Skip to main content

Abstract

The history of our understanding of human urogenital trichomoniasis and the organism Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the causative agent of this disease, is intimately bound up with the history of efforts to cultivate the organism in vitro. Only with axenic cultivation did it become possible to show conclusively that T. vaginalis was the sole originator of the rather diverse signs and symptoms seen in human infections. The disease has been produced in parasite-free female subjects by inoculation of axenic cultures on a number of occasions, producing some of the pathologic changes characteristic of the naturally acquired infection. Early experiments of this type are described in TrusselPs classic book,1 while later experiments are noted by Honigberg.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Trussell RE: Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomoniasis. Springfield, I11: Charles C Thomas, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Honigberg BM: Trichomonads of importance in human medicine. In Kreier JP (ed): Parasitic Protozoa, vol 2, pp 296–454. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lynch KM: Cultivation of Trichomonas from the human mouth, vagina, and urine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2:521–538, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sorel D: Trois techniques de recherche du Trichomonas vaginalis: leur valeurs compares. Presse Még 62:602–604, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fouts AC, Kraus SJ: Trichomonas vaginalis: Re-evaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis 141:137–143, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Smith RF, Horen P: Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis by fungi during associative growth. Sex Transm Dis 7:172–174, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Adler S, Pulvertaft RJV: The use of penicillin for obtaining bacteria-free cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis Donné 1837. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 38:188–189, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Johnson G, Trussell MH: Physiology of bacteria-free Trichomonas vaginalis. VII. Temperature in relation to survival and generation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 57:242–254, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Quisno RA, Foter MJ: The use of streptomycin in the purification of cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Bacteriol 51:404, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lowe GH: A comparison of current laboratory methods and a new semi-solid culture medium for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Pathol 18:432–434, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McEntegart MG: The application of a haemag-glutination technique to the study of Trichomonas vaginalis infections. J Clin Pathol 5:275–280, 1952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Honigberg BM, Livingstone MC, Frost JK: Pathogenicity of fresh isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis: “The mouse assay” versus clinical and pathologic findings. Acta Cytol 10:353–361, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kulda J, Honigberg BM, Frost JK, Hollander DH: Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108:908–918, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Osborne NG, Grubin L, Pratson L: Vaginitis in sexually active women: Relationship to 9 sexually transmitted organisms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:962–967, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Periman D, Rahman SB, Semar JB: Antibiotic control of mycoplasmas in tissue culture. Appl Microbiol 15:82–85, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Glaser RW, Coria NA: Purification and culture of Trichomonas foetus (Riedmüller) from cows. Am JHyg 22:221–226, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lowe GH: A comparison of culture media for the isolation of Trichomonas vaginalis. Med Lab Technol 29:389–391, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stabler RM, Honigberg BM, King VM: Effect of certain laboratory procedures on virulence of the Jones’ Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae for pigeons. J Parasitol 50:36–41, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gorrell TE: Iron enhances H2 production by Trichomonas vaginalis. J Protozool 27:17A, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gorrell TE: Effect of culture medium iron content on the biochemical composition and metabolism of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Bacteriol 161:1228–1230, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mack SR, Müller M: End products of carbohydrate metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis. Comp Biochem Physiol (B) 67:213–216, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Diamond LS: The establishment of various trichomonads of animals and man in axenic cultures. J Parasitol 43:488–490, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Samuels R : Growth of axenic trichomonads in a serum-free medium. In Prog Protozool, Proc 2nd Int Conf Protozool, 1965. Excerpta Med Found Int Congr Ser 91:200, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Samuels R, Beil E: Serum-free medium for axenic cultures of trichomonads. J Protozool 9 (suppl):19, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nakabayashi T, Miyata A: Examination of a milk medium in the cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis. Trop Med 10:39–49, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hollander DH: Colonial morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis in agar. J Parasitol 62:826–828, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Müller WA, Gottschalk C: Standardisierung der parasitologischen Nachweisverfahren für Trich-omononadeninfektionen. Angew Parasitol 11: 170–176, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Johnson G, Trussell RE: Experimental basis for the chemotherapy of Trichomonas vaginalis infections. I. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 54:245–249, 1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kupferberg AB, Johnson G, Sprince H: Nutritional requirements of Trichomonas vaginalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 67:304–308, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cox PJ, Nicol CS: Growth studies of various strains of T. vaginalis and possible improvements in the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Br J Vener Dis 49:536–539, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rayner CFA: Comparison of culture media for the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis. Br J Vener Dis 44:63–66, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Diamond LS: Lumen dwelling protozoa: Entamoeba, trichomonads, and Giardia. In Jensen JP (ed): In Vitro Cultivation of Protozoan Parasites, pp 65–109. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Meerovitch E: Entamoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas. In Taylor AER, Baker JR (eds): Methods of Cultivating Parasites In Vitro, pp 19–37. London: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jirovec O, Petri M: Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis. Adv Parasitol 6:117–188, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Samuels R: Agar techniques for colonizing and cloning trichomonads. J Protozool 9:103–107, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kulda J, Serbus C: Isolation of trichomonad clones by means of a “monosporic isolation apparatus.” Folia Parasitol (Prague) 15:163–167, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kulda J, Honigberg B: Behavior and pathogenicity of Tritrichomonas foetus in chick liver cell cultures. J Protozool 16:479–495, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shorb MS: The physiology of trichomonads. In Hutner SH (ed): Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa, vol 3, pp 383–457. New York: Academic Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jones L, Smith BF: Certain B complex vitamins as growth promoting factors for Trichomonas gallinae. Exp Parasitol 8:509–514, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shorb MS, Lund PG: Requirement of trichomonads for unidentified growth factors, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. J Protozool 6:122–130, 1959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sprince H, Goldberg ER, Kucker G, Lowy RS: The effect of ribonucleic acid and its nitroge- nous constituents on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann NY Acad Sei 56:1016–1027, 1953.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mandel M, Honigberg BM: The response of Trichomonas gallinae to cholesterol and dihy- drocholesterol. Anat Ree 128:586, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lund PG, Shorb MS: Steroid requirements of trichomonads. J Protozool 9:151–154, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Linstead D: New defined and semi-defined media for cultivation of the flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology 83:125–137, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roitman I, Heyworth PG, Gutteridge WE: Lipid synthesis by Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72:538–585, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Linstead D: Further studies on the cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis in a defined medium. Parasitology 81:18–19, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cross GAM, Manning JC: Cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei spp. in semi-defined and defined media. Parasitology 67:315–331, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang CC, Wang AL, Rice A: Tritrichomonas foetus: Partly defined cultivation medium for study of the purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Exp Parasitol 57:68–75, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Heyworth PG, Gutteridge WE, Ginger CD: Purine metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis. FEBS Lett 141:106–109, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Irvine AD, Young ER, Purnell RE: The in vitro uptake of tritiated nucleic acid precursors by Babesia spp. of cattle and mice. Int J Parasitol 8:19–24, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Schmidt G, Walter RD, Konigk E: Adenosine kinase from normal mouse erythrocytes and from Plasmodium chabaudi: Partial purification and characterisation. Tropenmed Parasitol 25:301–308, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Miller RL, Linstead D: Purine and pyrimidine metabolising activities in Trichomonas vaginalis extracts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 7:41–51, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wang CC, Chang HW: Salvage of pyrimidine nucleosides by Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 10:171–184, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Holz GG Jr, Lindmark DG, Beach DH, Neale KA, Singh BN: Lipids and lipid metabolism of trichomonads. In Kulda J, Cerkasov J (eds): Proceedings of the International Symposium on Trichomonads & Trichmoniasis, Prague, July 1985 (Post-Symp Publ Pt 1), Acta Univ Carolinae (Prague) Biol 30 (3,4):299–311, (1986) 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Peterson KM, Alderete JF: Selective acquisition of plasma proteins by Trichomonas vaginalis and human lipoproteins as a growth requirement for this species. Mol Biochem Parasitol 12:37–48, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Linstead D, Bradley S: Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis in Trichomonas vaginalis. Abstracts Spring Meet Br Soc Parasitol, Nottingham, 1985, p 36, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lowe PN, Rowe AF: Aspartate: 2-Oxoglutarate aminotransferase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochem 7 232:689–695, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Peterson KM, Alderete JF: Iron uptake and increased intracellular enzyme activity follow host lactoferrin binding by Trichomonas vaginalis receptors. J Exp Med 160:398–410, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lumsden WHR, Robertson DHH, McNeillage GJC: Isolation, cultivation, low temperature preservation and infectivity titration of Trichomonas vaginalis. Br J Vener Dis 42:145–154, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ivey MH, Hall DG: Use of solid medium techniques to evaluate factors affecting the ability of Trichomonas vaginalis to survive freezing. J Parasitol 61:1101–1103, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Diamond LS: Freeze-preservation of protozoa. Cryobiology 1:95–102, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Honigberg BM, Farris VK, Livingston MC: Preservation of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas gallinae in liquid nitrogen. In Prog Protozool, 2nd Int Conf Protozool, 1965. Ex-cerpta Med Found Int Congr Ser 91:199, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Neal RA, Latter VS, Richards WHG: Survival of Entamoeba and related amoebae at low temperature. II. Viability of amoebae and cysts stored in liquid nitrogen. Int J Parasitol 4:353–360, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Diamond LS: Axenic cultivation of Trichomonas tenax, the oral flagellate of man. I. Establishment of cultures. J Protozool 9:442–444, 1962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Meingassner JG, Georgopoulos A, Patoshka M: Intravaginale Infektionen der Ratte mit Trichomonas vaginalis und Candida albicans: Ein Modell zur experimentallen Chemotherapie. Tro-penmed Parasitol 26:395–398, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Linstead, D. (1990). Cultivation. In: Honigberg, B.M. (eds) Trichomonads Parasitic in Humans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3224-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3224-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7922-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3224-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics