Abstract
The incidence of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in children under 14 years has been found to be 2.511 to 2.522 cases per 100,000 per year, although in these studies strokes related to perinatal causes, infection, and trauma were excluded.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Raybaud CA, Livet MO, Jiddane M, Pinsard N: Radiology of ischemic strokes in children. Neuroradiology 27: 567 – 578, 1985.
Schoenberg BS, Mellinger JF, Schoenberg DG. Cerebrovascular disease in infants and children: a study of incidence, clinical features, and survival. Neurology 28: 763 – 768, 1978.
Egg-Olofsson O, Ringheim Y: Stroke in Children. Clinical characteristics and prognosis. Acta Paediatr. Scand 72: 391 – 395, 1983.
Matsumoto N, Whisnant JP, Kurland LT, Okazaki H: Natural history of stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969: an extension of a previous study 1945 through 1954. Stroke 4: 20 – 29, 1973.
Pascual-Pascual SI, Pascual-Castroviejo I, Velez A: Accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos en la infancia. In: Yaya Huaman R, Sancho Rieger J, Lainez Andres JM. (eds.). Accidentes Cerebro-vasculares Isquémicos en Adultos Jóvenes. MCR, Barcelona, 1987, 141 – 153.
Gold AP, Challenor YB, Gilles SH: Strokes in Children (part 1). Stroke 4: 835 – 94, 1973.
Terplan KL: Patterns of brain damage in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child 125: 175 – 185, 1973.
Adams HP, Butler MJ, Biller J, Toffol GJ: Nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction in young adults. Arch Neurol 43: 793 – 796, 1986.
Kurokawa T, Chen YJ, Tomita S, Kishiwara T, Kitamura K: Cerebrovascular occlusive disease with and without the Moyamoya vascular network in children. Neuropediatrics 16: 29 – 32, 1985.
Hossmann KA, Sato K: Recovery of neuronal function after prolonged cerebral ischemia. Science 168: 375 – 376, 1970.
Hossmann KA, Kleinhues R: Reversibility of ischemic brain damage. Arch Neurol 19: 375 – 384, 1973.
Garcia JH, Kamijyo Y: Cerebral infarction. Evaluation of histopathological changes after occlusion of a middle cerebral artery in primates. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 33: 408 - 421, 1974.
Garcia JH, Mitchem HL, Briggs L, Morawetz R, Hudetz AG, Hazebrig JB, Halsey JH, Conger KA: Transient focal ischemia in subhuman primates. Neuronal injury as a function of local cerebral blood flow. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42: 44 - 60, 1983.
Plum F: What causes infarction in ischemic brain? The Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 33: 222 - 233, 1983.
Hossmann KA, Zimmerman V: Resuscitation of brain after one hour of complete ischemia. I. Physiological and morphological observations. Brain Res 81: 59 – 74, 1974.
Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L: Thresholds in cerebral ischemia. The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12: 723 – 725, 1981.
Faber JL, Chien KR, Mittnacht S Jr: The pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury in ischemia. Am J Pathol 102: 271 – 281, 1981.
Uematsu D, Greemberg JH, Reivich M, Karp A: In vivo measurement of cytosolic free calcium during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Ann Neurol 24: 420 – 428, 1988.
Uematsu D, Grenberg JH, Reivich M, Hickey F: Direct evidence for calcium induced ischemic and reperfusion injury. Ann Neurol 26: 280 – 283, 1989.
Rechncrona S, Rosen I, Siesjo BK: Excessive cellular acidosis: an important mechanism of neuronal damage in the brain. Acta Physiol Scand 110: 435 – 437, 1980.
Steen PA, Michenfelder JD, Milde JH: Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: Improved outcome with a minimal blood flow. Ann Neurol 6: 389 – 398, 1979.
Atluru YL, Epstein LG, Gootman N: Childhood stroke and supraventricular tachycardia. Pediat Neurol 1: 54 – 56, 1985.
Pascual-Castroviejo I, Larrauri J: Bilateral thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery in a child aged 14 months. Dev Med Child Neurol 13: 613 – 620, 1971.
Atluru VL: Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas in juvenile diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Neurol 2: 167 – 169, 1986.
Weisberg LA: Nonseptic cardiogenic cerebral embolic stroke: clinical CT correlations. Neurology 35: 896 – 899, 1985.
Kelley RE : Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction in pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol 2: 111 – 114, 1986.
Phillips PC, Lorentsen KJ, Shropshire LC, Ahn HS: Congenital odontoid aplasia and posterior circulation stroke in childhood. Ann Neurol 23: 410 – 413, 1988.
Ouvrier RA, Hopkins IJ: Occlusive diseases of the vertebrobasilar arterial system in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 12: 186 – 192, 1970.
De Vivo DC, Farrell FW: Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in children. A recognizable clinical entity. Arch Neurol 26: 278 – 281, 1972.
Pascual-Castroviejo I, Pascual-Pascual JI, Mulas F, Roche MC, Tendero A: Bilateral obstruction of the vertebral arteries in a three-year-old child. Dev Med Child Neurol 19: 232 – 238, 1977.
Pascual-Pascual JI, Pascual-Castroviejo I, Tendero A, Roche MC: Oclusiones del territorio vertebrobasilar en la infancia. Presentatión de un caso y revisión de la literature. Ann Esp Pediatr 10: 665 – 672, 1977.
Latchaw RE, Seeger JF, Gabrielsen TO: Vertebrobasilar arterial occlusion in children. Neuroradiology 8: 141 – 147, 1974.
Jain S, Maheshwari MC, Tandon PN, Goulatia RK: Idiopathic basilar artery occlusion in childhood. Stroke 15: 563 – 565, 1984.
Singer WD, Haller JS, Wolpert SM: Occlusive vertebrobasilar artery disease associated with cervical spine anomaly. Am J Dis Child 129: 492 – 495, 1975.
Ross CA, Curnes JT, Greenwood RS: Recurrent vertebrobasilar embolism in an infant with Klippel—Feil anomaly. Pediatr Neurol 3: 181 – 183, 1987.
Dunn DW: Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease and childhood migrain. Pediatr Neurol 1: 252 – 254, 1985.
Ford FR, Clark D: Thrombosis of the basilar artery with softening in the cerebellum and brainstem due to manipulation of the neck. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 98: 37 – 42, 1956.
Bell HS: Basilar artery insufficiency due to atlanto-axial instability. Am Surg 35: 695 – 700, 1969.
Bonafe A, Manelfe C, Scotto, B, Pradere MY, Rascol A: Role of computed tomography in vertebrobasilar ischemia. Neuroradiology 27: 484 – 493, 1985.
Bergen BJ, Batnitzky S, Norantz RA, Erice HI: Cerebellar infarction with associated hydrocephalus due to vertebral artery occlusion in a child. Neurosurgery 8: 383 – 387, 1981.
Aoki N, Toyofuku T, Komiya K: Cerebellar infarction. Neuropediatrics 17: 124 – 128, 1986.
Fischer EG, Strand RD, Gilles FH: Cerebellar necrosis simulating tumor in infancy. J Pediatr 81: 98 – 100, 1972.
Zeller RS, Chutorian AM: Vascular malformations of the pons in children. Neurology 25: 776 – 780, 1975.
Burns J, Lisak R, Shut L, Silberberg D: Recovery following brainstem hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 7: 183 – 184, 1980.
Lavy E, Rothman S, Reches A: Primary pontine hemorrhage with complete recovery. Arch Neurol 38: 320, 1981.
Minami T, Kurokawa T, Inoue T, Takaki S, Goya N, Yoshida M, Kishikawa T: Primary brainstem hemorrhage in a child: usefulness of auditory brainstem response (ABR). Neuropediatrics 15: 99 – 101, 1984.
Konishi Y, Kuriyama M, Sudo M, Konishi K, HayakawaK, Ishii Y: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in neonates. Pediatr Neurol 3: 222 – 225, 1987.
Schubiger G, Schubiger D, Tonz O: Thrombose des sinus saggital superior beim Neugebor- enen—Diagnoses durch computer tomographic. Helv Paediatr Acta 37: 193 – 199, 1982.
Elck JJ, Miller KD, Bell KA, Tutton RH: Computed tomography of deep cerebral venous thrombosis in children. Radiology 37: 399 – 402, 1981.
Rao KCG, Knipp HC, Wagner EJ: Computed tomographic findings in cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis. Radiology 140: 391 – 398, 1981.
Macchi PJ, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT: High field MR imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10: 10 – 15, 1986.
McArdle CB, Mirfakhraee M, Amparo EG, Kulkarni MV: MR imaging of transverse/sigmoid dural sinus and jugular vein thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: 831 – 838, 1987.
Baram TZ, Butler I J, Nelson MD, McArdle CB: Transverse sinus thrombosis in newborns: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Ann Neurol 24: 792 – 794, 1988.
Gettelfinger DM, Kokment E: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Arch Neurol 34: 2 – 6, 1977.
Sindou M, Mazoyer JF, Fischer G, Pialat J, Fourcade C: Experimental bypass for sagittal sin is repair. Preliminary report. J Neurosurg 44: 325 – 330, 1976.
Verret S, Steele J: Alternating hemiplegia in childhood: a report of eight patients with complicated migraine beginning in infancy. Paediatrics 47: 675 – 680, 1971.
Krägeloh I, Aicardi J: Alternating hemiplegia in infants: report of five cases. Dev Med Child Neurol 22: 784 – 791, 1980.
Casaer P, Aicardi J, Curatolo P, Dias K, Maia M, Matte J, Pineda M, Peuplard F, Preney- Cramatte S, Stephenson J, Szliwowski H: Flunarizine in alternating hemiplegia in childhood. An international study in 12 children. Neuropediatrics 18: 191 – 195, 1987.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pascual-Castroviejo, I. (1992). Clinical Pictures of Vascular Pathology in Children. In: Raimondi, A.J., Choux, M., Di Rocco, C. (eds) Cerebrovascular Diseases in Children. Principles of Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2800-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2800-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7676-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2800-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive