Skip to main content

Phonological Awareness and Reading Acquisition

  • Chapter
Phonological Awareness in Reading

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Language and Communication ((SSLAN,volume 28))

Abstract

A quarter century of research into one or another aspect of phonological awareness has occurred since the early work of Bruce (1964). The frequency of studies into phonological awareness seems to have increased exponentially during this period (see Ehri, 1979; Golinkoff, 1978; Nesdale, Herriman, & Tunmer, 1984; Williams, 1986, for reviews of research). In 1987, two journals, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly and Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, devoted entire volumes to the topic. And, of course, we now have the present volume of the Language and Communication series. There certainly is no indication that research interest in phonological awareness and its role in learning to read is subsiding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alegria, J., Pignot, E., & Morais, J. (1982). Phonetic analysis of speech and memory codes in beginning readers. Memory and Cognition, 10, 451–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backman, J., Bruck, M., Hebert, M., & Seidenberg, M. (1984). Acquisition and use of spelling-sound correspondences in reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 114–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biemiller, A. (1977–1978). Relationships between oral reading rates for letters, words and simple text in the development of reading achievement. Reading Research Quarterly, 13, 223–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisanz, G.L., Das, J.P., & Mancini, G. (1984). Children’s memory for phonemically confusable and nonconfusable letters: Changes with age and reading ability. Child Development, 55, 1845–1854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowey, J., & Tunmer, W. (1984). Word awareness in children. In W. Tunmer, C. Pratt, & M. Herriman (Eds.), Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications (pp. 173–91 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1978). Difficulties in auditory organization as a possible cause of reading backwardness. Nature, 271, 746–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1985). Rhyme and reason in reading and spelling. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, P. (1964). The analysis of word sounds by young children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 34, 158–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, P. (1986). Phonological skills and learning to read and write. In B. Foorman & A. Siegal (Eds.), Acquisition of reading skills: Cultural constraints and cognitive universals (pp. 51–69 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, P., & Bradley, L. (1985). Children’s reading problems. Oxford, England Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, P., & Goswami, U. (1987). Beyond grapheme-phoneme correspondence. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 439–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B., & Fielding-Barnsley, R. (1989). Phonemic awareness and letter knowledge in the child’s acquisition of the alphabetic principle. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 313–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B., & Ledez, J. (1983). Phonological awareness in reading-disabled adults. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35, 185–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, W. (1985). Linguistic differences produced by differences between speaking and writing. In D. Olson, N. Torrance, & W. Hildyard (Eds.), Literacy, language and learning: The nature and consequence of reading and writing (pp. 105–123 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 19, 450 - 466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L. (1979). Linguistic insight: Threshold of reading acquisition. In T.G. Waller & G.E. MacKinnon (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 1, pp. 63–114 ). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L. (1983). A critique of five studies related to letter-name knowledge and learning to read. In L.M. Gentile, M.L. Kamil, & J.S. Blanchard (Eds.), Reading research revisited (pp. 143–151 ). Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L. (1984). How orthography alters spoken language competencies in children learning to read and spell. In J. Downing & R. Valtin (Eds.), Language awareness and learning to read (pp. 119–147 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L., & Wilce, L. (1980). The influence of orthography on readers’ concep-tualization of the phonemic structure of words. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 371–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feitelson, D., & Goldstein, Z. (1986). Patterns of book ownership and reading to young children in Israeli school-oriented and nonschool-oriented families. The Reading Teacher, 39, 924–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. (1981). Cognitive monitoring. In W. Dickson (Ed.), Children’s oral communication skills (pp. 35–60 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. (1985). Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, B., & Routh, D. (1975). Analyzing spoken language into words, syllables and phonemes: A developmental study. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 4, 331–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, B., & Routh, D. (1976). Phonemic analysis and synthesis as word attack skills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 70–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, D. (1976). Cognitive-linguistic functioning and learning to read in preschoolers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 680–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golinkoff, R. (1978). Critique: Phonemic awareness and reading achievement. In F.B. Murray & J.J. Pikulski (Eds.), The acquisition of reading: Cognitive, linguistic and perceptual prerequisites. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goswami, U. (1986). Children’s use of analogy in learning to read: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 73–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, P., & Hillinger, M. (1980). Learning to read: An unnatural act. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 30, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, P., & Tunmer, W. (1986). Decoding, reading and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakes, D., Evans, J., & Tunmer, W. (1980). The development of metalinguistic abilities in children. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. (1982). Phonological coding in dyslexic readers. British Journal of Psychology, 73, 455–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A., & Share, D. (1983). Phonological recoding and reading acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 4, 103–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A., Share, D., Maclean, R., & Matthews, R. (1984). Phonological recoding skills and learning to read: A longitudinal study. Applied Psycholinguistics, 5, 201–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juel, C. (1988). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 437–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juel, C., Griffith, P., & Gough, P. (1986). Acquisition of literacy: A longitudinal study of children in first and second grade. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 243–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R. (1986). Phonological deficiencies in children with reading disability: Evidence from an object-naming task. Cognition, 22, 225–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewkowicz, N. (1980). Phonemic awareness training: What to teach and how to teach it. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 686–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A., Cooper, F., Shankweiler, D., & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). Perception of the speech code. Psychological Review, 74, 431–461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I., Rubin, H., Duques, S., & Carlisle, J. (1985). Linguistic abilities and spelling proficiency in kindergarten and adult poor spellers. In D.B. Gray & J.F. Kavanagh (Eds.), Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia (pp. 163–176 ). Parkton, MD: New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I., & Shankweiler, D. (1985). Phonology and the problem of learning to read and write. Remedial and Special Education, 6, 8–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I., Shankweiler, D., Fischer, F., & Carter, B. (1974). Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, I. (1987). Are letters necessary for the development of phonemic awareness? Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 472–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, I., Frost, J., & Petersen, O.-P. (1988). Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 267–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, I., Olofsson, A., & Wall, S. (1980). Reading and spelling skills in the first school years predicted from phonemic awareness skills in kindergarten. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 21, 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maclean, M., Bryant, P., & Bradley, I. (1987). Rhymes, nursery rhymes and reading in early childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 255–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manis, F., & Morrison, F. (1985). Reading disability: A deficit in rule learning? In L. Siegel & F. Morrison (Eds.), Cognitive development in atypical children (pp. 1–26 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V. (1987). Phonological awareness and alphabetic literacy. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 476–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V., & Liberman, I. (1984). Phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 592–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V., Tobin, P., & Wilson, R. (1987). Measuring phonological awareness through the invented spelling of kindergarten children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 365–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morais, J., Alegria, J., & Content, A. (1987). The relationship between segmental analysis and alphabetic literacy: An interactive view. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 415–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morais, J., Cary, L., Alegria, J., & Bertelson, P. (1979). Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? Cognition, 7, 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morais, J., Cluytens, M., & Alegria, J. (1984). Segmentation abilities of dyslexics and normal readers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 221–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, W., & Anderson, R. (1984). How many words are there in printed school English? Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 304–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesdale, A.R., Herriman, M.L., & Tunmer, W.E. (1984). Phonological awareness in children. In W.E. Tunmer, C. Pratt, & M.L. Herriman (Eds.), Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications (pp. 56–72 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesdale, A.R. & Tunmer, W.E. (1984). The development of metalinguistic aware-ness: A methodological overview. In W. Tunmer, C. Pratt, & M.L. Herriman (Eds.), Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications (pp. 36–54 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson, A., & Lundberg, I. (185). Evaluation of long term effects of phonemic awareness training in kindergarten. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 26, 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R., Davidson, B., Kliegl, R., & Davies, S. (1984). Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 187–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C., Beck, I., Bell, L., & Hughes, C. (1987). Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal: A longitudinal study of first grade children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 283–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfetti, C., & Hogaboam, T. (1975). The relationship between single word decoding and reading comprehension skill. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 461–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perin, D. (1983). Phonemic segmentation and spelling. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, C., Zhang, Y., Nie, H., & Ding, B. (1986). The ability to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic reading. Cognition, 24, 31–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohl, M., & Tunmer, W. (1988). Phonemic segmentation skill and spelling acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 9, 335–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidenberg, M., & Tanenhaus, M. (1982). Orthographic effects on rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 546–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D., & Crain, S. (1986). Language mechanisms and reading disorder: A modular approach. Cognition, 24, 139–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D., & Crain, S. (1986). Language mechanisms and reading disorder: A modular approach. Cognition, 24, 139–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K.E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 27, 360–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K.E. (1987). Perspectives on segmental analysis and alphabetic literacy. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 514–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K.E. (1988). Science and learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 210–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K.E., Cunningham, A.E., & Cramer, B. (1984). Assessing phonological awareness in kindergarten children: Issues of task comparability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 175–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K.E., Cunningham, A.E., & Feeman, D.J. (1984). Intelligence, cognitive skills and early reading progress. Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 278–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R., (1985). Onsets and rimes as units of spoken syllables: Evidence from children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 161–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R. (1987). On the relationship between phonological awareness and literacy. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 7, 524–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R., & Baron, J. (1981). Segmental analysis ability: Development and relation to reading ability. In G.E. Mackinnon & T.G. Waller (Eds.). Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 3, pp. 159–198 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R., & Baron, J. (1981). Segmental analysis ability: Development and relation to reading ability. In G.E. Mackinnon & T.G. Waller (Eds.). Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 3, pp. 159–198 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treiman, R., & Baron, J. (1981). Segmental analysis ability: Development and relation to reading ability. In G.E. Mackinnon & T.G. Waller (Eds.). Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 3, pp. 159–198 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W E., & Bowey, J.A. (1984). Metalinguistic awareness and reading acquisition. In W.E. Tunmer, C. Pratt, & M.L. Herriman (Eds.), Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications (pp. 144–68 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., & Fletcher, C.M. (1981). The relationship between conceptual tempo, phonological awareness and word recognition in beginning readers. Journal of Reading Behavior, 13, 173–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., & Herriman, M.L. (1984). The development of metalinguistic awareness: A conceptual overview. In W.E. Tunmer, C. Pratt & M.L. Herriman (Eds.), Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications (pp. 12–35 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., Herriman, M.L., & Nesdale, A.R. (1988). Metalinguistic abilities and beginning reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 134–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., & Lally, M.R. ( 1986, July). The effects of letter-name knowledge and phonological awareness on computer-based instruction in decoding for pre-readers. Paper presented at annual meeting of the Australian Reading Association, Perth, Western Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E. & Nesdale, A.R. (1982). The effects of digraphs and pseudowords on phonemic segmentation in young children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., & Nesdale, A.R. (1985). Phonemic segmention skill and beginning reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 417–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W.E., Pratt, C., & Herriman, M. (1984). Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research and implications. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valtin, R. (1984). Awareness of features and functions of language. In J. Downing & R. Valtin (Eds.), Language awareness and learning to read (pp. 227–260 ). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vellutino, F., & Scanlon, D. (1987). Phonological coding, phonological awareness and reading ability: Evidence from a longitudinal and experimental study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 321–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R., & Torgesen, J. (1987). The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 192–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. (1985). Preschool literacy-related activities and success in school. In D. Olson, N. Torrance & A Hildyard (Eds.), Literacy, language and learning: The nature and consequences of reading and writing (pp. 229–255 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. (1986). The role of phonemic analysis in reading. In J. Torgesen & B. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp. 399–416 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yopp, H. (1988). The validity and reliability of phonemic awareness tests. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 159–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tunmer, W.E., Rohl, M. (1991). Phonological Awareness and Reading Acquisition. In: Sawyer, D.J., Fox, B.J. (eds) Phonological Awareness in Reading. Springer Series in Language and Communication, vol 28. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3010-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3010-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7758-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3010-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics