Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for its edible fruit and delicate taste. The plant grows fast and the fruit can be harvested 8–10 months after transplanting the tree in the field. It continues producing fruit for 2–3 years under normal conditions. The delicious and nutritious fruit contains a popular protease, papain, which helps to digest food for assimilation. The extensive adaption of this plant and wide acceptance of the fruit offer considerable promise for papaya as a commercial crop for local and export purpose. Like banana, pineapple, and mango, papaya is one of the important cash crops in the tropics and subtropics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel, P.P., Nelson, R.S., De, B., Hoffmann, N., Rogers, S.G., Fraley, R.T., and Beachy, R.N. 1986. Delay of disease development in transgenic plant that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene. Science 232:738–743.
Adsuar, J. 1946. Studies on virus disease of papaya (Carica papaya) in Puerto Rico, I. Transmission of papaya mosaic. Puerto Rico Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Pap. 1.
Ahlquist, P., French, R., Janda, M., and Loesch-Fries, L.S. 1984. Muticomponent RNA plant virus infection derived from cloned viral cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:7066–7070.
Allison, R.F., Johnston, R.E., and Dougherty, W.G. 1986. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of tobacco etch virus genomic RNA: Evidence for the synthesis of a single polyprotein. Virology 154:9–20.
Arora, I.K., and Singh, R.N. 1978. Growth hormones and in vitro callus formation of papaya, Sci. Hortic. 8:357–361.
Atreya, C.D., Raccah, B., and Pirone, T.P. 1990. A point mutation in the coat protein abolishes aphid transmissibility of a potyvirus. Virology 178:161–165.
Bevan, M. 1984. Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation. Nucl. Acids Res. 12:8711–8721.
Bevan, M.W., Mason, S.E., and Goelet, P. 1985. Expression of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein by cauliflower mosaic virus promoter in plants transformed by Agrobacterium. EMBO J. 4:1921–1926.
Capoor, S.P., and Varma, P.M. 1948. A mosaic disease of Carica papaya L. in the Bombay province. Current Sci. 17:265–266.
Chang, C.A. 1979. Isolation and comparison of two isolates of papaya ringspot virus in Taiwan. J. Agric. Res. China 28:207–216.
Chen, M.H., Wang, P.J., and Maeda, E. 1987. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Carica papaya L. tissue culture derived from root explants. Plant Cell Rep. 6:348–351.
Conover, R.A. 1964. Distortion ringspot, a severe disease of papaya in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 77:440–444.
Conover, R.A. 1976. A program for development of papayas tolerant to the distortion ringspot virus. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 89:229–231.
Conover, R.A., and Litz, R.E. 1978. Progress in breeding papayas with tolerance to papaya ringspot virus. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 91:182–184.
Cook, A.A. 1972. Virus diseases of papaya. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 750 (Tech.), 19pp.
Cook, A.A., and Zettler, F.W. 1970. Susceptibility of papaya cultivars to papaya ringspot and papaya mosaic virus. Plant Dis. Rep. 54:893–895.
Cost, A.S., and Muller, G.W. 1980. Tristeza control by cross protection: A U.S.-Brazil cooperative success. Plant Dis. 64:538–541.
Cuozzo, M., O’cnnell, K.M., Kaniewski, W., Fang, R.X., Chua, N.H., and Turner, N. 1988. Viral protection in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein or its antisense RNA. Biotechnology 6:549–557.
Dawson, W.O., Beck, D.L., Knorr, D.A., and Grantham, G.L. 1986. cDNA cloning of the complete genome of tobacco mosaic virus and production of infectious transcript. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:1832–1836.
De La Rosa, M., and Lastra, R. 1983. Purification and partial characterization of papaya ringspot virus. Phytopathol. Z. 106:329–336.
De Mejia, M.V.G., Hiebert, E., and Purcifull, D.E. 1985. Isolation and partial characterization of the amorphous cytoplasmic inclusions associated with infections caused by two potyviruses. Virology 142:24–33.
De Mejia, M.V.G., Hiebert, E., Purcifull, D.E., Thornbury, D.W., and Pirone, T.P. 1985. Identification of potyviral amorphous inclusion protein as a nonstructural, virus-specific protein related to helper component. Virology 142:34–43.
De Zoeten, G.A., and Fulton, R.W. 1975. Understanding generates possibilities. Phytopathology 65:221–222.
Domier, L.L., Franklin, K.M., Shahabuddin, M., Hellmann, G.M., Lomonossoff, G.P., Shaw, J.G., and Rhoads, R.D. 1986. The nucleotide sequence of tobacco vein mottling virus RNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 13:5417–5430.
Domier, L.L., Franklin, K.M., Hunt, A.G., Rhoads, R.E., and Shaw, J.G. 1989. Infectious in vitro transcript from cloned cDNA of a potyvirus, tobacco vein mottling virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:3509–3513.
Fitch, M.M.M., and Manshardt, R.M. 1990. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature zygotic embryos of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Plant Cell Rep. 9:320–324.
Fitch, M.M.M., Manshardt, R.M., Gonsalves, D., Slightom, J.L., and Sanford, J.C. 1990. Stable transformation of papaya via microprojectile bombardment. Plant Cell Rep. 9:189–194.
Fitch, M.M.M., Manshardt, R.M., Gonsalves, D., Slightom, J.L., and Sanford, J.C. 1992. Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of papaya ringspot virus. Bio/ Technology 10:1466–1472.
Fletcher, J.T. 1978. The use of avirulent virus strains to protect plants against the effects of virulent strains. Ann. Appl. Biol. 89:110–114.
Fletcher, J.T., and Rowe, J.M. 1975. Observations and experiments on the use of an avirulent mutant strain of tobacco mosaic virus as a means of controlling tomato mosaic. Ann. Appl. Biol. 81:171–179.
Frazer, L.R., Long, K., and Cox, J. 1968. Stem pitting of grapefruit-field protection by the use of mild virus strains. Proceeding, 4th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 27–31.
French, R., and Ahlquist, P. 1988. Characterization and engineering of sequences controlling in vivo synthesis of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA. J. Virol. 52:2411–2420.
Fulton, R.W. 1986. Practices and precautions in the use of cross protection for plant virus disease control. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 24:67–81.
Gal-On, A., Antignus, Y., Rosner, A., and Raccah, B. 1991. Infectious in vitro RNA transcripts derived form cloned cDNA of the cucurbit potyvirus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2639–2643.
Gibbs, A. 1969. Plant virus classification. Adv. Virus Res. 14:263–328.
Gierer, A., and Mundry, K.W. 1958. Production of mutants of tobacco mosaic virus by chemical alteration of its ribonucleic acid. Nature (London) 182:1457–1458.
Gonsalves, D., and Garnsey, S.M. 1989. Cross protection techniques for control of virus diseases in the tropics. Plant Dis. 73:592–597.
Gonsalves, D., and Ishii, M. 1980. Purification and serology of papaya ringspot virus. Phytopathology 70:1028–1032.
Grant, T.J., and Costa, A.S. 1951. A mild strain of the tristeza virus of citrus. Phytopathology 41:114–122.
Grant, T.J., and Higgins, R.P. 1957. Occurrence of mixture of tristeza virus strains in citrus. Phytopathology 47:272–276.
Heaton, L.A., Carrington, J.C., and Morris, T.J. 1989. Turnip crinkle virus infection from RNA synthesized in vitro. Virology 170:214–218.
Hemenway, C., Fang, R.X., Kaniewski, W., Chua, N.H., and Tumer, N.E. 1988. Analysis of the mechanism of protection in transgenic plants expressing potato virus X protein or its antisense RNA. EMBO J. 7:1273–1280.
Herold, F., and Weibel, J. 1962. Electron microscopic demonstration of papaya ringspot virus. Virology 18:307–311.
Hoekema, A., Hirsch, P.R., Hooykaas, P.J.J., and Schilperoort, R.A. 1983. A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of Vir and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature (London) 303:179–180.
Holt, C.A., Hodgson, R.A., Coker, F.A., Beachy, R.N., and Nelson, R.S. 1990. Characterization of the masked strain of tobacco mosaic virus: Identification of the region responsible for symptom attenuation by analysis of an infectious cDNA clone. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:417–423.
Jensen, D.D. 1949. Papaya ringspot virus and its insect vector relationships. Phytopathology 39:212–220.
Johansen, E., Rasmussen, O.F., Heide, M., and Borkhardt, B. 1991. The complete nucleotide sequence of pea seed-borne mosaic virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2625–2632.
Khuspe, S.S., Hendre, R.R., Mascarenhas, A.F., Jagannathan, V., Thombre, M.V., and Joshi, A.B. 1980. Utilization of tissue culture to isolate interspecific hybrids in Carica L. In P.S. Rao, M.R. Heble, and M.S. Chadha, eds., Plant Tissue Culture, Genetic Manipulation and Somatic Hybridization of Plant Cells. Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India, pp. 198–205.
Lana, A.F. 1980. Transmission and properties of virus isolated from Carica papaya in Nigeria. J. Hortic. Sci. 55:191–197.
Lawson, C., Kaniewski, W., Haley, L., Rozman, R., Newell, C., Sanders, P., and Tumer, N.E. 1990. Engineering resistance to mixed virus infection in a commercial potato cultivar: resistance to potato virus X and potato virus Y in transgenic russet burbank. Biotechnology 8:127–134.
Lin, C.C. 1980. Strains of papaya ringspot virus and their cross protection. Ph.D. thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Linder, R.C., Jensen, D.D., and Ikeda, W. 1945. Ringspot: new papaya plunderer. Hawaii Farm Home 8:10–14.
Ling, K., Namba, S., Gonsalves, C., Slightom, J.L., and Gonsalves, D. 1991. Protection against detrimental effects of potyvirus infection in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the papaya ringspot virus coat protein gene. Biotechnology 9:752–748.
Litz, R.E. 1984. Papaya. In D.A. Evans, W.R. Sharp, P.V. Ammirato, and Y. Yanada, eds., Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Vol. 2. New York, Macmillan, pp. 349–368.
Litz, R.E., and Conover, R.A. 1981. Effect of sex type, season, and other factors on in vitro establishment and culture of Carica papaya L. expiants. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 106:792–794.
Litz, R.E., and Conover, R.A. 1982. In vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from Carica papaya L. ovular callus. Plant Sci. Lett. 26:153–158.
Litz, R.E., and Conover, R.A. 1983. High-frequency somatic embryogenesis from Carica suspension culture. Ann Bot. 51:683–686.
Litz, R.E., O’Hair, S.K., and Conover, R.A. 1983. In vitro growth of Carica papaya L. cotyledons. Sci. Hort. 19:287–293.
Loesch-Fries, L.S., Merlo, D., Zinnen, T., Burhop, L., Hill, K., Krahn, K., Jarvis, N., Nelson, S., and Halk, E. 1987. Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 in transgenic plants confers virus resistance. EMBO J. 6:1845–1851.
Maiss, E., Timpe, U., Brisske, A., Jelkmann, W., Casper, R., Himmler, G., Mattanovich, D., and Katinger, H.W.D. 1989. The complete nucleotide sequence of plum pox virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 70:513–524.
Manshardt, R.M., and Wenslaff, T.F. 1989. Zygotic polyembryony in interspecific hybrids of Carica papaya and C. cauliflora. J. Am Soc. Hort. Sci. 114:684–689.
Manshardt, R.M., and Wenslaff, T.F. 1989. Interspecific hybridization of papaya with other Carica species. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114:689–694.
Martelli, G.P., and Russo, M. 1976. Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions induced by watermelon mosaic virus. Virology 72:352–362.
Mau, R.F.L., Gonsalves, D., and Bautista, R. 1990. Use of cross-protection to control papaya ringspot virus at Waianae. Proc. 25th Annual Papaya Industry Association Conference, 1989, pp. 77–84.
McKinney, H.H. 1929. Mosaic diseases in the Canary Islands, West Africa, and Gibraltar. J. Agric. Res. 39:557–578.
McMillan, Jr., R.T., and Gonsalves, D. 1987. Effectiveness of cross-protection by a mild mutant of papaya ringspot virus for control of ringspot disease of papaya in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100:294–296.
Mekako, H.U., and Nakasone, H.Y. 1975. Interspecific hybridization among six Carica species. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 100:237–242.
Meshi, T., Ishikawa, M., Motoyoshi, F., Semba, K., and Okada, Y. 1986. In vitro transcription of infectious RNAs from full-length cDNAs of tobacco mosaic virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:5043–5047.
Muller, G.W., and Costa, A.S. 1977. Tristeza control in Brazil by preimmunization with mild strains. Proc. Int. Soc. Citric. 3:868–872.
Mundry, K.W. 1959. The effect of nitrous acid on tobacco mosaic virus: Mutation not selection. Virology 9:722–726.
Nagel, J., and Hiebert, E. 1985. Complementary DNA cloning and expressing of the papaya ringspot potyvirus sequences encoding capsid protein and a nuclear inclusion-like protein in Escherichia coli. Virology 143:435–441.
Namba, R., and Higa, S.Y. 1977. Retention of the inoculativity of the papaya mosaic virus by the green peach aphid. Proc. Hawaii Entomol. Soc. 22:491–494.
Nelson, R.S., McCormick, S.M., Delannay, X., Dube, P., Layton, J., Anderson, E.J., Kaniewska, M., Proksch, R.K., Horsch, R.B., Rogers, S.G., Fraley, R.T., and Beachy, R.N. 1988. Virus tolerance, plant growth, and field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing coat protein from tobacco mosaic virus. Biotechnology 6:403–409.
Olson, E.O. 1956. Mild and severe strains of the tristeza virus in Texas citrus. Phytopathology 46:336–341.
Olson, E.O. 1958. Responses of lime and sour orange seedlings and four scion rootstock combinations to infection by strains of the tristeza virus. Phytopathology 48:454–459.
Oshima, N. 1975. The control of tomato mosaic disease with attenuated virus of tomato strain of TMV. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:126–135.
Pang, S.Z., and Sanford, J.C. 1988. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in papaya. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113:287–291.
Ponz, F., and Bruening, G. 1986. Mechanism of resistance to plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 24:355–381.
Price, W.C. 1970. Citrus tristeza virus. CMI/AAB Description of Plant Viruses, No. 33.
Provvidenti, R., and Gonsalves, D. 1982. Resistance to papaya ringspot virus in Cucumis metuliferus and its relationship to watermelon mosaic virus 1. J. Hered. 73:239–240.
Purcifull, D.E., and Edwardson, J.R. 1967. Watermelon mosaic virus: tubular inclusion in pumpkin leaves and aggregates in leaf extracts. Virology 32:393–401.
Purcifull, D.E., and Hiebert, E. 1979. Serological distinction of watermelon mosaic virus isolates. Phytopathology 69:112–116.
Purcifull, D.E., Edwardson, J., Hiebert, E., and Gonsalves, D. 1984. Papaya ringspot virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 292.
Quemada, H., L’Hostis, B., Gonsalves, D., Reardon, I.M., Heinrikson, R., Hiebert, E.L., Sieu, L.C., and Slightom, J.L. 1990. The nucleotide sequences of the 3′-terminal regions of papaya ringspot virus strains W and P. J. Gen. Virol. 71:203–210.
Quiot-Douine, L., Purcifull, D.E., and de Mejia, M.V.G. 1986. Serological relationships and in vitro translation of an antigenically distinct strain of papaya ringspot virus. Phytopathology 76:346–351.
Rast, A.T.B. 1972. M II-16, an artificial symptomless mutant of tobacco mosaic for seedling inoculation of tomato crops. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 78:110–112.
Rast, A.T.B. 1975. Variability of tobacco mosaic virus in relation to control tomato mosaic in greenhouse tomato crops by resistance breeding and cross protection. Agr. Res. Rept. 834:1–76. Inst. Phytopathol. Res. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Riechmann, J.L., Lain, S., and Garcia, J.A. 1990. Infectious in vitro transcripts from plum pox potyvirus cDNA clone. Virology 177:710–716.
Robaglia, C., Durand-Tardif, M., Tronchet, M., Boudazin, G., Astier-Manifacier, S., and Casse-Delbart, F. 1989. Nucleotide sequence of potato virus Y (N strain) genomic RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 70:935–947.
Siegel, A. 1965. Artificial production of mutants of tobacco mosaic virus. Adv. Virus Res. 11:25–60.
Singh, A.B. 1969. A new virus disease of Carica papaya in India. Plant Dis. Rep. 53:267–269.
Story, G.E., and Halliwell, R.S. 1969. Identification of distortion ringspot virus disease of papaya in the Dominican Republic. Plant Dis. Rep. 53:757–760.
Stubbs, L.L. 1964. Transmission and protective inoculation studies with viruses of the citrus tristeza complex. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 15:752–770.
Turner, N.E., O’Connell, K.M., Nelson, R.S., Sanders, P.R., Beachy, R.N., Fraley, R.T., and Shah, D.M. 1987. Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein gene confers cross-protection in transgenic tobacco and tomato plants. EMBO J. 6:1181–1188.
van der Werf, S., Bradley, J., Wimmer, E., Studier, F.W., and Dunn, J.J. 1986. Synthesis of infectious polio virus RNA by purified T7 RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:2330–2334.
van Dun, C.M.P., Bol, J.F., and van Vloten-Doting, L. 1987. Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus and tobacco rattle virus protein genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Virology 159:299–305.
van Dun, C.M.P., Overduin, B., van Vloten-Doting, L., and Bol, J.F. 1988. Transgenic tobacco streak virus or mutated alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein does not cross-protect against alfalfa mosaic virus infection. Virology 164:383–389.
Verchot, J., Koonin, E.V., and Carrington, J.C. 1991. The 35-kDa protein from the N-terminus of the potyviral polyprotein functions as a third virus-encoded proteinase. Virology 185:527–535.
Vos, P., Jaegle, M., Wellink, J., Verver, J., Eggen, R., van Kammen, A., and Goldbach, R. 1988. Infectious RNA transcripts derived from full-length DNA copies of the genomic RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus. Virology 165:33–41.
Wang, C.H., and Yeh, S.-D. 1992. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the 3’terminal region of severe, mild, and non-papaya infecting strains of papaya ringspot virus. Arch. Virol. 127:345–354.
Wang, H.L., Wang, C.C., Chiu, R.J., and Sun, M.H. 1978. Preliminary study on papaya ringspot virus in Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 20:133–140.
Wang, H.L., Yeh, S.-D., Chiu, R.-J., and Gonsalves, D. 1987. Effectiveness of cross-protection by mild mutants of papaya ringspot virus for control of ringspot disease of papaya in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 71:491–497.
Yamaya, J., Yoshioka, M., Meshi, T., Okada, Y., and Ohno, T. 1988. Expression of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in transgenic plants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 211:520–525.
Yeh, S.-D., and Gonsalves, D. 1984. Evaluation of induced mutants of papaya ringspot virus for control by cross protection. Phytopathology 74:1086–1091.
Yeh, S.-D., and Gonsalves, D. 1984. Purification and immunological analyses of cylindrical-inclusion protein induced by papaya ringspot virus and watermelon mosaic virus 1. Phytopathology 74:1273–1278.
Yeh, S.-D., and Gonsalves, D. 1985. Translation of papaya ringspot virus RNA in vitro: Detection of a possible polyprotein that is processed for capsid protein, cylindrical-inclusion protein, and amorphous-inclusion protein. Virology 143:260–271.
Yeh, S.-D., and Bih, F.Y. 1989. Comparative studies on in vitro translation of a severe strain and a mild strain of papaya ringspot virus. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan, R.O.C.) 31:276–289.
Yeh, S.-D., and Cheng, Y.-H. 1989. Use of resistant Cucumis metuliferus for selection of nitrous-acid induced attenuated strains of papaya ringspot virus. Phytopathology 79:1257–1261.
Yeh, S.-D., Gonsalves, D., and Provvidenti, R. 1984. Comparative studies on host range and serology of papaya ringspot virus and watermelon mosaic virus 1. Phytopathology 74:1081–1085.
Yeh, S.-D., Gonsalves, D., Wang, H.-W., Namba, R., and Chiu, R.-J. 1988. Control of papaya ringspot virus by cross protection. Plant Dis. 72:375–380.
Yeh, S.-D., Jan, F.-J., Chiang, C.-H., Doong, T.-J., Chen, M.-C., Chung, P.-H., and Bau, H.-J. 1992. Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of papaya ringspot virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 73:2531–2541.
Yie, S.T., and Liaw, S.I. 1977. Plant regeneration from shoot tips and callus of papaya. In Vitro 13:564–567.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yeh, SD., Gonsalves, D. (1994). Practices and Perspective of Control of Papaya Ringspot Virus by Cross Protection. In: Harris, K.F. (eds) Advances in Disease Vector Research. Advances in Disease Vector Research, vol 10. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2590-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2590-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7596-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2590-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive