Abstract
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) represent only a comparatively small portion (approximately 4%) of the pesticide market. In 1987, the sales of such compounds, including desiccants and defoliants, accounted for some U.S. $720 million.1,2 Most of the plant growth regulators are compounds that reduce longitudinal shoot growth—plant growth retardants. In some cases, for instance, in barley, growth retardation can be induced by ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound. Daminozide, which is active in apple, peanuts, and some ornamentals, is supposed to inhibit the translocation of gibberellins (GAs)3,4 and lead to a more rapid degradation of these hormones.5 However, the majority of compounds used to reduce shoot growth act primarily by blocking certain steps in the biosynthetic pathway leading to vegetative growth-active GAs. These include well-established compounds, such as chlormequat chloride (CCC) and mepiquat chloride, as well as several new inhibitors of GA biosynthesis that have been found during recent years. It is the intention of this paper to give an up-to-date survey of the most relevant compounds and also identify further possibilities for their practical application.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Geissbuehler H, Kerber E, Mueller U, et al. Prospects for chemical plant growth regulation: An industrial view point. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 11–17.
Baylis A. Economic aspects of plant growth regulators. In: Pharis RP, Rood SB, eds. Plant growth substances 1988. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990 in press.
Menhenett R. Evidence that daminozide, but not two other growth retardants, modifies the fate of applied gibberellin A9 in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. J Exp Bot. 1980; 31: 1631–1642.
Menhenett R. Interaction of the growth retardants daminozide and piproctanyl bromide and gibberellins A1, A3, A4+7, A5 and A13 in stem extension and inflorescence development in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Ann Bot. 1981; 47: 359–370.
Takeno K, Legge RL, Pharis RP. Effect of the growth retardant B-9 (SADH) on endogenous GA level, and transport and conversion of exogenously applied [3H]GA20 in Alaska pea. Plant Physiol. 1981; 67 (Suppl): 581.
Graebe JE. Gibberellin biosynthesis and control. Ann Rev Plant Physiol. 1987; 38: 419–465.
Hedden P. The action of plant growth retardants at the biochemical level. In: Pharis RP, Rood SB, eds. Plant growth substances 1988. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990: in press.
Rademacher W. Gibberellins: Metabolic pathways and inhibitors of biosynthesis. In: Boeger P, Sandmann G, eds. Target sites for herbicide action. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1989: pp. 127–145.
Douglas TJ, Paleg LG. Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis and stem elongation of tobacco seedlings induced by some hypocholesterolemic agents. J Jxp Bot. 1981; 32: 59–68.
Rademacher W, Fritsch H, Graebe JE, et al. Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants: Their influence on the biosynthesis of gibberellins and other metabolic processes. Pestic Sci. 1987; 21: 241–252.
Thomas TH, ed. Plant growth regulator potential and practice. Croydon: British Crop Protection Council, 1982: p. 177.
Sterrett JP, Tworkoski TJ. Flurprimidol: Plant response, translocation and metabolism. J Amer Soc Hort Sci. 1987; 112: 341–345.
Jung J, Koch H, Rieber N, et al. Zur wachstumsregulierenden Wirkung von Triazolin-und Aziridinderivaten des Norbornenodiazetins. J Agron Crop Sci. 1980; 149: 128–136.
Rademacher W, Jung J, Graebe JE, et al. On the mode of action of tetcyclacis and triazole growth retardants. In: Menhenett R, Lawrence DK, eds. Biochemical aspects of synthetic and naturally occurring plant growth regulators. Wantage: British Plant Growth Regulator Group, Monograph No. 11, 1984: pp. 1–11.
Buchenauer H, Roehner E. Effect of triadimefon and triadimenol on growth of various plant species as well as on gibberellin content and sterol metabolism in shoots of barley seedlings. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 1981; 15: 58–70.
Rademacher W, Jung J. Comparative potency of various synthetic plant growth retardants on the elongation of rice seedlings. J Agron Crop Sci. 1981; 150: 363–371.
Lever BG, Shearing SJ, Batch JJ. PP 333—a new broad spectrum growth retardant. In: British Crop Protection Conference—Weeds 1982, Vol. 1. Croydon: British Crop Protection Council, 1982: pp. 3–10.
Izumi K, Yamaguchi I, Wada A, et al. Effects of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (S- 3307) on the growth and gibberellin content of rice plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 1984; 25: 611–617.
Izumi K, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, et al. Studies of sites of action of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1penten-3-ol (S-3307) and comparative effects of its stereoisomers in a cell-free system from Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol. 1985; 26: 821–827.
Jung J, Rentzea C, Rademacher W. Plant growth regulation with triazoles of the dioxanyl type. J Plant Growth Regul. 1986; 4: 181–188.
Luerssen K, Reiser W. Triapenthenol-a new plant growth regulator. Pestic Sci. 1987; 19: 153–164.
Jung J, Luib M, Sauter H, et al. Growth regulation in crop plants with new types of triazole compounds. J Agron Crop Sci. 1987; 158: 324–332.
Shirakawa N, Tomioka H, Takeuchi M, et al. Effect of a new plant growth retardant N-[4-chloro-2-(a-hydroxybenzyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (CGR-811) on the growth of rice plants. In: Plant growth regulators in agriculture. Taipei: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 1986: pp. 1–17.
Wada K. New gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, 1-n-decyl-and 1-geranylimidazole: inhibitors of (-)-kaurene 19-oxidation. Agric Biol Chem. 1978; 42: 2411–2413.
Buerstell HW, Hacker E, Schmierer R. HOE 074 784 and analogues: A new synthetic group of highly active plant growth retardants in cereals (esp. rice) and rape. In: Cooke AR, ed. Proceedings of the plant growth regulator society of America. Ithaca, New York: Plant Growth Regulator Society of America, 1988: p. 185.
Motojima K, Miyazawa T, Toyokawa Y, et al. New cyclohexane derivatives having plant-growth regulating activities, and uses of these derivatives. Japanese Patent Application JP 71264/83, 1983 (quoted in European Patent Application EP 0 123 001).
Brunner HG. Cyclohexandion-carbonsäurederivate mit herbizider and das Pflanzenwachstum regulierender Wirkung. Swiss Patent Application CH 2693183, 1983 (quoted in European Patent Application EP 0 126 713 ).
Jung J, Rademacher W. Plant growth regulating chemicals-cereal grains. In: Nickell LG, ed. Plant growth regulating chemicals, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1983: pp. 253–271.
Froggatt PJ, Thomas WD, Batch JJ. The value of lodging control in winter wheat as exemplified by the growth regulator PP 333. In: Hawkins AF, Jeffcoat B, eds. Opportunities for manipulation of cereal productivity. Wantage: British Plant Growth Regulator Group, Monograph No. 7, 1982: pp. 71–87.
Oshio H, Izumi K. S-3307, a new plant growth retardant-its biological activities, mechanism and mode of action. In: Plant growth regulators in agriculture. Taipei: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 1986: pp. 200–208.
Nakamura K. Newly developed PGR seritard (inabenfide) an anti-lodging agent for paddy rice. Jpn Pestic Inf. 1987; 51: 23–26.
Kerby TA, Hake K, Keeley M. Cotton fruiting modification with mepiquat chloride. Agron J. 1986; 78: 907–912.
Walter H, Gausman HW, Ritting FR, et al. Effect of mepiquat chloride on cotton plant leaf and canopy structure and dry weights of its components. In: Brown JM, ed. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conference. St. Louis: National Cotton Council, 1980: pp. 32–35.
Child RD, Butler DR, Sims IM, et al. Control of canopy structure in oilseed rape with growth retardants and consequences for yield. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 21–35.
Luib M, Koehle H, Hoeppner P, et al. Further results with BAS 111 04 W, a new growth regulator for use in oilseed rape. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 37–43.
Aron Y, Monselise SP, Goren R, et al. Chemical control of vegetative growth in citrus trees by paclobutrazol. HortScience. 1985; 20: 96–98.
Curry EA, Williams MW, Reed AN. Triazole bioregulators to control growth of fruit trees: An update. Bull Plant Growth Regul Soc Am. 1987; 15: 4–7.
Quinlan JD. Use of paclobutrazol in orchard management to improve efficiency of fruit production. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 149–153.
Davis, TD, Steffens GL, Sankhla N. Triazole plant growth regulators. In: Janick J, ed. Horticultural reviews, Vol. 10. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 1988: pp. 63–105.
Harty AR, van Staden J. The use of growth retardants in citriculture. Isr J Bot. 1988; 37: 155–164.
Steffens GL. Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors: Comparing growth-retarding effectiveness on apple. J Plant Growth Regul. 1988; 7: 27–36.
Sterrett JP. XE-1019: Plant response, translocation, and metabolism. J Plant Growth Regul. 1988; 7: 19–26.
Sterrett JP. Paclobutrazol: A promising growth inhibitor for injection into woody plants. J Amer Soc Hort Sci. 1985; 110: 4–8.
Elkins DM. Growth regulating chemicals for turf and other grasses. In: Nickell LG, ed. Plant growth regulating chemicals, Vol. II. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1983: pp. 113–130.
Kaufmann JE. Biological responses of amenity grasses to growth regulators. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 99–118.
Kavanagh T Ringing the changes on three growth retardant chemicals for amenity grass management. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 135–145.
Barrett JE. Chrysanthemum height control by ancymidol, paclobutrazol and EL 500 dependent on medium composition. HortScience. 1982; 17: 896–897.
Wulster GJ, Gianfagna TJ, Clarke BB. Comparative effects of ancymidol, propiconazol, triadimefon, and Mobay RSW 0411 on lily height. HortScience. 1987; 22: 601–602.
Schott PE, Knittel H, Klapproth H. Tetcyclacis: A new bioregulator for improving the development of young rice plants. In: Ory RL, Ritting FR, eds. Bioregulators-chemistry and uses. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1984: pp. 45–63.
Wilson JM. The economic importance of chilling injury. Outlook Agric. 1984; 14: 197–203.
Andrews CJ. Low-temperature stress in field and forage crop production-an overview. Can J Plant Sci. 1987; 67: 1121–1133.
Zadoncev AI, Pikus GR, Grincenko AL. CCC in der Pflanzenproduktion. Berlin, GDR: VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, 1977.
Wang CY. Modification of chilling susceptibility in seedlings of cucumber and zucchini squash by the bioregulator paclobutrazol (PP333). Sci Hort. 1985; 26: 293–298.
Senaratna T, Mackay CE, McKersie BD, et al. Uniconazole-induced chilling tolerance in tomato and its relationship to antioxidant content. J Plant Physiol. 1988; 133: 56–61.
Anderson HM, Huband NDS. Improvement of winter hardiness and seedling growth of oats with seed dressings of tetcyclacis. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 45–50.
Chu C, Hwang SJ, Lee TM. Hormonal regulation of cold-resistance in rice seedlings. In: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar on Science and Technology-Phytohormones. Nara, Japan: Interchange Association, Japan, 1987: pp. 125–154.
Rademacher W, Maisch R, Liessegang J, et al. Water consumption and yield formation in crop plants under the influence of synthetic analogues of abscisic acid. In: Hawkins AF, Stead AD, Pinfield NJ, eds. Plant growth regulators for agricultural and amenity use. Thornton Heath: British Crop Protection Council, Monograph No. 36, 1987: pp. 53–66.
Plaut Z, Halevy AH. Regeneration after wilting, growth and yield of wheat plants, as affected by two growth retarding compounds. Physiol Plant. 1966; 19: 1064–1071.
Fletcher RA, Nath V. Triadimefon reduces transpiration and increases yield in water stressed plants. Physiol Plant. 1984; 62: 422–426.
Atkinson D. Effects of some plant growth regulators on water use and uptake of mineral nutrients by tree crops. Acta Hort. 1986; 179: 395–404.
Vaigro-Wolff AL, Warmund MR. Suppression of growth and plant moisture stress of forsythia with flurprimidol and XE-1019. HortScience. 1987; 22: 884–885.
Shanahan JF, Nielsen CD. Influence of growth retardants (anti-gibberellins) on corn vegetative growth, water use, and grain yield under different levels of water stress. Agron J. 1987; 79: 103–109.
Zeevaart JAD. Biosynthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid. In: Pharis RP, Rood SB, eds. Plant growth substances 1988. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990: in press.
Carlson DR, Jung J, Rademacher W. Direct effects of growth retardants on plant water consumption. In: Pharis RP, Rood SB, eds. Abstracts for the 13th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances, Calgary, 1988; Abstract No. 67.
Rikin A, Richmond AE. Amelioration of chilling injuries in cucumber seedlings by abscisic acid. Physiol Plant. 1976; 38: 95–97.
Davies WJ, Mansfield TA. The role of abscisic acid in drought avoidance. In: Addicott FT, ed. Abscisic acid. New York: Praeger, 1983: pp. 237–268.
Stinchcombe GR, Hutcheon JA, Jordan VWL. Effects of growth regulators on light leaf spot and yield components in oilseed rape. In: 1986 British Crop Protection Conference—Pests and Diseases, Vol 3. Croydon: British Crop Protection Council Publications, 1986: pp. 1009–1015.
Cohen R, Yarden O, Katan J, et al. Paclobutrazol and other plant growth-retarding chemicals increase resistance of melon seedlings to fusarium wilt. Plant Pathol. 1987; 36: 558–564.
Fletcher RA, Hofstra G, Gao J. Comparative fungitoxic and plant growth regulating properties of triazole derivatives. Plant Cell Physiol. 1986; 27: 367–371.
Lamoureux GL, Frear DS. Current problems, trends, and developments in pesticide metabolism in plants. In: Greenhalgh R, Roberts TR, eds. Pesticide science and biotechnology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987: pp. 455–473.
Cole DJ, Owen WJ. Influence of monooxygenase inhibitors on the metabolism of the herbicides chlortoluron and metolachlor in cell suspension cultures. Plant Sci. 1987; 50: 13–20.
Canivenc MC, Cagnac B, Cabanne F, et al. Induced changes of chlorotoluron metabolism in wheat cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiol Biochem. 1989; 27: 193–201.
Fritsch H, Rademacher W, Retzlaff G. Inhibition of plant growth, gibberellin biosynthesis and cinnamate 4-monooxygenase by selected growth regulators. In: Greuter W, Zimmer B, Behnke HD, eds. Book of Abstracts, XIV International Congress of Botany, Berlin, FRG, 1987; Abstract No.2–113b-5.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rademacher, W. (1991). Inhibitors of Gibberellin Biosynthesis: Applications in Agriculture and Horticulture. In: Takahashi, N., Phinney, B.O., MacMillan, J. (eds) Gibberellins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3002-1_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3002-1_29
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7754-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3002-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive