Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Expression by Transgenic Mouse Placenta of a Human Placental Hormone, the β-Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

  • Conference paper
Trophoblast Cells

Part of the book series: Serono Symposia, USA Norwell, Massachusetts ((SERONOSYMP))

  • 46 Accesses

Abstract

Chorionic gonadotropin (CG) is a member of a family of glycoprotein hormones that includeslutropin (LH), follitropin, and thyrotropin. The 4 hormones are heterodimers with a common α-subunit and unique β-subunits. While follitropin, thyrotropin, and LH are synthesized in the pituitary, CG is produced by the placenta. The LHβ and hCGβ subunits are structurally and functionally very similar; they share more than 80% amino acid sequence identity. Although all mammals synthesize LH, CG is produced only by primates and the horse (1). The CGβ and LHβ subunit genes comprise a linked 7-member cluster; the 6 CGβ genes are thought to have arisen by gene duplication of an ancestral single LHR gene (1–4) (Fig. 18.1). The CGβ synthesis peaks in the first trimester and declines thereafter to barely detectable levels at term (5, 6). Most of steady state CGβ mRNA is transcribed from CGβ genes 5, 3, and 8; the relative levels of expression are β5 > β3 = β8 > β7, β1, β2 (4).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fiddes JC, Talmadge K. Structure, expression, and evolution of the genes for the human glycoprotein hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 1984;40:43–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Policastio P, Daniels-McQueen S, Carle G, Boime I. A map of the hCGRβ-LHβ gene cluster. J Biol Chem 1986;261:5907–16.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Graham MY, Otani T, Boime I, Olson MV, Carle GF, Chaplin DD. Cosmid mapping of the human chorionic gonadotropin R subunit genes by field–inversion gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15: 4437 – 48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bo M, Boime I. Identification of the transcriptionally active genes of the chorionic gonadotropin P gene cluster, in vivo. J Biol Chem 1992;267:3179–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ashitaka Y, Nishimura R, Takemori M, Tojo S. Production and secretion of hCG and hCG subunits by trophoblastic tissue. In: Segal S, ed. Chorionic gonadotropin. New York: Plenum Press, 1980:147–75.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Boime I, Landefeld T, McQueen S, McWilliams D. The biosynthesis of chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in first– and third–trimester human placenta. In: McKerns KW, ed. Structure and function of the gonado¬tropins. New York: Plenum Press, 1978:235–57.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ramsey E. The placenta. New York: Praeger, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Enders AC. Formation of syncytium from cytotrophoblast in the human placenta. Obstet Gynecol 1965;25:378–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pierce GB, Midgley AR. The origin and function of human syncytio-tropho-blastic giant cell. Am J Pathol 1963;43:153–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wynn RM. Cytotrophoblastic specialization: an ultrastructional study of the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;114:339–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hoshina M, Boothby M, Hussa R, Pattillo R, Camel HM, Boime I. Linkage of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen biosynthesis to trophoblast differentiation and tumorigenesis. Placenta 1965;6:163–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoshina M, Hussa R, Patillo R, Boime I. Cytological distribution of chorionic gonadotropin subunit and placental lactogen messenger RNA in neoplasms derived from human placenta. J Biol Chem 1983;97:1200–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Boime I, Boothby M, Hoshina M, Daniels-McQueen S, Darnell R. Expression and structure of human placental hormone genes as a function of placental development. Biol Reprod 1982;26:73–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hochberg A, Sibley C, Pixley M, Sadovsky Y, Strauss B, Boime I. Choriocarcinoma cells increase the number of differentiating human cytotrophoblasts through an in vitro interaction. J Biol Chem 1991;266:8517–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kliman H, Nestler J, Sermasi E, Sanger J, Strauss J III. Purification, characterization and in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts from term placentae. Endocrinology 1986;118:1567–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Daniels-McQueen S, Krichevsky A, Boime I. Isolation and characterization of human cytotrophoblast cells. Trophoblast Res 1987; 2: 423–45.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ilgren EB. Review article: control of trophoblastic growth. Placenta 1983;4:307–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Faria TN, Ogren L, Talamantes F, Linzer DIH, Soares MJ. Localization of placental lactogen-I in trophoblast giant cells of the mouse placenta. Biol Reprod 1991;44:327–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Soares MJ, Julian JA, Glasser SR. Trophoblast giant cell release of placental lactogens: temporal and regional characteristics. Dev Biol 1985;107:520–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Faria TN, Deb S, Kook SCM, Talamantes F, Soares MJ. Ontogeny of placental lactogen-I and placental lactogen-II expression in the developing rat placenta. Dev Biol 1990;141:279–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wurzel JM. The luteotropic activity of the rat placenta is not due to a chorionic gonadotropin. Endocrinology 1983;113:1854–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bokar JA, Keri RA, Farmerie TA, et al. Expression of the glycoprotein α-subunit gene in the placenta requires a functional cyclic AMP response element, whereas a differentcis-acting element mediates pituitary-specific expression. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:5113–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Darnell RB, Boime I. Differential expression of the human gonadotropin a gene in ectopic and eutopic cells. Mol Cell Biol 1985;5:3157–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kennedy GC, Andersen B, Nilson JH. The human a subunit glycoprotein hormone gene utilizes a unique CCAAT binding factor. J Biol Chem 1990 265:36279–85.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Delegeane AM, Ferland LH, Melton PL. Tissue-specific enhancer of the human glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene: dependence on cyclic AMP-inducible elements. Mol Cell Biol 1987;7:3994–4002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Silver BJ, Bokar JA, Virgin JB, Vallen EA, Milsted A, Nilson JH. Cyclic AMP regulation of the human glycoprotein hormone a–subunit gene is mediated by an 18-base-pair element. PNAS 1987;84:2198–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chatterjee VKK, Madison LD, Mayo S, Jameson JL. Repression of the human glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene by glucocorticoids: evidence for receptor interactions with limiting transcriptional activators. Mol Endocrinol 1991;5:100–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fenstermaker RA, Farmerie TA, Clay CM, Hamernik D, Nilson JH. Dif¬ferent combinations of regulatory elements may account for expression of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene in primate and horse placenta. Mol Endocrinol 1990;4:1480–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Otani T, Otani F, Krych M, Chaplin DD, Boime I. Identification of a promoter in the CGO gene cluster. J Biol Chem 1988;263:7322–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Albanese C, Kay TWH, Troccoli NM, Jameson JL. Novel cyclic adenosine 3’,5’ monophosphate response element in the human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit gene. Mol Endocrinol 1991;5:693–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jameson JL, Deutsch PJ, Chatterjee VKK, Habener JF. Regulation of a and CGR gene expression. In: Chin W, Boime I, eds. Glycoprotein hormones. New York: Raven Press, 1990:269–76.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fenstermaker RA, Milsted A, Virgin JB, Miller WL, Nilson JH. The transcriptional response of the human chorionic glycoprotein hormone 0–subunit to CAMP is cycloheximide sensitive and is mediated by cis–acting sequences different from that found in the α-subunit gene. Mol Endocrinol 1989;4:1070–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Melton DA, Krieg PA, Rebagliati MR, Maniatis T, Zinn K, Green MR. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1984;12:7035–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Evans T, Felsenfeld G, Reitman M. Control of globin gene expression. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1990;6:95–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Spiegelman BM, Frank M, Green H. Molecular cloning of mRNA from 3T3 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1983;258:10083–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. . Talmadge K, Vamvakopoulos NC, Fiddes JC. Evolution of the genes for the 0 subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone. Nature 1984;305:37–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gaspard U, Hustin J, Rentes A. Immunofluorescent localization of placental lactogen, chorionic gonadotropin and its a– and O–subunits in organ cultures of human placenta. Placenta 1980;1:135–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Brian L. Strauss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robin H. Pittman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John H. Nilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Irving Boime
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 66160, Kansas City, KS, USA

    Michael J. Soares Ph.D.

  2. Department of Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, 95064, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Frank Talamantes Ph.D.

  3. Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 45229, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stuart Handwerger M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Strauss, B.L., Pittman, R.H., Nilson, J.H., Boime, I. (1993). Expression by Transgenic Mouse Placenta of a Human Placental Hormone, the β-Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. In: Soares, M.J., Talamantes, F., Handwerger, S. (eds) Trophoblast Cells. Serono Symposia, USA Norwell, Massachusetts. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2718-2_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2718-2_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7641-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2718-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation