Abstract
In the 17th century, English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon observed that “knowledge is power.” Recent progress in the field of cognitive science has given Bacon’s adage a firm empirical foundation. Research in both cognitive psychology and computer science (Feigenbaum, 1989) show that the more relevant knowledge humans or AI programs bring to bear on a particular task, the better they perform.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akin, O. (1982). The psychology of architectural design. London: Pion.
Anderson, J.R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Anderson, J.R. (1985). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: Freeman & Co.
Anderson, J.J. & Reder, L.M. (1979). An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing. In L.S. Cermak & F.I.M. Craik (Ed.), Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bobrow, D.G., & Bower, G.H. (1969). Comprehension and recall of sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 455–461.
Charness, N. (1979). Components of skill in bridge. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33, 1–50.
Chase, W.G. (1986). Visual information processing. In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance, Vol 2: Cognitive processes and performance. New York: Wiley.
Chase, W.G., & Ericsson, K.A. (1981). Skilled memory. In J.R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chase, W.G., & Ericsson, K.A. (1982). Skill and working memory. In G. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 16. New York: Academic.
Chase. W.G., & Simon, H.A. (1973a). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.
Chase, W.G., & Simon, H.A. (1973b). The mind’s eye in chess. In W.G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing. New York: Academic.
Chi, M.T.H., Feltovich, P.J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and the representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5, 121–152.
Chiesi, H.L., Spilich, G.J., & Voss, J.F. (1979). Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 257–273.
Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.
Crowder, R.G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
de Groot, A.D. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. The Hague: Mouton.
de Groot, A.D. (1966). Perception and memory versus thought: Same old ideas and recent findings. In Problem solving: Research, method, and theory. New York: Wiley.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover Publications. Original publication 1885.
Egan, D.E., & Schwartz, B.J. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory and Cognition, 7, 149–158.
Engle, R.W., & Bukstel, L. (1978). Memory processes among bridge players of differing expertise. American Journal of Psychology, 91, 673–690.
Ericsson, K.A. (1985). Memory skill. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 188–231.
Ericsson, K.A., & Chase, W.G. (1982). Exceptional memory. American Scientist, 70, 607–615.
Ericsson, K.A., Chase, W.G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208, 1181–1182.
Ericsson, K.A., & Poison, P.G. (1988). An experimental analysis of the mechanisms of a memory skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 305–316.
Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H.A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215–251.
Ericsson, K.A., & Staszewski, J.J. (1989). Skilled memory and expertise: Mechanisms of exceptional performance. In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (Eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Feigenbaum, E.A. (1977). The art of artificial intelligence: Themes and studies of knowledge engineering. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1014–1029.
Feigenbaum, E.A. (1989). What hath Simon wrought? In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (Eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Feigenbaum, E.A., & Simon, H.A. (1962). A theory of the senal position effect. British Journal of Psychology, 53, 307–320.
Feigenbaum, E.A., & Simon, H.A. (1984). EPAM-like models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, 8, 305–336.
Glaser, R., and Chi, M.T.H. (1988). Overview. In M.T.H. Chi, R. Glaser, & M.J. Farr (Ed.), The nature of expertise. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hayes, J.R., & Flower, L.S. (1986). Writing research and the writer. American Psychologist, 41, 1078–1089.
Hunt, E., & Love, T. (1972). How good can memory be? In A.W. Melton, & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory. Washington, DC: Winston.
Hyde, T.S., & Jenkins, J.J. (1969). Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 471–480.
Jeffries, R., Turner, A.A., Poison, P.G., & Atwood, M.E. (1981). The processes involved in designing software. In J.R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D.P., & Simon, H.A. (1980). Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science, 208, 1335–1342.
Lesgold, A.M. (1984). Acquiring expertise. In J.R. Anderson & S.M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Tutorials in learning and memory. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
Luria, A.R. (1968). The mind of a mnemonist. New York: Avon.
McKeithen, K.B., Reitman, J.S., Rueter, H.H., & Hirtle, S.C. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307–325.
Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.
Newell, A. (1973). You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium. In W.G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing. New York: Academic.
Newell, A. (1989). Unified theories of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. In press.
Nisbett, R.E., & Wilson, T.D. (1977). Telling more than we know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.
Norman, D.A., & Bobrow, D.G. (1979). An intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 107–123.
Olson, J.R., & Reuter, H.H. (1987). Extracting expertise from experts: Methods for knowledge acquisition (Tech. Rep. 13). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Cognitive Science and Machine Intelligence Laboratory.
Posner, M.I. (1988). Introduction: What is it to be an expert? In M.T.H. Chi, R. Glaser, & M.J. Farr (Ed.), The nature of expertise. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reitman, J. (1976). Skilled perception in Go: Deducing memory structures from inter-response times. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 336–356.
Richman, H.B., & Simon, H.A. (1989). Context effects in letter perception: Comparison of two theories. Psychological Review, 96, 417–432.
Salis, D. (1977). The identification and assessment of cognitive variables associated with reading of advanced music at the piano. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
Shneiderman, B. (1976). Exploratory experiments in programmer behavior. International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, 5, 123–143.
Simon, H.A. (1976). Neural mechanisms of learning and memory. In M.R. Rosenzweig and E.L. Bennett (Eds.), The information-storage system called ‘human memory’. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
Simon, H.A., & Chase, W.G. (1973). Skill in chess. American Scientist, 61, 394–403.
Slaboda, J. (1976). Visual perception of musical notation: Registering pitch symbols in memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1–16.
Staszewski, J.J. (1988a). The psychological reality of retrieval structures: An investigation of expert knowledge. Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 2126B.
Staszewski, J.J. (1988b). Skilled memory and expert mental calculation. In M.T.H. Chi, R. Glaser, & M.J. Farr (Ed.), The nature of expertise. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stein, B.S., & Bransford, J.D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaborations: Effect of precision and subject generation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 769–778.
Sternberg, S. (1967). Retrieval of contextual information from memory. Psychonomic Science, 8, 55–56.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352–373.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Staszewski, J.J. (1990). Exceptional Memory: The Influence of Practice and Knowledge on the Development of Elaborative Encoding Strategies. In: Schneider, W., Weinert, F.E. (eds) Interactions Among Aptitudes, Strategies, and Knowledge in Cognitive Performance. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3268-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3268-1_18
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7942-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3268-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive