Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aegyptianella: An Appraisal of Species, Systematics, Avian Hosts, Distribution, and Developmental Biology in Vertebrates and Vectors and Epidemiology

  • Chapter
Book cover Advances in Disease Vector Research

Part of the book series: Advances in Disease Vector Research ((VECTOR,volume 9))

Abstract

The genus Aegyptianella (47) is comprised of intraerythrocytic, heteroxenous parasites of amphibians, reptiles and birds. On the basis of their morphological and biological characteristics, these parasites were assigned to the order Rickettsiales. They were thereby included in the family Anaplasmataceae, along with the genera Anaplasma, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon, with which they share analogous structure, place of residence in their vertebrate host, and developmental biology (111, 121, 122, 156–160, 210). Members of the Anaplasmataceae are small, cell-wall-less, obligatory, hemotrophic prokaryotes which, however, do not fit comfortably with the rickettsiale as classically defined and are, therefore, now considered as phylogenetically unaffiliated bacteria (158). Whether and to what extent other intraerythrocytic parasites of poikilotherme vertebrates, such as Pirhemocyton, Toddia, Cytamoeba, Bertarellia, Immanoplasma, Haematractidium, Sauroplasma, Sauromella, Serpentoplasma, Tunetella, Haemohormidium (150), and Anaplasma, or Piroplasma — like agents of birds are related or identical to Aegyptianella has not yet been clarified.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abdussalam, M., 1945. Piroplasmosis of the domestic fowl in northern India, Indian J. Vet. Sci. 15:17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aboytes-Torres, R., and Buening, G.M., 1990, Development of a recombinant Anaplasma marginale DNA probe, Vet. Microbiol 24:391–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Adene, D.F., and Dipeolu, O.O., 1975, Survey of blood and ectoparasites of domestic fowls in Ibadan, western state of Nigeria, Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 23:333–335.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmed, A.A.S., and Elsisi, M.A., 1965, Observations on aegyptianellosis and spirochaetosis of poultry in Egypt, Vet. Med. J. 11:139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ahmed, A.A.S., and Soliman, M.K., 1966, Observations made during a natural outbreak of aegyptianellosis in chickens, Avian Dis. 10:390–393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ayeni, J.S.O., Dipeolu, O.O., and Okaeme, A.N., 1983, Parasitic infections of the grey-breasted helmet guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in Nigeria, Vet. Parasitol. 12:59–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Balfour, A., 1907, A spirillosis and a haematozoal disease of domestic fowls in the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan. Preliminary note, Br. Med. J. 1:744–745.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Balfour, A., 1907, A peculiar blood condition, probably parasitic, in Sudanese fowls, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10:153–157, 322–323.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Balfour, A., 1907, A peculiar blood condition, probably parasitic, in Sudanese fowls, Br. Med. J., 2445:1330–1333.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Balfour, A., 1907, A peculiar blood condition, probably parasitic, in Soudanese fowls, Lancet 173:708.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Balfour. A., 1908, Spirochaetosis of Sudanese fowls — an “after phase”, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 11:37

    Google Scholar 

  12. Balfour. A., 1908, Spirochaetosis of Sudanese fowls, Rep. Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab. Karthoum, 3:38–58.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Balfour, A., 1909, Further observations on fowl spirochaetosis, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 12:285–289

    Google Scholar 

  14. Balfour, A., 1910, Further observations on fowl spirochaetosis, J. Trop. Vet. Sci. 5:309–322.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Balfour, A., 1911, The infective granule in certain protozoal infections, as illustrated by the spirochaetosis of Sudanese fowls. Preliminary note, Br. Med. J. 2654:752

    Google Scholar 

  16. Balfour, A., 1911, The role of the infective granule in certain protozoal infections as illustrated by the spirochaetosis of Sudanese fowls. Preliminary note, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 14:113–114.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Balfour. A., 1911, Spirochaetosis of Sudanese fowls, Rep. Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab. Karthoum, 4A:76–107.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Balfour, A., 1911, The role of the infective granule in certain protozoal diseases, Br. Med. J., 2654:1268–1269.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Balfour, A., 1912, The life-cycle of Spirochaeta gallinarum, Parasitology 5:122–126.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Balfour, A., 1913, A contribution to the life-history of spirochaetes, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt. Orig. 70:182–185.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Balfour. A., 1914, Notes on the life-cycle of the Sudan fowl spirochaete, Trans. 17th Int. Congr. Med. (London), sect. 21, Trop. Med. Hyg. 1914, part 2:275–278.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Balfour, A., 1914, Note of the life-cycle of the Sudan fowl spirochaete, Arch. Schiffs- und Tropenhyg. 18, Beihefte:844–845.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Balfour, A., 1922, Proceedings of a laboratory meeting, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16:20–21.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Balfour. A., 1923, Note by Dr. Andrew Balfour on the above paper, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16:484–485.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Barnes, H., 1975, Avian spirochaetosis in northern Nigeria, in Leeflang, P., and Ilemobade, A. A.: Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. II. Research summary, 1966 to 1976, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9:211–218.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Barrett. P.A., Beveridge, E., Bradley, P.L., Brown, C.G.D., Bushby, S.R.M., Clarke, M.L., Neal, R.A., Smith, R., and Wilde, J.K.H., 1965, Biological activities of some α-dithiosemicarbazones, Nature (London), 206:1340–1341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Barta, J.R., Bouland, Y., and Desser, S.S., 1989, Blood parasites of Rana esculenta from Corsica: Comparison of its parasites with those of eastern North American ranids in the context of host phylogeny, Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 108:6–20.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bartkowiak, R.A., Huchzermeyer, F.W., Potgieter, F.T., van Rensburg, L., Labuschagne, F.J., and van Biljon, B.J., 1988, Freeze-drying of Aegyptianella pullorum, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 55:125–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Basu, B.C., 1944, A note on Aegyptianella pullorum in fowls in India, Proc. 31th. Indian Sci. Congr. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Battelli, C, 1947, Su di un piroplasma della Naia nigricollis (Aegyptianella carpani n. sp.), Riv. Parassitol. 8:205–212.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bedford, G.A.H., and Coles, J.D.W.A., 1933, The transmission of Aegyptianella pullorum, Carpano, to fowls by means of ticks belonging to the genus Argas, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1:15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Beltrán, E., 1944, Protozoarios sanguíneos de las aves, An. Escuela Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 3:361–366.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bennet, 1943, in Curasson. G. (ed): Traité de protozoologie vétérinaire et comparée Vigot Fréres, Paris, Tome III:242–249.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bergeon. P., 1965., L’enseignement de la parasitologic des animaux domestiques et la production animale. Rapport au gouvernment du Cambodge, Programme élargi d’assistance technique FAO Rome, 2047.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bergeon, P., 1967, personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bergeon. P., 1968, Report to the government of Ethiopia. Veterinary parasitology survey, United Nations Dev. Program PAO Rome, 2458.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Berson. J.P., 1964, Les protozoaires parasites des hématies et du systéme histiocytaire des oiseaux. Essai de nomenclature. Rev. Élev. 17:43–96.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bird, R.G., and Garnham, P.C.C., 1967, Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928-fine structure and taxonomy, J. Protozool. Suppl. 14:42.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bird, R.G., and Garnham, P.C.C., 1969, Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano 1928-fine structure and taxonomy, Parasitology 59:745–752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bouet, G., 1909, Spirillose des poules au Soudan Francais, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 2:288–291.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Brumpto E., 1929, No title, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 22:318.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Brumpt. E., 1930, Rechutes parasitaires intenses, dues à la splénectomie, au cours d’infections latentes à Argyptianella, chez la poule, CR. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 191:1028–1030.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Brumpt, E., 1949, Precis de Parasitologie Masson et Cie, Paris 6 edition.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Brumpt, E., and Lavier, G., 1935, Sur un piroplasmidé nouveau, parasite de tortue Tunetella emydis N.G.,N. Sp, Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp. 13:544–550.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Buxton, P.A., and Hopkins, G.H.E., 1927, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, Sch Hyg. Trop. Med. Mem. London, 1:52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cabrera, D.J., 1957, Anaplasma-like bodies in the guinea fowl, J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 130:448–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Carpano, M., 1928, Piroplasmosis in Egyptian fowls (Egyptianella pullorum), Bull. Minist. Agric. Egypt Cairo, 86:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Carpano, M., 1929, Su di un Piroplasma osservato nei polli in Egitto (“Aegiptianella pullorum”). Nota preventiva, Clin. Vet. (Milano) 52:339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Carpano, M., 1929, Sulla piroplasmosi dei volatili domestici determinata dalla “Aegyptianella pullorum” Clin. Vet. (Milano) 52:475–476.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Carpano, M, 1929, Sur la Piroplasmose des oiseaux domestiques déterminée par Aegyptianella pullorum, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 7:365–366.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Carpano. M., 1930, Sur la nature des anaplasmes et en particulier de l’ Ana-plasma centrale, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 8:231–240.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Carpano, M., 1930, Infections latentes a hémoprotozoaires. Maladies intercurrentes et récidives, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 8:638–658.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Carpano, M., 1936, Decouverte de corps intraleucocytaires chez les poulets d’Égypte et considérations sur leur nature, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 14:380–384.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Carpano, M., 1939, Sui piroplasmidi dei cheloni e su una nuova specie rinvenuta nelle tartarughe — Nuttallia guglielmi, Riv. Parassitol. 3:267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Carpano, M., 1939, Le infezione da “Aegyptianella pullorum” nei gallinacei e nei palmipedi in Albania, Riv. Milit Med. Vet. Roma, 2:423–436.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Castle, M.D., and Christensen, B.M., 1985, Isolation and identification of Aegyptianella pullorum (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae) in wild turkeys from North America, Avian Dis. 29:437–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Chaillot, L., and Saunie, L. 1932. Contribution a l’étude de la spirillose aviaire dans les Etats du Levant, Bull. Acad. Vét. Fr. 5:112–114.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cheissin, E.M., 1965, Taxonomics of piroplasmae and some pecularities of their development in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, Acta Protozool. Warszawa 3:103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1933, Mortality in fowls due to Aegyptianella pullorum, Onder-stepoort J. Vet. Sci. 1:9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1934, An outbreak of aegyptianellosis in Pekin ducks, J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 5:131.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1937, A new blood parasite of the fowl, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 9:301–305.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1937, Aegyptianellosis and leg-weakness of the goose, J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 8:98–100.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1939, Aegyptianellosis of poultry, Proc. 7th World ’s Poult. Congr. Washington D.C., U.S. Dep. Agric, pp. 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Coles, J.D.W.A., 1941, An epizootic in seabirds: A visit to Dassen and Malagas Islands, J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 12:23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Cordero. M., 1967, personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Corliss, J.O., 1968, Definition and classification, in Weinmann, D., and Ristic, M. (eds): Infectious blood diseases of man and animals, Volume I, Academic Press, New York, London, pp. 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Corradetti, A., and Scanga, M., 1964, Segnalazione in Europa di Babesia shortti (Mohammed, 1958) in Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus e brevi note su questo parassita, Parassitologia 6:77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Crawford, M., 1947, Diseases of poultry in Ceylon, Ballière, Tindall, Cox, London.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Croft, R.E., and Kingston, N., 1975, Babesia moshkowskii (Schurenkova, 1938) Laird and Lari, 1957; from the prairie falcon, Falco mexicanus, in Wyoming, with comments on other parasites found in this host, J. Wildl. Dis. 11:229–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Curasson, G., 1938, Notes sur la Piroplasmose aviaire en A.O.F. Bull. Serv. Zootech. Epizoot. A.O.F. 1:33–35.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Curasson, G., 1943, Traité de protozoologie vétérinaire et comparée. Vigot Frères, Paris, Tome III:242–249.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Curasson, G., and Andrejesky, P., 1929, Sur les «corps de Balfour» du sang de la poule, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 22:316–317.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Debonera. G., 1933, La Piroplasmose des poules en Gréce, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 26:14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Debonera, G., 1934, Unicité des agents des spirochetoses des volailles de Grèce. Relations entre spirochetes et Aegyptianella, Ree. M éd. Vét. 110:467–471.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Delpy, L., 1946., Protozoaires observés en Iran dans le sang des animaux dometiques, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 39:122–126.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Desser, S.S., 1987, Aegyptianella ranarum sp. n. (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae): Ultrastructure and prevalence in frogs from Ontario, J. Wildl. Dis. 23:52–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Desser, S.S., and Barta, J.R., 1984, An intraerythrocytic virus and rickettsia of frogs from Algonquin Park, Ontario, Can. J. Zool. 62:1521–1524.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Desser, S.S., and Barta, J.R., 1989, The morphological features of Aegyptianella bactifera: An intraerythrocytic rickettsia of frogs from Corsica, J. Wildl. Dis. 25:313–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Desser, S.S., Barta, J.R., Gruia-Gray, J., and Maclean, M., 1986, Pro — and eukaryotic parasites of the blood of frogs, in Howell, M.J. (ed): Handbook 6th Int. Congr. Parasitol., Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, p. 121.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Dhanapala, S.B., 1962, Studies on some Sporozoa of Gallus dometicus and Gallus lafayetti of Ceylon, Thesis, London, p. 234. From: Vet. Bull. (Weybridge), 33 No. 1142:182.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Dobell, C, 1912, Researches on the spirochaets and related organisms, Arch. Protistenkd. 26:117–240.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dodd, S., 1910, Spirochaetosis in fowls in Queensland, J. Comp. Path. 23:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Donatien, A., and Lestoquard, F., 1931, Présence d’Aegyptianella pullorum chez les poules en Algérie, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 24:371–372.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Donatien, A., and Lestoquard, F., 1934, Traitement curatif de la Piroplasmose de la poule à Aegyptianella pullorum, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 27:647–649.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Dschunkowsky, E., 1937, Pregled radova o Balfourovim granulama u vezi sa novim nazivima ovog parazita (Aegyptianella Carpano-Balfouria mihi), Jugosl. Vet. Glasn. 17:315–321.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dschunkowsky, E., 1937, Balfoursche Granula als echte Geflügelparasiten, ihre Natur und Stellung in der Systematik: Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, Balfouria n. genus. Balfouria anserina n. sp. und Balfouria gallinarum n. sp., Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt. Orig. 140:131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Dschunkowsky, E., and Luhs, J., 1909, To the question of the study of protozoan illness in fowls in Transcaucasia, 9th Int. Vet. Congr. at the Hague, pp. 18–19.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Dschunkowsky, E., and Urodschevitch, J., 1923, The spirochaetosis of fowls in Macedonia. (Sp. anserina, Sp. gallinarum, Sp. granulosa penetrans.), Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16:478–484.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Dyakonov, L.P., 1973, Structure, biology and systematic position of Anaplasma of ruminants, Aegyptianella of birds, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon. Dokl. Vses. Akad. S-KH. Nauk., Moscow, 12:22–24. From Vet. Bull. (Weybridge), 44 No. 1509 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Eddin Bey, S., 1952, Les piroplasmoses en Egypte, Bull. Off. Int. Épizoot. Paris 38:593–603.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Eldin, M.S., 1932, The parasitic entity of Aegyptianella pullorum (Carpano, 1928), Arch. Schiffs — Tropenhyg. 36:400–407.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Enigk, K., 1942., Blutparasiten bei südafrikanischen Vögeln, Der Kolonialtierarzt, Dtsch. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 50:177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ezzat, A.M.E., 1963, Protozoal diseases of veterinary importance in Egypt, in Ludvik, J., Lorn, L. and Vaura, J. (eds): Progress of Protozoology. Proc. 1st Int. Congr. Protozool., Prague, 1961, Academic Press, New York, London.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Fantham, H.B., 1911, Some researches on the life-cycle of spirochaetes, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 5:479–496.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Farid, A., 1933, Veterinary service annual report 1930–1931, Minist. Agric. Egypt, Government Press: Cairo, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Franchini, G., 1924, Hématozoaires particuliers d’un oiseau (Hypoleis hypoleis), Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 17:884–885.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Galli-Valerio, B., 1909, Recherches sur la spirochétiase des poules de Tunisie et sur son agent de transmission: Argas persicus Fischer, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt., Orig. 50:189–202.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Galli-Valerio, B., 1913/1914, Recherches sur la spirochétiase des poules de Tunesie et sur son agent de transmission: Argas persicus Fischer, Zentralbl. Baktriol., Abt. I. Orig. 72:526–528.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gerlach, F., 1924, Geflügelspirochätose in Oesterreich. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt., Orig. 92:84–96.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Gerlach. F., 1925, Geflügelspirochätose in Oesterreich, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt., Orig. 94:45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Gillain. J., 1935, Note sur la présence d’Aegyptianella pullorum chez les poules au Congo Belge. Ann. Soc. Belg. Méd. Trop. 15:299–300.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gilruth. J.A., 1910, Note on the existence of spirochaetosis affecting fowls in Victoria, Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, 23.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Gleitsmann, 1913, Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Spirochäten (Borrelien), Zentralbl. Bakteriol I. Abt., Orig. 68:31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Gleitsmann, 1913, Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Spirochäten (Borrelien), Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt., Orig. 70:186–187.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Goff, W.L., Stiller, D, Roeder, R.A., Johnston, L.W., Falk, D., Gorham, J.R., and McGuire, T.C., 1990, Comparison of a DNA probe, complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescense tests for diagnosing Anaplasma marginale in suspected carrier cattle, Vet. Microbiol. 24:381–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Gothe, R., 1967, Zur Entwicklung von Aeyyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, in der Lederzecke Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818) und Übertragung, Z. Parasitenkd 29:103–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gothe, R., 1967, Ein Beitrag zur systematischen Stellung von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928. Z. Parasitenkd 29:119–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Gothe, R., 1967, Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung und den Infektionsverlauf von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, im Huhn, Z. Parasitenkd. 29: 149–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gothe, R., 1967, Die Entwicklung von Aegyptianella pullorum im Wirbeltierwirt und in der Überträgerzecke Argas (Persicargas) persicus. Proc. 3rd Conf. Dtsch. Tropenmed. Ges. Hamburg, pp. 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Gothe, R., 1969, Zur Pathogenese der Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion beim Huhn. Z. Parasitenkd. 31:3.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Gothe, R., 1971, Ein Beitrag zum Wirt-Parasit-Verhältnis von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, im biologischen Übertrager Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818) und im Wirbeltierwirt Gallus gallus domesticus L., Adv. Vet. Med., Suppl. to Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg 16:14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Gothe, R., 1977, Zur Entwicklung und Übertragung von Aegyptianella pullorum, Tropenmed. Parasitol. 28:283–284.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Gothe, R., 1978, New aspects of the epizootiology of aegyptianellosis in poultry, in Wilde, J.K.H. (ed): Tick-borne diseases and their vectors University of Edinburgh, Center for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Lewis Reprints Ltd., Tonbridge, pp. 201–204.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Gothe, R., and Becht, H., 1969, Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, in der Lederzecke Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818) mit Hilfe fluoreszierender Antikörper Z. Parasitenkd. 31:315–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gothe, R., Buchheim, C, and Schrecke, W., 1981, Argas (Persicargas) persicus und Argas (Argas) africolumbae als natürliche biologische Überträger von Borrelia anserina und Aegyptianella pullorum in Obervolta, Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 94:280–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Gothe, R., and Burkhardt, E., 1979, The erythrocytic entry — and exit-mechanism of Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, Z. Parasitenkd. 60:221–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gothe, R., and Englert, R., 1978, Quantitative Untersuchungen zur Toxinwirkung von Larven neoarktischer Persicargas spp. bei Hühnern, Zentralbl. Veteri-naermed, B25:122–133.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Gothe, R., and Hartmann, S., 1979, The viability of cryopreserved Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928 in the vector Argas (Persicargas) walkerae Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1969, Z. Parasitenkd. 58:189–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gothe, R., and Koop, E., 1974, Zur biologischen Bewertung der Validität von Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818), Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal und Kohls, 1964 und Argas (Persicargas) walkerae Kaiser und Hoogstraal, 1969.I. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsbiologie, Z. Parasitenkd. 44:299–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gothe, R., and Koop, E., 1974, Zur biologischen Bewertung der Validität von Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken, 1818), Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal und Kohls, 1964 und Argas (Persicargas) walkerae Kaiser und Hoogstraal, 1969. II. Kreuzungsversuche, Z. Parasitenkd. 44:319–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Gothe, R., and Kreier, J.P., 1977, Aegyptianella, Eperythrozoon, and Haemo-bartonella, in Kreier, J.P. (ed): Parasitic Protozoa Volume IV, Academic Press. New York, San Francisco, London, pp. 251–294.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Gothe, R., and Kreier, J.P., 1984, Genus IL Aegyptianella Carpano, 1929, in Krieg, N.R., and Holt, J.G. (eds): Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1, 9th. edition Williams & Wilkens. Baltimore, London, pp. 722–723.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gothe, R., and Lämmler, G., 1970, Die Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion des Huhnes, ein Modell zur quantitativen Auswertung der therapeutischen und prophylaktischen Wirksamkeit von Tetracyclinen, Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.) 20:92–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Gothe, R., and Lämmler, G., 1970, Über die Persistenz von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, in Küken nach chemotherapeutischer Behandlung. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. B17:806–812.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Gothe, R., and Lämmler, G., 1971, Zur Chemotherapie und Chemoprophylaxe der Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion des Huhnes. Proc. 2nd Conf. Oester. Ges. Tropenmed., 4th Conf. Dtsch. Tropenmed. Ges., Salzburg and Bad Reichenhall. Hanseatisches Verlagskontor H. Scheffler, Lübeck, 1969, p. 212.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gothe, R., and Lämmler, G., 1971, Über das Verhalten der Serumproteine bei Hühnern im Verlauf der Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion. Zentralbl. Veteri-naermed, B18:162–169.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Gothe, R., and Mieth, H., 1979, Zur Wirksamkeit von Pleuromutilinen bei Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektionen der Küken. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 30:323–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gothe, R., and Nolte, L, 1981, Kombinierte licht — und rasterelektronenmikro-skopische Betrachtungen der Wechselwirkungen im intrazellulären Kontakt bereich von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, und Erythrozyten, Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 94:261–263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gothe, R., and Schrecke, W., 1972, Zur epizootiologischen Bedeutung von Per-sicargas-Zecken der Hühner in Transvaal, Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 85:9–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Gothe, R., and Schrecke, W., 1972, Zur Epizootiologie der Aegyptianellose des Geflügels. Z. Parasitenkd. 39:64–65.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Hadani, A., and Dinur, Y., 1968, Studies on the transmission of Aegyptianella pullorum, J. Protozool. Suppl. 15:45.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Haiba, M.H., and El-Shabrawy, M.N., 1967, Some haematological studies on Babesiosoma anseris (Haiba and El-Shabrawy, 1967) in the goose, Cygnopsis cygnoides in Egypt, J. Vet. Sci. U.A.R. 4:177–187.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Haiba, M.H., and El-Shabrawy, M.N., 1967, Babesiosoma anseris (n. sp.) investigated in the goose, Cygnopsis cygnoides in Egypt. J. Vet. Sci. U.A.R. 4:189–194.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Haiba, M.H., and El-Shabrawy, M.N., 1967, On Nuttallia henryi n. sp., from the blood of ducks and geese in Egypt, J. Helmithol., Protozoology Suppl. 2:215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Helmy Mohammed, A.H., 1952, Protozoal blood parasites of Egyptian birds. Thesis from Dept. Parasitol., Sch. Hyg. Trop. Med. London.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Helmy Mohammed, A.H., 1958, Systematic and experimental studies on protozoal blood parasites of Egyptian birds. Volume I, and II, University Press, Cairo.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Henry, C, 1939, Présence dans les hématies de poulets d’éléments rappelant les corps de Balfour, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 32:145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Herman, CM., 1968, Blood protozoa of free-living birds, Symp. Zool. Soc. London 24:177–195.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Herman, CM., 1969, in Diarmid, A. (ed): Diseases in free-living wild animals, Smyp. Zool. Soc. London, 24:177–193, Academic Press, London. From: Peirce, M.A. 1975. Nuttallia Franca, 1909 (Babesiidae) preoccupied by Nuttallia Dall, 1898 (Psammobidae): A reappraisal of the taxonomic position of the avian piroplasms. Int. J. Parasitol. 5:285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Hindle, E., 1911, On the life-cycle of Spirochaeta gallinarum, Preliminary note, Parasitology 4:463–477.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hindle, E., 1912, Note on the foregoing communication by Dr. Andrew Balfour, Parasitology 5:127.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hindle, E., 1912, The inheritance of spirochaetal infection in Argas persicus. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 16:457–459.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Hoogstraal, H., Clifford, CM, Keirans. J.E. and Wassef, H.Y., 1979, Recent developments in biomedical knowledge of Argas ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae), in Rodriguez, J.G. (ed): Recent Advances in Acarology, Volume II, Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London, pp. 269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Huchzermeyer, F.W, 1965, Das Tiefgefrieren von Aegyptianella pullorum in flüssigem Stickstoff mit einigen Bemerkungen über die künstliche Infektion beim Huhn, Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 78:433–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Huchzermeyer, F.W, 1967, Die durch künstliche Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion beim Haushuhn hervorgerufene Anämie. Dtsch. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 74:437–439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Huchzermeyer, F.W., 1969, Personal communication to Keymer, I.F., in Petrak, M.L. (ed): 1969, Diseases of cage and aviary birds, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Huchzermeyer, F.W, Cilliers, J.A, Diaz Lavigne, CD, and Bartkowiak, R.A, 1987, Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. I. Increased right ventricular mass in broilers experimentally infected with Aegyptianella pullorum, Onder-stepoort J. Vet. Res. 54:113–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Huchzermeyer, F.W, Horak, LG., and Braak, L.E.O, 1989, Bloodparasites and argasid ticks from guineafowl (Numida meleagris) from the Skukuza area of the Krüger National Park with a note on the suitability of the guineafowl as experimental host for Aegyptianella pullorum, 18th Ann. Symp. Parasitol. Soc. S. Afr. Johannesburg p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Huff, CG, Marchbank, D.F, Saroff, A.H, Scrimshaw, P.W, and Shiroishi, T, 1950, Experimental infections with Plasmodium fallax Schweiz isolated from the Uganda tufted guinea fowl Numida meleagris major Hartlaub, J. National Malaria Soc. 9:307–319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hussel, L, Eichler, W, Liebisch, A, and Schneider, J, 1966, Die protozoären Blutparasiten der Haustiere in warmen Ländern, S. Hirzel Verlag, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Johnston. M.R.L., 1975, Distribution of Pirhemocyton Chatton & Blanc and other, possibly related, infections of poikilotherms, J. Protozool. 22:529–535.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Jowett. W., 1910, Fowl diseases. Note on the occurrence of fowl spirochaetosis at the Cape, Agric. J. Cape Good Hope 37:662–670.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Kaiser, M.N, 1966, The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 3. The life cycle of A. (P.) arboreus, and a standardized rearing method for argasid ticks, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59:496–502.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Knowles, R, Das Gupta, B.M., and Basu, B.C., 1927, Preliminary observations on the morphology and life history of Spirochaeta anserina. Trans. 7th Congr. Far East. Ass. Trop. Med. 2:573–581.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Knowles, R, Das Gupta, B.M, and Basu, B.C., 1932, Studies in avian spirochaetosis, parts I and II, Indian Med. Res. Mem. 22:1–113.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Knuth. P, and Du Toit, P.J., 1921, Tropenkrankheiten der Haustiere, in Mense, C. (ed): Handbuch der Tropenkrankheiten, 2nd edition 6:555–581.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Komarov, A., 1934, On the recovery of Egyptianella pullorum Carpano from wild Argas persicus Oken, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:525–526.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Kraiss, A. and Gothe, R., 1982, The life cycle of Argas (Argas) africolumbae under constant abiotic and biotic conditions, Vet. Parasitol. 11:365–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Kreier, J.P., Domingue, N., Krampitz. H.E., Gothe. R., and Ristic, M., 1981, The hemotrophic bacteria: The families Bartonellaceae and Anaplasmataceae, in Starr, M.P., Stolp, H, Trüper, H.G., Balows, A., and Schlegel, H.G. (eds): The Prokaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 2189–2209.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Kreier, J.P., and Gothe, R., 1976, Aegyptianellosis, eperythrozoonosis. gra-hamellosis and haemobartonellosis, Vet. Parasitol. 2:83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Kreier, J.P., Gothe, R., Ihler, G.M., Krampitz, H.E., Mernaugh, G., and Palmer, G.H., 1992, The hemotrophic bacteria: The families Bartonellaceae and Anaplasmataceae. in Balows, A., Trüper, H.G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W., Schleifer, K.-H. (eds.): The Prokaryotes. A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications. 2nd. edition Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. Volume IV, 3994–4022.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Kreier, J.P., and Ristic, M., 1972, Definition and taxonomy of Anaplasma species with emphasis on morphologic and immunologic features, Tropenmed. Parasitol. 23:88–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Kreier, J.P., and Ristic, M., 1973, Organisms of the family Anaplasmataceae in the forthcoming 8th edition of Bergey’s manual. Proc. 6th Nat. Anaplasmosis Conf. Las Vegas, Nevada 1973 pp. 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Lämmler, G., and Gothe, R., 1967, Zur Chemotherapie der Aegyptianella pullorum-Infektion des Huhnes, Tropenmed. Parasitol. 18:479–488.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Lämmler, G., and Gothe, R., 1969, Untersuchungen über die therapeutische und prophylaktische Wirsksamkeit oral applizierter Tetracycline gegen Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, im Huhn, Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. B16:663–670.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Laird, M., and Lari, F.A., 1957, The avian blood parasite Babesia moshkovskii (Schurenkova, 1938), with a record from Corvus splendens Vieillot in Pakistan, Can. J. Zool. 35:783–795.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Laveran, A., 1907, From Balfour, A., A peculiar blood condition, probably parasitic, in Sudanese fowls. Br. Med. J. 2445:1330–1333.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Leeflang, P., 1977, Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. I. Historical review, 1923–1966, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9:147–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Leeflang, P., and Ilemobade, A.A., 1977, Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. II. Research summary, 1966 to 1976, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9:211–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Leger, A., and Le Gallen, R., 1917, Spirochétose des poules au Sénégal. Son évolution clinique, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 10:435–438.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Levine, N.D., 1961, Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man, 1st. edition Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Levine, N.D., 1968, Ecology and host-parasite relationship, in Weinman, D., and Ristic, M. (eds): Infectious blood diseases of man and animals Volume I, Academic Press, New York, London, pp. 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Levine, N.D., 1971, Taxonomy of the piroplasms, Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 90:2–33.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Levine, N.D., 1973, Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man, 2nd. edition Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Levine, N.D., 1985, Veterinary Protozoology, 1st ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Lingard, A., and Jennings, E., 1904, A preliminary note on a pyroplasmosis found in man and some of the lower animals, Indian Med. Gaz. 39:161-

    Google Scholar 

  177. Macfie, J.W.S., and Johnston, J.E.L., 1914, A note on the occurrence of spiro-chaetosis of fowls in southern Nigeria, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 8:41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Manuel, M.F., and Tongson, M.S., 1967/1968, Occurrence of Aegyptianella-like organism in Philippine domestic fowls, Philipp. J. Anim. Sci. 4/5:99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Marchoux, E., and Chorine, V., 1933, Les formes jusqu’alors invisibles des spirochètes ne filtrent pas. Bull. Acad. Vét. Fr. 6:48–49.

    Google Scholar 

  180. McNeil. E., and Hinshaw, W.R., 1944, A blood parasite of the turkey, J. Parasitol. Suppl. 30:9.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Mesnil, F., 1930, No title, Bull. Inst. Pasteur 28:125–126.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Mlinac, F., 1937, Počcetna istražzivanja piroplazmoza živine u Južnoj Srbiji, Jugosl. Vet. Glasn. 17:92–94.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Mohteda, S.N., 1947, Aegyptianellosis in fowls, Indian Vet. J. 24:167–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Morcos, Z., 1931, Babesia in fowls, Vet Rec. 11:217.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Morcos, Z., 1932, A preliminary note on the results of some experiments on avian spirochaetosis in Egypt, J. Egypt. Med. Ass. pp. 292–298.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Morcos, Z., 1935, Preliminary studies in fowl spirochaetosis in Egypt, Vet. J. 91:161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Anonymous, 1950. Kenya. Department of Veterinary Services Annual Reports, 1948, Government Printer, Nairobi, p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Anonymous, 1986, Other blood Sporozoa of birds, in The Merck Veterinary Manual, 6th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., Rayway, New Jersey p. 1251–1252.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Neitz, W.O., 1967, The epidemiological pattern of viral, protophytal and protozoal zoonoses in relation to game preservation in South Africa, J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 38:129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Nikolsky, S.N., and Vodyanov, A.A., 1969, Pathogenicity of Aegyptianella pullorum, Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Protozool., Publishing house NAUKA, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1969, pp. 276–277.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Nikolsky, S.N., and Vodyanov, A.A., 1970, Significance of Aegyptianella pullorum in poultry diseases (in the USSR), Tr. Vses. Inst. Eksp. Vet. 38:277–284.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Ostertag, von R., and Kulenkampff, G., 1941, Tierseuchen und Herdenkrankheiten in Afrika, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Paikne, D.L., Dhake, P.R., and Sardey, M.R., 1974, Aegyptianella pullorum infection in domestic fowl, Indian Vet. J. 51:575.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Pavlov, P., 1964, Die Rolle der Wildvögel bei der Verbreitung von Argas persicus in Bulgarien, Angew. Parasitol. 5:167–168.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Peirce, M.A., 1972, Rickettsia-like organisms in the blood of Turdus abyssinicus in Kenya, J. Wildl. Dis. 8:273–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Peirce, M.A., 1973, Nuttallia balearicae sp. n., an avian piroplasm from crowned cranes (Balearica spp.), J. Protozool. 20:543–546.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Peirce, M.A., 1975, Nuttallia Franca, 1909 (Babesiidae) preoccupied by Nuttallia Dall, 1898 (Psammobiidae): A reappraisal of the taxonomic position of the avian piroplasms, Int. J. Parasitol. 5:285–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Peirce, M.A., and Bevan, B.J., 1977, Blood parasites of imported psittacine birds, Vet. Rec. 100:282–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Pfeifer, R., 1990, Zur Ökologie von Argas (Persicargas) walkerae Kaiser und Hoogstraal, 1969, Inaug. Diss. Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Poisson, R., 1953, Sporozoaires incertains. Super-famille des Babesioidea nov. in Grassé, P.-P., (ed): Traité de Zoologie, Volume I, Masson et Cie, Paris, pp. 935–975.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Porter, A., 1915, On Anaplasma-like bodies in the blood of vertebrates, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 9:561–568.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Pusat, M.M., 1955, Memleketimizde ilk defa tesbit edilen Aegyptianella pullorum vak’asi, Türk. Vet. Hekim. Dem. Derg. 25:2487–2490.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Qureshi, M.I., and Sheikh, A.H., 1978, Studies on blood protozoan parasites of poultry in Lahore district, Pak. J. Sci. 30:165–167.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Raether, W., and Seidenath, H., 1972, Verhalten der Infektiosität verschiedener Protozoen-Spezies nach längerer Aufbewahrung in flüssigem Stickstoff, Tropenmed. Parasitol. 23:428–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Raether, W., and Seidenath, H., 1977, Survival of Aegyptianella pullorum, Anaplasma marginale and various parasitic Protozoa following prolonged storage in liquid nitrogen, Z. Parasitenkd. 53:41–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Rageau, J., and Vervent, G., 1959, Les tiques (acariens Ixodoidea) des iles francaises du pacifique, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 52:819–835.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Receveur, P., 1947, Note sur la répartition géographique d’Aegyptianella pullorum, Rev. Élev. 1:54.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Receveur, P., and Thomé, M., 1948, Nouvel hôte d’Aegyptianella pullorum et mensurations de quelques globules rouges d’’oiseaux, Rev. Élev. 2:239–243.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Reichenow, E., 1953, in Doflein, F., and Reichenow, E. (eds): Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde Volume II, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, pp. 949–966.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Reshetnyak, V.Z., Bartenev, V.S., Voronyanskii, V.P., Rubanov, A.A., and Firsov, N.F., 1971, Aegyptianellosis in poultry, Veterinariva, Moscow 1:66–68.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Richardson, U.F., 1948, Veterinary Protozoology, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Richardson, U.F., and Kendall, S.B., 1957, Veterinary Protozoology, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Ristic, M., and Kreier, J., 1974, Genus III. Aegyptianella Carpano 1929, in Buchanan, R.E., and Gibbons, N.E. (eds): Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, pp. 909–910.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Robinson, E.M., and Coles, J.D.W.A., 1932, A note on Aegyptianella pullorum in the fowl in South Africa, 18th Rep. Dir. Vet. Serv. Anim. Ind., Government Printer Onderstepoort, Pretoria, pp. 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Rousselot, R., 1947., Parasites du sang de divers animaux de la region de Tehran., Arch. Inst. Hessarek 5:62–72.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Rousselot, R., 1953, Note de Parasitologic tropicale, Vigot Frères, Paris, Tome I et II.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Sambon and Terzi, 1907, Reports. The Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10:380–388.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Schellack, C, 1908, Uebertragungsversuche der Spirochaete gallinarum durch Argas reflexus Fabr., Zentralbl. Bakteriol. I. Abt. Orig. 46:486–488.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Schrecke, W., and Gothe, R., 1972, Zur Pathogenität südafrikanischer Stämme von Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928, Tropenmed. Parasitol. 23:406–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Schurenkova, A., 1938, Sogdianella moshkovskii gen. nov., sp. nov. — a parasite belonging to the Piroplasmidea in raptororial bird — Gypaëtus barbatus L., Med. Parazitol. (Moscow) 7:932–937.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Senadhira, M.A.P., 1966, The parasites of Ceylon. I. Protozoa. A host check list, Ceylon Vet. J. 14:65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Sergent. E., 1935, Rapport sur le fonctionnement de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie en 1934, Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algér. 13:418–450.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Sergent, E., 1941, Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1929 Aegyptianella granulosa penetrans (Balfour, 1911) chez la caille, Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.) en Algérie, Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger. 19:26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Sharat el Din. H., 1937, Piroplasmosis in geese in Egypt, Rep. Vet. Serv. Egypt. 1932–1933:83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Soulsby, E.J.L., 1968, Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals, Baillière, Tindall and Cassell, London.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Sparapani, 1934, Riv. Agric. Roma, 17:1.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Toumanoff, C, 1940, Le parasite sanguin endoglobulaire du héron cendré de l’Indochine (Ardea cinerea var. rectirostris Gould), Rev. Med. Fr. Extreme-Orient 19:491–496.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Tsanov, T.S., 1983, Epidemiology of Aegyptianella pullorum infection in fowls, Veterinarnomed. Nauki 20:41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Tyzzer, E.E., 1938, Cytoecetes microti, n. g., n. sp., a parasite developing in granulocytes and infective for small rodents, Parasitology 30:242–257.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Tyzzer, E.E., and Weinman, D., 1939, Haemobartonella, n. g. (Bartonella olim pro parte), H. microti, n. sp., of the field vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Am. J. Hyg. 30:141–157.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Umarji, G.Y., and Vaishnav, T.N., 1969, A record of avian piroplasmosis in Gujarat state, Gujarat Coll. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. Mag. 2:11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Vodyanov, A.A., 1969, The morphology and development of Aegyptianella pullorum in hens, Proc 3rd Int. Congr. Protozool., Publishing house NAUKA, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1969, pg. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Vodyanov, A.A., 1972, Epizootological importance of Argas persicus during Aegyptianella pullorum infection of birds, Tr. 13, Mehzdunar. Entomol, Kongr. Moskva, 1968, p. 275.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Wasielewski, T. von, 1913, Zur Kenntnis der Halteridien-Krankheit der Vögel, 17th Int. Congr. Med. London, pp. 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Weiss, E., and Moulder, J.W., 1984, Order I. Rickettsiales Gieszczkiewicz 1939, in Krieg, N.R., and Holt, J.G. (eds): Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1:687, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, London, p. 687.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Wenyon, C.M., 1926, Protozoology, Baillière, Tindall, Cox, London.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Yakimoff, W., 1933, Les corps de Balfour au Caucase, Bull. Soc, Path. Exot. 26:606.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Yakunin, M.P., and Krivkova, A.M., 1971, New bloodparasite species of the family Babesiidae (Piroplasmidae) in birds, Parazitologiya, Leningrad 5:462–465.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Yasarol. S., 1974, Parasitic diseases in Turkey, University Press, Ege University Izmir.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Huchzermeyer, F.W., Horak, Z.G., and Braack, L.E.O., 1991, Isolation of Aegyptianella sp. (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) from helmeted guineafowls in the Kruger National Park, S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 21:15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Earlé, R.A., Horak, Z.G., Huchzermeyer, F.W., Bennett, G.F., Braack, L.E.O., and Penzhorn, B.L., 1991, The prevalence of blood parasites in helmeted guinea-fowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58:145–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Huchzermeyer, F.W., Horak, Z.G., Putterill, J.F., and Earlé, R.A., 1992, Description of Aegyptianella botuliformis n. sp. (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) from the helmeted guineafowl Numida meleagris with notes on geographical distribution and possible vectors, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  243. Huchzermeyer, F.W., Earlé, R.A., Horak, Z.G., and Braack, L.E.O., 1991, Blood parasites of helmeted guineafowls in the Kruger National Park, Proc. Congr. Parasitol. Wildl. p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Huchzermeyer, F.W., and Putterill, J.F., 1991, Light and transmission electron microscopy of an Aegyptianella sp. of the helmeted guineafowl. Proc. Congr. Parasitol. Wildl. p. 84.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, University of Munich, D-8000, Munich 40, Germany

    Rainer Gothe

Authors
  1. Rainer Gothe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Virus-Vector Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Kerry F. Harris

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gothe, R. (1992). Aegyptianella: An Appraisal of Species, Systematics, Avian Hosts, Distribution, and Developmental Biology in Vertebrates and Vectors and Epidemiology. In: Harris, K.F. (eds) Advances in Disease Vector Research. Advances in Disease Vector Research, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2910-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2910-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7716-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2910-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation