Skip to main content

Abstract

Secondary education should be designed to prepare students for adult life. Choices must be made concerning the skills to be learned that will improve outcomes upon leaving school. When poor decisions are made, the potential costs to individuals and to society are staggering. Many secondary education programs use relatively ineffective instructional methodologies to teach adolescents with disabilities. In addition, the curriculum that is presented to students who require special education frequently does not address their needs. Considerable numbers of students in special services drop out of school prior to graduation. In a large national study, 44% of secondary special education students did not graduate (Wagner, 1989), compared to approximately 29% of students without disabilities. Those who do graduate are rarely prepared to succeed as adults. We believe that, given an appropriate education, most students who need special services can succeed in school and as adults in the community. In chapter 10 of this volume, the authors address methods to assist adults with disabilities following graduation. In this chapter, we will address major issues related to the secondary education level and outline strategies for use at that level to improve the lives of students after they leave school.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, M.J. (1982). The Paideia proposal: An educational manifesto. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R.H. (1977). Memory processes in children with learning disabilities: Evidence for deficient rehearsal. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,24, 415–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgart, D., Brown, L, Pumpian, I., Nisbet, J., Ford, A., Seet, M., Messina, R., & Schroeder, J. (1982). Principle of partial participation and individualized adaptations in educational programs for severely handicapped students. Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped, 7, 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, M.R., & Halpern, A.S. (1987). Transition services for secondary students with mild disabilities: A statewide perspective. Exceptional Children,53,507–514.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W.E., & Bickel, D.D. (1986). Effective schools, classrooms, and instruction: Implications for special education. Exceptional Children,52,489–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., Carr, M., & Pressley, M. (1987). “Spontaneous” strategy use: Perspectives from metacognitive theory. Intelligence, 11, 61–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., & Cavanaugh, J.C. (1979). Maintenance and generalization of skills and strategies by the retarded. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 569–618). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkwoski, J.G., Weyhing, R.S., & Turner, L.A. (1986). Attributional retraining and the teaching of strategies. Exceptional Children, 53, 130–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brolin, D.E. (1982). Vocational preparation of persons with handicaps. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, F., & Lehr, D. (1990). Persons with profound disabilities: Issues and practices. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Long, E., Udvari-Solner, A., Davis, L., VanDeventer, P., Ahlgren, C., Johnson, F., Gruenewald, L., & Jorgensen, J. (1989). The home school: Why students with severe intellectual disabilities must attend the schools of their brothers, sisters, friends, and neighbors. Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps, 14, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Long, E., Udvari-Solner, A., Schwarz, P., VanDeventer, P., Ahlgren, C., Johnson, F., Gruenewald, L., & Jorgensen, J. (1989). Should students with severe intellectual disabilities be based in regular or in special education classrooms in home schools? Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps, 14, 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Nietupski, J., & Hamre-Nietupski, S. (1976). Criterion of ultimate functioning. In M.A. Thomas (Ed.), Hey! Don’t forget about me! (pp. 2–15). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Nisbet, J., Ford, A., Sweet, M., Shiraga, B., York, J., & Loomis, R. (1983). The critical need for nonschool instruction in educational programs for severely handicapped students. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin and Madison Metropolitan School District.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Shiraga, B., Rogan, P., York, J., Zanella, K., McCarthy, E., Loomis, R., & VanDeventer, P. (1985). The “why” question in educational programs for students who are severely intellectually disabled. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin and Madison Metropolitan School District.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Sweet, M., Shiraga, B., York, J., Zanella, K., & Rogan, P. (1984). Functional skills in programs for students with severe handicaps. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin and Madison Metropolitan School District.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buschner, P.C., Watts, M.B., Siders, J.A., & Leonard, R.L. (1989). Career interest inventories: A need for analysis. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 12, 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butkowsky, I.S., & Willows, D.M. (1980). Cognitive motivational characteristics of children with varying reading ability: Evidence for learned helplessness in poor readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 408–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, B., & Hasazi, S.B. (1986). School-aged transition services: Options for adolescents with mild handicaps. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 10, 15–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conaway, C. (1987). Transition: A vocational education perspective. In R.N. Ianacone & R.H. Stodden (Eds.), Transition issues and directions (pp. 120–124). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, T., Darby, B., & D’Alonzo, B.J. (1990). School drop out prevention: A multifaceted program for the improvement of adolescent employability, academic achievement, and personal identity. Career Development and Exception Individuals, 13, 83–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deshler, D.D., Schumaker, J.B., Lenz, B.K., & Ellis, E. (1984a). Academic and cognitive interventions for LD adolescents: Part I. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 108–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deshler, D.D., Schumaker, J.B., Lenz, B.K., & Ellis, E. (1984b). Academic and cognitive interventions for LD adolescents: Part II. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 170–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, E. (1987). Secondary programs in special education: Are many of them justifiable? Exceptional Children, 53, 555–561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elksnin, N., & Elksnin, L. (1988). Improving job-seeking skills of adolescents with handicaps through job clubs. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 11, 118–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falvey, M. (1986). Community-based instruction: Instructional strategies for students with severe handicaps. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, C., Forte, J., & Gaylord-Ross, R. (1986). The community classroom: Technological vocational training for students with serious handicaps. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,9, 24–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, R. (1986). The role of assessment in transitional, supported employment. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 9, 129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, R. (1987). School integration for students with mental handicaps: A cross-cultural perspective. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 2(2), 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, R. (1988). Vocational education for persons with handicaps. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, R., Lee, M., Johnston, S., & Goetz, L. (in press). Social-communication and co-worker training for deaf-blind youth in supported employment settings. Behavior Modification.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Ross, R., Lee, M., Johnston, S., Lynch, K., Rosenberg, B., & Goetz, L. (1991). Supported employment for youth who are deaf-blind and in transition. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,14,77–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillet, P.K. (1987). Transition: A special education perspective. In R.N. Ianacone & R.H. Stodden (Eds.), Transition issues and directions (pp. 113–119). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guess, D. (1983). Some parting thoughts and reflections from the editor. Journal of Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps, 8, 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, D.P., Hall, R.J., Ianna, S.O., Kneedler, R.D., Lloyd, J.W., Loper, A.B., & Reeve, R.E. (1983). Summary of research findings at the Univeristy of Virginia Learning Disabilities Research Institute. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 4, 95–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallahan, D.P., & Kauffman, J.M. (1988). Exceptional Children: Introduction to Special Education (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haring, K., & Lovett, D. (1990). A study of the social and vocational adjustment of young adults with mental retardation. Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 25, 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasazi, S.B., & Clark, G.M. (1988). Vocational preparation for high school students labeled mentally retarded: Employment as a graduation goal. Mental Retardation, 26, 343–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasazi, S.B., Gordon, L.R., & Roe, C.A. (1985). Factors associated with the employment status of handicapped youth exiting high school from 1979–1983. Exceptional Children, 51, 455–469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helmstetter, D. (1990). Curriculum for school-aged students: The ecological model. In F. Brown & D.H. Lehr (Eds.), Persons with profound disabilities: Issues and practices (pp. 239–263). Baltimore: Paul, H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J.W., & Morton, M.V. (1988). Transition programming: Improving vocational outcomes. In L. Sternberg (Ed.), Educating students with severe or profound handicaps (2nd ed., pp. 439–471). Rockville, MD: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ianacone, R.N., & Stodden, R.A. (1987). Transition issues and directions for individuals who are mentally retarded. In R.N. Ianacone & R.A. Stodden (Eds.), Transition issues and directions (pp. 1–7). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.R., Bruininks, R.H., & Thurlow, M.L. (1987). Meeting the challenge of transition service planning through improved interagency cooperation. Exceptional Children, 53, 522–530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, J., Gerber, M., & Semmel, M. (1988). Arguable assumptions underlying the regular education intiative. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 6–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, D.L., & Haring, K.A. (1989). The effects of self-management training on the daily living of adults with mental retardation. Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 24, 306–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J.W. (1985). Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, K.A., & Hodell, S. (1986). Measuring the impact of vocational assessment activities upon program decisions. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 9, 106–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1979). Teaching children self-control. In B.B. Lahey & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 1–33). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, J.D., & Hocutt, A.M. (1988). The need for policy analysis in evaluating the regular education initiative. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 71–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, M.S., & Beale, A.V. (1984). Vocational training and employment: Guidelines for parents. Exceptional Parent, 14, pp. 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palincsar, A.S., & Brown, A.L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension fostering and monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, 1, 117–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, J.R., Cronin, M.E., Polloway, E.A., Hutchison, D., & Robinson, G. (1989). Curricular considerations: A life skills orientation. In G.A. Robinson, J.R. Patton, E.A. Polloway, & L.R. Sargent (Eds.), Best practices in mild mental disabilities (pp. 21–37). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J.M., Templeman, T.P., & Brostrom, G. (1987). The school and community partnership: Planning transition for students with severe handicaps. Exceptional Children,53,531–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M. (1986). Work and performance sample for vocational assessment of special students: A critical review. Career Development of Exceptional Individuals, 9, 69–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M.E., & Stodden, R.A. (1986). A curriculum-based assessment procedure: Addressing the school-to-work transition needs of secondary schools. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,9,121–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D.K. (1988). A cognitive developmental approach to learning disabilities. In D.K. Reid (Ed.), Teaching the learning disabled: A cognitive developmental approach (pp. 5–74). Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, M.C., Wang, M.C., & Walberg, H.G. (1987). The necessary restructuring of special and regular education. Exceptional Children, 53, 391–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch, F. (Ed.). (1986). Competitive employment issues and strategies. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusch, F.R., & Hughes, C. (1988). Supported employment: Promoting employee independence. Mental Retardation, 26, 351–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch, F.R., & Phelps, L.A. (1987). Secondary special education and transition from school to work: A national priority. Exceptional Children,53,487–492.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sailor, W., Gee, K., Goetz, & Graham, N. (1988). Progress in educating students with the most severe diabilities: Is there any? Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps, 13, 87–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S. (1988). The career ladder program: Implementing Re-ED principles in vocational settings. Behavioral Disorders,14(1), 16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainback, S., & Stainback, W. (1988). Educating students with severe disabilities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 21, 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, L. (1988). Educating Students with Profound Handicaps. Rockville, MD: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R., Richards, S.B., Goldstein, P., & Schilit, J. (in press). Teaching exceptional students… Where? Teacher perceptions of the regular education initiative. Teaching Exceptional Students.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomason, J., & Arkell, C. (1980). Educating the severely/profoundly handicapped in the public schools: A side-by-side approach. Exceptional Children, 47, 114–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, A.P., & Turnbull, H.R. (1988). Toward great expectations for vocational opportunities: Family-professional partnerships. Mental Retardation, 26, 337–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, M. (1989). The transition experiences of youth with disabilities: A report from the national longitudinal transition study. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P.H., Kregel, J., Barcus, J.M., & Schalock, R.L. (1986). Vocational transition for students with developmental disabilities. In W.E. Kiernan & J.A. Stark (Eds.), Pathways to employment for adults with developmental disabilities (pp. 113–127). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., Moon, M.S., Everson, J.M., Wood, W., & Barcus, J.M. (1988). Transition from school to work: New challenges for youth with severe disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., Moon, M.S., & McCarthy, P. (1986). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with severe handicaps. Focus on Exceptional Children,18,1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., Parent, W., Wood, W., Talbert, C.M., Jasper, C., Miller, S., Marchant, J., & Walker, R. (1989). From school to competitive employment for young adults with mental retardation: Transition in practice. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 12, 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., Wood, W., Everson, J., Marchant, J., & Walker, R. (1987). Transition services for adolescent age individuals with severe mental retardation. In R.N. Lanacone & R.H. Stodden (Eds.), Transition issues and directions (pp. 49–76). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisenstein, G.R., & Elrod, G.F. (1987). Transition services for adolescent age individuals with mild mental retardation. In R.N. Ianacone & R.H. Stodden (Eds.), Transition issues and directions (pp. 38–48). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Will, M.C. (1984). OSERS program for the transition of youth with disabilities: Bridges from school to working life. Washington, DC: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Will, M.C. (1986). Educating children with learning problems: A shared responsibility. Exceptional Children, 52, 411–415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richards, S., Lovett, D.L., Gaylord-Ross, R. (1992). Integrated Services for Adolescents With Disabilities . In: Haring, K.A., Lovett, D.L., Haring, N.G. (eds) Integrated Lifecycle Services for Persons with Disabilities. Disorders of Human Learning, Behavior, and Communication. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2886-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2886-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7709-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2886-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics