Skip to main content

The Infection of Human Skin and Nail by Scytalidium Species

  • Chapter
Current Topics in Medical Mycology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Medical Mycology ((CT MYCOLOGY,volume 4))

Abstract

The Form-genus Scytalidium was established by Pesante1 in 1957 to accommodate dematiaceous hyphomycetes producing fission arthroconidia. The nomenclatural type for the genus was an isolate from rotting Platanus, Scytalidium lignicola. Microscopical examination of this fungus revealed small, hyaline fission arthroconidia together with larger, brown conidia, which in the original description are termed chlamydoconidia. During the last 20 years a number of fungi currently classified within this genus have been reported to be human pathogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pesante A. Osservazione su una carie del plantano. Ann Sper Agr Nuovo Ser 1957; 11 (Suppl):CCXLXI-CCLXVI.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gentles JC, Evans EGV. Infection of the feet and nails with Hendersonula toruloidea. Sabouraudia1970; 8: 72–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Punithalingam E, Waterston JM. Hendersonula toruloidea. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria 1970; No 274.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kurwa A, Campbell C. Hendersonula toruloidea infection. Br J Dermatol1972; 86: 98–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Campbell CK, Kurwa A, Abdel-Aziz AHM, et al. Fungal infection of skin and nails by Hendersonula toruloidea. Br J Dermatol1973; 89: 45–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Eady R, Moore MK, Hendersonula toruloideainfection of the skin and nails. Trans St. John’s Hospital DermatolSoc 1974; 60: 104–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peiris S, Moore MK, Marten RH. Scytalidium hyalinum infection of skin and nails. Br J Dermatol 1979; 100: 579–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Turvey JWJ, English MP, Phillips MN. Tinea pedis caused by Hendersonula toruloidea. ChiropodistMarch 1979; pp 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Scott OLS, Parrridge BM, Denny M. Hendersonula toruloideainfection of nails (case report). Br J Dermatol 1983; 109: 112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jones SK, White JE, Jacobs PH, et al. Hendersonula toruloideainfection of the nails in Caucasians. Clin Exp Dermatol1985; 10: 444–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosman N. Imported superficial fungal infections in Denmark. Curr Ther Res1977; 22: 100–103.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Singh SM, Barde AK. Hendersonula toruloideainfection of human skin and nails. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Lepr 1980; 46: 350–355.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Carruthers JA, Stein L, Black WA. Persistent skin and nail infection by an exotic fungus Hendersonula toruloidea. Can Med Assoc J1982; 127: 608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kong BHP, Kapica L, Lee R. Keratin invasion by Hendersonula toruloidea. A tropical pathogenic fungus resistant to therapy. Int J Dermatol1984; 23: 65–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Badillet G, De Bievre C, Spizajzen S. Isolement des dematiees a partir d’ongles et des squames. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med. 1982;11: 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Camerlynek P, De Bievre C, Jeannin L, et al. Etude de 3 souches d’Hendersonula toruloideaisolees chez homme. Discussion etiopathogenique. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med. 1982; 11: 259–266.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gugnani HC, Nzelibe FK, Osunkwo IC. Onychomycosis due to Hendersonula toruloideain Nigeria. J Medi Vet Mycol1986; 24: 239–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Burghi AL, de Bracalent B.J.C. Onicomicosis por dematiarea. Rev Latino Microbiol1986; 28: 63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rollman O, Johanssen S. Hendersonula toruloideainfection: successful response of onychomycosis to nail avulsion and topical ciclopiroxolamine. Acta Dermatol Venereol(Stockhalm) 1987; 67: 506–510.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Greer DL, Guitierrez MM. Tinea pedis caused by Hendersonula toruloidea J Am Acad Dermatol1987; 16: 1111–1115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Frankel DH, Rippon JW. Hendersonula toruloidea infection in man. Mycopathologia 1989; 105: 175–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ferreira Costa E, Wanke B, Monteiro PCF, et al. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Scytalidium lignicola—a report of the first three cases in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo, Cruz1989; 84: 135–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Costa AR, Pries MC, Porto E, et al. Interdigital, cutaneous phaeophyphomycosis due to Scytalidium lignicolaPesante 1957. A case report. Mycoses1988; 31 604–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Moore MK. Skin and nail infections by non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi. Mykosen 1978; Suppl. 1;128–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Moore MK. Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinuminfections in London, England. J Med Vet Mycol1986; 24: 219–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Summerbell RC, Kane J, Krajden S. Onychomycosis, tinea pedis and tinea manuum caused by non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi. Mycoses1989; 32: 609–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Allison VY, Hay RJ, Campbell CK. Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinuminfections in Tobago [correspondence]. Br J Dermatol. 1984; 111: 371–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kotrajaras R, Chongsathien S, Rojanavanich V, et al. Hendersonula toruloideainfection in Thailand. Int J Dermatol1988; 27: 391–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kombila M, Gomez de Diaz M, Martz M, et al. Gabon: relative importance of Hendersonula toruloideain tinea pedis. Abstr X Congr Int Soc Hum Anim Mycol, Barcelona, June 27-July 1,1988. Rev Iber Micol1988; 5 (Suppl 1): 123.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Gugnani HC, Oyeka CA. Foot infections due to Hendersonula toruloideaand Scytalidium hyalinumin coal miners. J Med Vet Mycol1989; 27: 169–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Campbell CK, Mulder JL. Skin and nail infections by Scytalidium hyalinumsp. nov. Sabouraudia1977, 15: 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hay RJ, Moore MK. Clinical features of superficial fungal infections caused by Hendersonula toruloideaand Scytalidium hyalinum. Br J Dermatol1984; 110: 677–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. . Moore MK, del Palacio-Hernanz A, Lopez-Gomez S. Scytalidium hyalinuminfection diagnosed in Spain. J Med Vet Mycol1984; 22: 243 – 245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Badillet G, Traore F, N’Dir O, et al. Mycosis with Hendersonula toruloideaand Scytalidium hyalinumin Paris. Abstr X Congr Inter Soc Hum Ani Mycol, Barcelona, June 27–July 1, 1988. Rev Iber Micol1988; 5 (Suppl 1): 122.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Dickinson GM, Cleary TJ, Sanderson T, et al. First case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Scytalidium lignicolain a human. J. Clin Microbiol 1983; 17: 155–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sutton BC, Dyko BJ. Revision of Hendersonula. Mycol Res 1989; 4: 466–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Rush-Munro FM. The mycoses of man in New Zealand, in Kutin ES, Baum GL (eds), Human and Animal Mycology. Proceedings of the VII Congress of ISHAM, Jerusalem, Israel, March 11–16 1979. Excerpta Medico, Amsterdam. 1980; pp 190–192.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Moore MK. The infection of human skin and nail by Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass. Ph.D. thesis. University of London, London, England. 1987; 309 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Clayton, YM. Epidemiological aspects of dermatophyte infections.Curr Ther Res1977; 22: 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nattrass RM. A new species of Hendersonula (H. toruloidea) on deciduous trees in Egypt. Trans Br Mycol Soc1933; 18: 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wilson EE. The branch wilt of Persian walnut trees and its cause. Hilgardia1947; 17: 413–436.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Calavan EC, Wallace JM. Exosporinabranch blight of grapefruit in southern California. Phytopathology1948; 38: 913.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Calavan EC, Wallace JM. Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass on citrus in California. Phytopathology1954; 44: 635–639.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Foott JH, Hendrickson AH, Wilson EE. Walnut branch wilt. Calif Agric1955; 9: 11.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sommer NF. Sunburn predisposes walnut trees to branch wilt. Phytopathology1955; 45: 607–613.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Penzig O. Studi botanici sugli agrumi e sulli piante affine. Memoria Premida dal R. Minister dell Agricoltura. (Dagli Annal di Agricoltura 1887 ). Tipografia Eredi Botta, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fawcett HS. Citrus Diseases and Their Control. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York. 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wilson EE. The pycnidial stage of the walnut branch wilt fungus Exosporina fawcetti. Phytopathology1949; 39: 340–346.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ellis MB. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom. 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Funk A. Parasitic Microfungi q Western Trees. Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Davison AD. Factors affecting development of Madrone canker. Plant Dis Rep1972; 56: 50–52.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ogawa JM. The occurrence of Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass on Populus species in California. Plant Dis Rep1954; 38: 238.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Paxton J. Physiological aspects of branch wilt disease of Persian walnut. Phytopathology1964; 54: 1436.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Paxton J, Wilson EE. Anatomical and physiological aspects of branch wilt disease of Persian walnut. Phytopathology1965; 55: 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Paxton J, Wilson EE, Davis JR. Branch wilt disease of fig caused by Hendersonula toruloidea. Plant Dis Rep1964; 48: 142.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Meredith DS. Tip rot of banana fruits in Jamaica. 1. Hendersonula toruloideaon dwarf Cavendish bananas. Trans Br Mycol Soc1963; 46: 473–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Giha OH. Hendersonula toruloideaassociated with a serious branch wilt disease of shade trees in the Sudan. Plant Dis Rep1975; 59: 899–902.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hughes SJ. Fungi from the Gold Coast. Mycol Papers1952; 48: 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Okafor N. Microbial rotting of stored yam (Dioscorea spp.) in Nigeria. Exp Agric1966; 2: 179–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Bates GR. Diseases of citrus fruits in southern Rhodesia. Mazoe Exp Stat Publ1937; 6: 173–208.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Achilea O, Sztejneberg A. A newly discovered disease on lemon trees in Israel caused by the fungus Hendersonula toruloidea. Phytoparasitica1975; 3: 80–81.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ahmed JM. New hosts of Hendersonula toruloidea. FAO Plant Prot Bull1974; 21: 40–42.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Al-Hassan KK, Al-Hassan SA, Hussain F. Outbreaks and new records. FAD Plant Prot Bull 1970; 18: 115–118.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hartman G, Nienhaus F. Gummose-Erreger Phytophthora citropthora(Smith&Smith) Leonian and Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass an Citrus limonin Libanon. 1. Identifizierung and Symptomatologie. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz1974; 81: 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hartmann C, Nienhaus F. Gummose-Erreqer Phytopthora citropthora(Smith&Smith) Leonian and Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass an Citrus limonin Libanon. 2. Jahrezeitliche Anflusse. Z Pflanzenk Pflanzenschutz 1974; 81: 433–457.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Natour RM, El-Haideri H. Occurrence of branch wilt disease caused by Hendersonula toruloidea in Iraq. Plant Dis Rep 1967; 51: 371–373.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Natrrass RM. Annual report of the mycologist for the year 1933. Cyprus Department of Agriculture Annual Report for the Year 1933. 1934; pp 48–57.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Shawkat ALB, Tarabeih AM, Attrakchi AA, et al. Species of Populus and Pinusas new hosts of Hendersonula toruloideain Ninevah, Iraq. Mesopotamia J Agric1979; 14: 99–106

    Google Scholar 

  69. Khan AH. A new disease of mulberry in the forest plantations of the Punjab. Pak J Sci Res1955; 7: 92–99.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Khan AH. Some new diseases of citrus in Pakistan. Mycopathologia1959; 10: 289–302.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Mathur RL, Singh RD. Torula stage of Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass on twigs of Psidium guavaja Linnaeus—a new record. Curr Sci1959; 28: 124 –125.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pandey RS, Bhargava SN, Shukla DN, et al. A new leaf spot disease of mango. Plant Dis Rep1981; 65: 441–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Sujan S, Misra BM. Gummosis and canker in cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.). Indian For1980; 106: 220–223.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wangikar PD, Raut JO, Gopalkrishna N. Drying of grape vines caused by Hendersonula toruloidea. Indian Phytopathol1970; 22: 403–404.

    Google Scholar 

  75. English MP, Akinnson R. Onychomycosis in elderly chiropody patients. Br J Dermatol1974; 91: 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. English MP. Nails and fungi. Bri J Dermatol1976; 94: 697–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rush-Munro FM, Black H, Dingley JM. Onychomycosis caused by Fusarium oxysporum. AustrJ Dermatol1971; 12: 18–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Walshe M, English MP. Fungi in nails. Br J Dermatol1966; 78: 198–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Moore MK, Hay RJ. Circulating antibodies and antigenic cross-reactivity in Hendersonula toruloideaand Scytalidium hyalinuminfections. Br J Dermatol1986; 115: 435–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hay RJ. Ketoconazole in the treatment of fungal infection. Clinical and laboratory studies. Am J Med1983; 74 (Suppl 1B): 16–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Clayton YM. The in vitro activity of terbinafine against uncommon fungal pathogens, in Fromfling RA (ed) Recent Trends in the Discovery, Development and Evaluation of Antifungal Agents. JR Prous Science Publishers, SA., Barcelona. 1987; pp 433–439.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hay RJ, Wells RS, Clayton YM, Wingfield HJ. The use of oral ketoconazole in chronic resistant fungal infections. Br J Dermatol1985; 110: 677–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Clayton YM. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Gentles JC, Jones GR, Roberts DT. Efficacy of miconazole in the topical treatment of tines pedis in sportsmen. Br J Dermatol1975; 93: 79–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hay Rj, Mackie RM, Clayton YM. Tioconazole hall solution—an open study of its efficacy in onychomycosis. Exp Dermatol1985; 10: 111–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Marill FG, Liautaud M, Liautaud B, et al. Dermatite verruquese mycosique due a un champignon dematie inhabitual. Discussion clinque et histopathologique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot1975; 68: 359–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mariat F, Liautaud M, Marill FG. Hendersonula toruloidea, agent d’une dermatite verruquese observée en Algerie. Sabouraudia1978; 16: 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Drouhet E, Dupont B. Laboratory and clinical assessment of ketoconazole in deep-seated mycoses. Am J Med1983; 74 (Suppl 1B): 30–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Miegeville M, Krempf M, Legent F, et al. Scytalidiumforme arthrosporee de Hendersonula toruloideaisole d’une necrose de maxillaire gauche chez un diabetique francais. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med 1986; 15: 427–432.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Miegeville M, Avranche P. Etude epidemologique a la suite de l’isolment d’Hendersonula toruloidea isole d’une necrose maxillaire chez un diabetique francais. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med1986; 15: 423–426.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Zaatari GS, Reed R, Morewessel R. Subcutaneous hyphomycosis caused by Scytalidium hyalinum. Am J Clin Pathol1984; 82: 252–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sigler L, Wang CJK. Scytalidium circinatum sp. nov., a hyphomycete from utility poles. Mycologia, 1990; 82:399–404 in press.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Sigler L, Carmichael JW. Taxonomy of Malbrancheaand some other hyphomycetes with arthroconidia. Mycotaxon1976; 4: 349–488.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Campbell CK. Studies on Hendersonula toruloideaisolated from human skin and nail. Sahouraudia1974; 12: 150–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Moore MK. Morphological and physiological studies of isolates of Hendersonula toruloideaNattrass cultured from human skin and nail samples. J Med VetMycol 1988; 26: 25–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rayner RW. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycologicc Institute. Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom. 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Campbell CK. Hyphal wall swellings in Hendersonula toruloidea Trans Br Mycol Soc1976; 66: 158–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Achten G, Wanet-Rouard J, Wiame L, et al. Les onychomycoses a moisissures. Dermatologica 1979;159 (Suppl 1): 128–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Evans EGV, Hose J. In vitro degradation of human hair by Hendersonula toruloidea. Sabouraudia 1975; 14: 323–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Van Eijk GW, Roeymans HJ. Naphthoquinone derivatives from the fungus Hendersonula toruloidea. Experientia1978; 34: 1257–1258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Howell SA, Moore MK, Mallet AI, et al. Sterols of fungi responsible for superficial skin and nail infection. J Gen Microbiol1990; 136: 241–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Davison FD, Mackenzie DWR, Owen RJ. Deoxyribonucleic acid base compositions of dermatophytes. J Gen Microbiol1980; 118: 465–470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moore, M.K. (1992). The Infection of Human Skin and Nail by Scytalidium Species . In: Borgers, M., Hay, R., Rinaldi, M.G. (eds) Current Topics in Medical Mycology. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2762-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2762-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7657-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2762-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics