:187.
Wiesel SW, Kraus D, Rothman RH. Atlanto-occipital hypermobility. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:969.
Georgopoulos G, Pizzutillo PD, Lee MS. Occipitoatlantal instability in children. A report of 5 cases and a review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:429.
Hensinger RN, Lang JE, MacEwen GD. Klippel Feil syndrome: a constellation of associated anomalies. J Bone Joint Surg 1974;56A:1246.
Lee CK, Weiss AB. Isolated congenital cervical blocked vertebrae below the axis with neurologic symptoms. Spine 1981;6:118.
Winter RB. Congenital Deformities of the Spine. Stuttgart: Thieme-Stratton, 1983:301.
Lipson SJ. Dysplasia of the odontoid process in Morquio’s syndrome causing quadriparesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59A:340.
Holmes JC, Hall JE. Fusion for instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:923.
Clark CR, Kathol MH, Walsh T, El-Khoury GY. Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation with compensatory counter occipito-atlanto subluxation: a case report. Spine 1986;11:1048.
Fielding J, Stillell WT. Chynn K, York S, Efthmios C. Use of computed tomography for the diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotatory fixation: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60A:1102.
Alker GJ, Jr, Oh YS, Leslie EV. High cervical spine and craniocervical junction injuries in fatal traffic accidents: a radiological study. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:1003.
Evarts CM. Traumatic occipito-atlantal dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg 1970;52A:1653.
Gabrielson TO, Maxwell JA. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation: a case report of a patient who survived. AJR, 1966;97:624.
Lipson J, Hammerschlag SP. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis in the presence of posterior spondyloschisis (bifid arch) of the atlas. A report of three cases and an evaluation of alternative wiring techniques by computerized tomography. Spine 1984;9:65.
Whitesides TE, Kelley RP. Lateral approach to the upper cervical spine for anterior fusion. South Med J 1966;59:879.
Simmons EH, Dutoit G, Jr. Lateral atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:1101.
Bohler J. Anterior stabilization for acute fractures and nonunions of the dens. J Bone Joint Surg 1982;64A:18.
Taddonio RF, Jr, King AG. Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation after decompressive laminectomy. A case report. Spine 1982;7:540.
Wertheim SB, Bohlman HH. Occipitocervical fusion: indications, technique, and long-term results in thirteen patients. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:833.
Perry J, Nickel VL. Total cervical spine fusion for neck paralysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1959;41A:37.
Newman P, Sweetnam R. Occipitocervical fusion: an operative technique and its indications. J Bone Joint Surg 1969;51B:423.
White A, III, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1978.
Robinson RA, Southwick WO. Surgical approaches to the cervical spine. In: Instructional Course Lectures, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. St. Louis: Mosby, 1960; 17:299.
Grantham SA, Dick HM, Thompson RC, Jr, Stinchfield FE. Occipitocervical arthrodesis: indications, technique and results. Clin Orthop 1969;65:118.
Heywood AWB, Learmonth RD, Thomas M. Internal fixation for occipitocervical fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1988;70B:708.
Wiesel SW, Rothman RH. Occipitoatlantal hypermobility. Spine 1979;4:187–191.
Nagashima HC. Surgical treatment of irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation with spinal cord compression. A case report. J Neurosurg 1973;38:374.
Eismont FJ, Bohlman HH. Posterior methylmethalcrylate fixation for cervical trauma. Spine 1981;6:347.
Kriegen JC. Internal fixation of the unstable rheumatoid cervical spine. Ann Rheum Dis 1966;25:242.
Ransford AO, Crockard HA, Pozo JL, Thomas NP, Nelson RW. Craniocervical instability treated by contoured loop fixation. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68B:173.
Roy-Camille R. Rachis cervical superieur. In: Cinquiemes journees d’orthopedie de la pitie masson Paris, 1986.
Greenberg AD. Atlantoaxial dislocations. Brain 1968;91:655.
Conaty JP, Mongan ES. Cervical fusion in rhematoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 1981;63A:1218.
Lipson SJ. Dysplasia of the odontoid process in Morquio’s syndrome causing quadriparesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59A:340.
McKusick VA. Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue. 4th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1972.
Kopits SF. Orthopaedic complications of dwarfism. Clin Orthop 1976;114:153.
Betham D. Os odontoideum in Chondrodystrophia calcifans congenita: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1982;64A:1385.
Spitzer RL, Rabinowitch JY, Wybar KC. A study of the abnormalities of the skull, teeth and lenses in Mongolism. Can Med Assoc J 1961;84:567.
Isu T, Myasaka K, Abe H, Ito T, Iwasaki Y, Tsuru M, Kitaoka K, Tsunoda M. Atlantoaxial dislocation associated with neurofibromatosis. J Neurosurg 1983;58:451.
McRae DL. Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum: correlation of the anatomic and neurlogic findings. Acta Radiol 1953;40:335.
List CF. Neurologic syndromes accompanying developmental anomalies of the occipital bone, atlas and axis. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1941;45:577.
Spranger JW, Langer LO, Jr, Wiedermann HR. Bone Dysplasias. An Atlas of Constitutional Disorders of Skeletal Development. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974.
White AA, III, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia: Lipponcott 1978:71.
Hohl M, Baker HR. The atlantoaxial joint. J Bone Joint Surg 1964;46A:1739.
Louis R. Surgery of the Spine. Surgical Anatomy and Operative Approaches. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983:58.
Jackson H. The diagnosis of minimal atlantoaxial subluxation. Br J Radiol 1950;23:672.
Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ, Ratzan SA. Spine fusion for atlantoaxial instability. J Bone Joint Surg 1976;58A:400.
Steel HH. Anatomical and mechanical considerations of the atlantoaxial articulations. J Bone Joint Surg 1968;50A:1481.
Hecker P. Appareil ligamenteux occipito-atloidoaxoidien: etude d’anatomie comparee. Arch Anat Hist Embryol 1923.
McRae DL. The significance of abnormalities of the cervical spine. AJR 1960;84:3.
Greenberg AD. Atlantoaxial dislocations. Brain 1968;91:655.
Itoh T. An isolated congenital narrow canal of the atlas. In: Kehr P, Weidner A, eds. Cervical spine I. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987:317–321.
Roach JW, Duncan D, Wenger DR, Maravilla A, Maravilla K. Atlantoaxial instability and spinal cord compression in children diagnosed by computerized tomography. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:708.
Arey LB. Developmental Anatomy. 6th Ed. Philadelphia and London: Saunders 1954.
Hensinger RN, MacEwen GD. Congenital anomalies of the spine. In: Rothman RH, Simeone FA, eds. The Spine. 2d Ed. Philadephia: Saunders 1982.
Fielding JW, Hensinger RN, Hawkins RJ. Os Odontoi-deum. J Bone Joint Surg April 1980;62A:376.
Parke WW. The vascular relations of the upper cervical vertebrae. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:879.
Guinn JO, Smith JO. Congenital absence of the odontoid process. AJR, 1962;88:424.
Kricun M. Imaging Modalities and Spinal Disorders. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988;158.
Sheppard CN. Familial hypoplasia of the odontoid process. J Bone Joint Surg 1966;48A:1224.
Hensinger RN. Congenital anomalies of the odontoid. In: The Cervical Spine. The Cervical Spine Research Society. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1983:164.
Nagashima C. Surgical treatment of irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation with spinal cord compression: a case report. J Neurosurg 1973;38:374.
Sherk HH, Nicholson JT. Rotatory atlantoaxial dislocation associated with ossiculum terminale in Mongolism: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1969;51A:957.
Sherk HH, Nicholson JT. Chung SMK. Fractures of the odontoid process in young children. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60A:921.
Herzenberg JE, Hensinger RN, Dedrick DK, Phillips WA. Potential hazards of backboards in transport of children with neck injuries. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71(A):15.
Special Olympics Committee. Special Olympics News Release: Participation by individuals with Downs syndrome who suffer from the atlantoaxial dislocation condition. Washington, DC: Special Olympics Inc., March 31, 1983.
Martel W, Tishler J. Observations on the spine in Mongo-loidism. AJR 1966;97:630.
Pueschel SM, Scola FH, Perry CD, Pezzullo JC. Atlantoaxial instability with Down’s syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 1981;10:129.
Siegfried M, Pueschel SM, Herndon JH, Gelch MM, Senft KE, Scola FH, Goldberg M J. Symptomatic atlantoaxial subluxation in persons with Down’s syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1984;4(6):682.
Cope R, Olsen S. Abnormalities of the cervical spine in Down’s syndrome: diagnosis, risks, and review of the literature with particular reference to Special Olympics. South Med J 1987;80:33.
Miller JDR, Capusten BM, Lampard R. Changes at the base of the skull and cervical spine in Down’s syndrome. J Can Assoc Radiol 1986;37:85.
French HG, Burke S, Roberts JM, Johnston CE, II, White-cloud T, Edmunds JO. Cervical ossicles in Down’s syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7:69.
Quintana CF, Rebollo VM, Berciano J. Craniocervical anomalies in Down’s syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983;25:252.
Rosenbaum DN, Bloomhargen JD, King HA. Atlanto-occipito instability in Down’s syndrome. AJR 1986; 146:1269.
Andrews LG. Myelopathy due to atlantoaxial dislocation in a patient with Down’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981;23:356.
Sherk HH, Pasquariello PS, Waters WC. Multiple dislocations of the cervical spine in a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and Down’s syndrome. Clin Orthop 1982;162:37.
Herring JA. Cervical instability in Down’s syndrome and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 1982;2:205.
Chaudry V, Sturgeon C, Gates AJ, Meyers G. Symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocation in Down’s syndrome. Ann Neurol 1987;21:606.
Holmes JC, Hall JE. Fusion for instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:923.
Williams JP, Summerville GM, Minor ME, Riley D. Atlantoaxial subluxation of trisomy 21: another preoperative complication. Anesthesiology 1987;87:253.
Griswold DM, Albright JA, Schiiman E, Johnson R, Southwick WO. Atlantoaxial fusion for instability. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60A:285.
Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ, Ratzan SA. Spine fusion for atlantoaxial instability. J Bone Joint Surg 1976;58A:400.
Lipson SJ, Hammerschlag SB. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis in the presence of posterior spondyloschisis (bifid arch) of the atlas. A report of three cases and evaluation of alternative wiring techniques by computerized tomography. Spine 1984;9:65.
El-Khoury GY, Clark CR, Cravett AW. Acute traumatic rotatory atlantoaxial dislocation in children; A report of 3 cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:774.
Jones RN. Rotatory dislocation of both atlanto-axial joints. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66B:6.
Coutts MB. Atlanto-epistropheal subluxations. Arch Surg 1934;29:297.
Wortzman G, Dewar FP. Rotatory fixation of the atlantoaxial joint: rotational atlantoaxial subluxation. Radiology 1968;90:479.
Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ. Atlan to-axial rotatory fixation (fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint). J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59A:37.
Johnson DP, Ferguson CM. Early diagnosis of atlan to-axial rotatory fixation. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68B:698.
Mixter SJ, Osgood RB. Traumatic lesions of the atlas and axis. Ann Surg 1910;51:193.
Gallie WE. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. AM J Surg 1939;46:495.
Fried LC. Atlantoaxial fracture dislocation. Failure of posterior C1–C2 fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55B:490.
McGraw RW, Rusch RM. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55B:482.
Brooks AL, Jenkins EB. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis. A wedge compression method. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60A:279.
Mitsui H. A new operation for atlantoaxial arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66B:422.
Guyotat J, Pelissou I, Daherine T, Bachou R. UseofCotrel-Dubousset material in C1, C2 instability. Neuro Chirurgie 1987;33(3):236–238.
Roosen K, Trauschel A, Growte W. Posterior atlantoaxial fusion. A new compression clamp for laminar osteosynthesis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1982;10:27.
Sorenson KH, Hugby J, Hine O. Interlaminar atlantoaxial fusion for instability. Acta Orthop Scand 1978;49:341–349.
Anderson LD, D’Alonzo RT. Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg 1974;56A:1663.
Fang HSY, Ong GB. Direct anterior approach to the upper cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1962;44A:1588.
Hall JE, Denis F, Murray J. Exposure of the upper cervical spine for spinal decompression by mandible and tongue splitting approach. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59A:121.
Bonney G, Williams JPR. Transoral approach to the upper cervical spine. A report of 16 cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1985;67B:691.
Sakou T, Morizono Y, Morimoto N. Transoral atlantoaxial anterior decompression and fusion. Clin Orthop 1984;187:134.
DeAndrade JR, Macnab I. Anterior occipito-cervical fusion using an extra-pharyngeal exposure. J Bone Joint Surg 1969;51A:1621.
Robinson RA. Fusions of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1959;41A:1.
Johnson RN, Southwick WO. Surgical approaches to the cervical spine. In: Rothman RH, Simeone FA. The Spine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982:93–147.
McAfee PC, Bohlman HH, Riley LH, Jr, Robinson RA, Southwick WO, Nachlas NE. The anterior retropharyngeal approach to the upper part of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:1371.
Henry AK. Extensile Exposure. 2d Ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1973:67–72.
Whitesides TE, Kelley RP. Lateral approach to the upper cervical spine for anterior fusion. South Med J 1966;59:879.
Whitesides TE. Lateral retropharyngeal approach to the upper cervical spine. In: The Cervical Spine. The Cervical Spine Research Society. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1983:517–527.
Van Shriek FG. Die angeborene kyphose. Orthop Chirurg 1932;56:238–259.
Winter RB, Moe JH, Wang JF. Congenital kyphosis: its natural history and treatment as observed in the study of 130 patients. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55A:223.
Tsou PM. The embryology of congenital kyphosis. Clin Orthop 1977;128:18.
Schmorl G, Junghanns H. The Human Spine in Health and Disease, Wilkes SP, Goins LS, trans. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1959.
Mayfield JK, Winter RB, Bradford DS, Moe JH. Congenital kyphosis due to defects of anterior segmentation. J Bone Joint Surg 1980;62A:1291.
Montgomery SP, Hall JE. Congenital kyphosis. Spine 1982;7:360.
James JIP. Paraplegia in congenital kyphoscoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1975;57B:261.
Bingold AC. Congenital kyphosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1953;35B:579.
Williams F, McCall W, O’Brien JP, Park WM. Severe kyphosis due to congenital dorsal hemivertebra. Clin Radiol 1982;33:445.
Lorenzo RL, Hungerford D, Blumenthal BI, Bradford BF, Sanchez F, Bogolu S. Congenital kyphosis and subluxation of the thoracolumbar spine due to vertebral aplasia. Skeletal Radiol 1983;10:255.
Greig DM. Congenital kyphosis. Edinburgh Med J 1916;26:93.
Winter RB, Moe JH. The results of spinal arthrodesis for congenital spinal deformity in patients younger than five years old. J Bone Joint Surg 1982;64A:419.
Bradford DS. Vascularized rib graft. In: Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1987:179.
Bradford DS. Anterior vascularized pedicle bone grafting for the treatment of kyphosis. Spine 1980;5:318.
Morgan R, Brown JC. The effect of laminectomy on the pediatric spinal cord-injured patient. J Bone Joint Surg 1974;56A:1767.
Dorr LD, Harvey JP, Jr, Nickel VL. Clinical review of the early stability of spinal injuries. Spine 1982;7:545.
Hodgson AR, Yau ACMC. Anterior surgical approaches to the spinal column. In: Appley AG, ed. Recent Advances in Orthopaedics. Baltimore: Williams & Willems, 1964:289–323.
Bohlman HH, Eismont FJ. Surgical techniques of anterior decompression and fusion for spinal cord injuries. Clin Orthop 1981;154:57.
Heinig CF. Eggshell Procedure. In: Luque E, ed. Segmental Spinal Instrumentation. Slack, 1984:231–234.
Herbinaux G. Traite sur divers accouchemens laborieux, et sur les polypes de la matrice. Bruxelles: DeBoubers, 1982.
Neugebauer FL. A new contribution to the history and etiology of spondylolisthesis. (Reprinted from 1895.) Clin Orthop 1976;117:4.
Wiltse LL, Newman PLT, MacNab I. Classification of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1976; 117:23.
Killian HF. Schilderungen never beckenformen und ihres Verhaltens im leben. Mannheim: Verlag von Bassermann und Matheg, 1854.
Robert. Monatsschr Geburtsk Frauenkrank 1855;5:81.
Rowe GG, Roche MB. The etiology of the separate neural arch. J Bone Joint Surg 1953;35A:102.
Borkow SE, Kleiger B. Spondylolisthesis in the newborn. Clin Orthop 1971;81:73.
Stewart TD. The age incidence of neural-arch defects in Alaskan natives. J Bone Joint Surg 1953;35A:937.
Albanese M, Pizzutillo PD. Family study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 1982;2:496.
Wynne-Davis R, Scott JHS. Inheritance and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61B:301.
Rosenberg NJ, Bargar WL, Friedman B. The incidence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in non-ambulating patients. Spine 1981;6:35.
Jackson DW, Wiltse LL, Civincione RJ. Spondylolysis in the female gymnast. Clin Orthop 1976;117:68.
Hutton WC, Stott JRR, Cyron BM. Is spondylolysis a fatigue fracture? Spine 1977;2:202.
Letts M, Smailman T, Afanasiev R, Gouw G. Fracture of the pars interarticularis in adolescent athletes: a clinical-biomechanical analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 1986;6:40.
Wiltse LL, Widell EH, Jackson DW. Fatigue fracture: the basic lesion in isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1975;57A:17.
Fredrickson BE, Baker D, McHolick WJ, Yuan HA, Lubicky JP. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:699.
Harris IE, Weinstein SL. Long-term follow-up of patients with grade III and IV spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:960.
McPhee IB. Symptomatic spondylolisthesis with scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61B:237.
Sherman FC, Rosenthal RK, Hall JE. Spine fusion for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children. Spine 1979;4:59.
Dubowitz B, Friedman L, Papert B. The oblique cranial tilt view for spondylolysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69B:421.
McAfee PC, Yuan HA. Computed tomography in spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1982; 166:62.
Sherman FC, Wilkinson RH, Hall JE. Reactive sclerosis of a pedicle and spondylolysis in the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1977;59A:49.
Meyerding HW. Spondylolisthesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932;54:371.
Meyerding HW. Low backache and sciatic pain associated with spondylolisthesis and protruded intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg 1941;23A:461.
Saraste LT. Symptoms in relation to the level of spondylolysis. Int Orthop 1986;10:183.
Nicol RO, Scott JHS. Lytic spondylolysis. Repair by wiring. Spine 1986;11:1027.
Pedersen AK, Hagen R. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1988;70A:15.
Saraste AV, Brostrom LA, Aparisi T. Prognostic radiographic aspects of spondylolisthesis. Acta Radiol Diagn 1984;25:427.
Saraste LT. Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7:631.
Hensinger RN, Lang JR, MacEwen GD. Surgical management of spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. Spine 1976;1:207.
Pizzutillo PD, Mirenda W, MacEwen GD. Posterolateral fusion for spondylolisthesis in adolescence. J Pediatr Orthop 1986;6(3):311.
Stanton RP, Meehan P, Lovell WW. Surgical fusion in childhood spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 1985;5:411.
Johnson JR, Kirwan EOG. The long-term results of fusion in situ for severe spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1983;65B:43.
Kiviluoto O, Santavirta S, Pentti S, Pauli M, Pauli P. Postero-lateral spine fusion. Acta Orthop Scand 1985;56:152.
Bradford DS. Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis. Spine 1979;4:423.
Bradford DS, Gottfried Y. Staged salvage reconstruction of grade IV and V spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:191.
Dick W. The “fixateur interne” as a versatile implant for spine surgery. Spine 1987;12:882.
Matthiass HH, Heine J. The surgical reduction of spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1986;203:34.
McPhee IB, O’Brien JP. Reduction of severe spondylolisthesis. Spine 1979;4:430.
McQueen MM, Court-Brown C, Scott JHS. Stabilization of spondylolisthesis using Dwyer instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg 1986;68B:185.
Sijbrandij S. Reduction and stabilization of severe spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1983;65B:40.
Steffee AD, Sitkowski DJ. Reduction and stabilization of grade IV spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1988;227:82.
McPhee IB, O’Brien JP. Scoliosis in symptomatic spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1980;62B:155.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MacEwen, G.D., King, A.G.S., Bonnarens, F., Heinrich, S.D. (1990). Fusion Techniques for Pediatric Disorders. In: Cotler, J.M., Cotler, H.B. (eds) Spinal Fusion. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3272-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3272-8_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7944-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3272-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive