Abstract
The occurrence of flagellated protozoa as internal parasites in plants was first reported by Lafont in 1909 who found them in the latex of Euphorbia pilulifera in Mauritius (78). From the start, hemipterans were suspected of transmitting these plant parasites. However, as described in this chapter, only in a few instances the vector role of phytophagous bugs has been experimentally evidenced.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aders, W.M. 1909. Herpetomonas aspongopi. Parasitology 2:202–207.
Alva, Z.B. 1956. Flagelados en el latex de la Jatropha macrantha (Huanarpo hembra). Arch. Per. Patol. Clin. 10:1–12.
Antonucci, A. 1941. Sopra un nuovo Leptomonas degli emitteri Legeidi (Leptomonas pierantonii n. sp.). Arch. Zool. Ital. 29:63–75.
Archibald, R.G. 1911. Herpetomonas lygaei considered from a protozoological and medical aspect. Fourth Report Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Karthoum, Bailliére, Tindall, and Cox, London, pp. 179–184.
Asgarali, J., and Ramkalup, P. 1985. Study of Lincus sp. (Pentatomidae) as a possible vector of hartrot in coconut. Surin. Landb. 33:56–61.
Attias, M., Roitman, I., Camargo, E.P., Dollet, M., and Souza, W. 1988. Comparative analysis of the fine structure of four isolates of trypanosomatids of the genus. Phytomonas. J. Protozool. 35:365–370.
Attias, M., and Souza, W. 1986. Axenic cultivation and ultrastructural study of a Phytomonas sp. isolated from the milkweed plant. Euphorbia hyssopifolia. J. Protozool. 33:84–87.
Ayala, S.C., Quintero, O.B., and Barreto, P. 1974. Tripanosomátideos de plantas laticiferas y sus insectos transmisores en Colombia y Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 23:5–15.
Barnett, H.C. 1946. The relation of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.) to flagellosis in laticiferous plants. Thesis, University of Minnesota.
Bensaude, M. 1925. Flagellates in plants: a review of foreign literature. Phytopathology 15:273–281.
Bezerra, J.L., and Figueiredo, J.M. 1982. Ocorrência de Phytomonas staheli McGhee et McGhee em coqueiro (Cocos nucifera) no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Fitopatol. Bras. 7:139–143.
Blacklock, B. 1923. The aetiology of Kala-Azar and tropical sore. Lancet 205:273–274.
Blakely, N. 1980. Divergence in seed resource use among neotropical milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus). Oikos 35:8–15.
Bouet, G., and Roubaud, E. 1911. Sur la présence au Dahomey et le mode de transmission de Leptomonas davidi Lafont, flagellé parasite des Euphorbiacées. C.R. Soc. Biol. 70:55–57.
Camargo, E.P., Coelho, J.A., and Moraes, G. 1978. Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp. and Leptomonas spp.: Enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism. Exp. Parasitol. 46:141–144.
Camargo, E.P., Kastelein, P., and Roitman, I. 1990. Trypanosomatid parasites of plants (Phytomonas). Parasitol. Today 6:22–25.
Camargo, E.P., Sbravate, C., Teixeira, M.M.G., Uliana, S., Soares, M., Affonso, H., and Floeter-Winter, L. 1992. Ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and synthetic oligonucleotide probing in the identification of genera of lower trypanosomatids. J. Parasitol. 78:40–48.
Camargo, E.P., Silva, S., Roitman, I., Souza, W., Jankevicius, J.V., and Dollet, M. 1987. Enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism in trypanosomatids of the genus. Phytomonas. J. Protozool. 34:439–441.
Carter, R.M. 1911. Non-ulcerating oriental sore: The cultural characteristics of the parasite as compared with a new similar parasite in Erythesina fullo (Thunb.), a pentatomid bug. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 5:15–34.
Carter, W. 1973. Insects in Relation to Plant Diseases, 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York.
Chaplin, S.I. 1973. Reproductive isolation between two sympatric species of Oncopeltus (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae) in the tropics. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66:997–1000.
Chenon, R.D. 1984. Recherches sur le genre Lincus Stal, Hemiptera Pentatomidae Discocephalinae, et son rôle éventuel dans la transmission de la Marchitez du palmier à huile et du Hart-Rot du cocotier. Oleagineux 39:1–6.
Conchon, I., Campaner, M., Sbravate, C., and Camargo, E.P. 1989. Trypanosomatids, other than Phytomonas spp., isolated and cultured from fruit. J. Protozool. 36:412–414.
De Leeuw, G.T.N., and Kastelein, P. 1987. Observation of flagellate protozoa (Phytomonas sp.) in Cocos nucifera, Cecropia palmata and Euphorbia hirta. J. Phytopathol. 120:25–30.
Dollet, M. 1982. Les maladies des palmiers et cocotiers à protozoaires flagellés intraphloémiques en Amérique Latine (Phy tomonas sp., Trypanosomatidae). Oleagineux 37:9–12.
Dollet, M. 1984. Plant diseases caused by flagellate protozoa (Phytomonas). Ann. Rev. Phytopathol 22:115–132.
Dollet, M., Cambrony, D., and Gargani, D. 1982. Culture axénique in vitro de Phytomonas sp. (Trypanosomatidae) d’euphorbe transmis par Stenocephalus agilis Scop. (Coreide). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. III 295:547–550.
Dollet, M., Gargani, D., Cambrony, D., and Dzido, J.L. 1983. Observations of flagellate Protozoa (Phytomonas sp.) in the xylem of Euphorbia lasiocarpa in Ecuador. Can. J. Bot. 61:237–240.
Dollet, M., Giannotti, J., and Ollagnier, M. 1977. Observation de protozoaires flagellés dans les tubes criblés de palmiers à huile malades. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D 284:643–645.
Dolling, W.R. 1984. Pentatomid bugs (Hemiptera) that transmit a flagellate disease of cultivated palms in South America. Bull. Entomol. Res. 74: 473–476.
Donovan, C. 1909. Kalaazar in Madras, especialy with regard to its connexion with the dog and the bug (Conorrhinus). Lancet Nov. 20: 1195–1196.
Duffey, S.S., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1972. Cardiac glycosides in North American Asclepiadaceae, a basis for unpalatability in brightly colored Hemiptera and Coleoptera. J. Insect Physiol. 18:63–78.
Dussourd, D.E., and Eisner, T. 1987. Vein cutting behavior:insect counterploy to the latex defense of plants. Science 237:898–901.
Fantham, H.B. 1925. Some parasitic Protozoa found in South Africa—VIII. S. Afric. J. Sci. 22:346–354.
Fantham, H.B. 1926. Some flagellates in plants. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19:347–348.
Figueiredo, E.N., Yoshida, N., Roitman, I., and Camargo, E.P. 1978. Enzymes of the ornithine-arginine metabolism in the genus. Crithidia. J. Protozool. 25:546–549.
Fiorini, J.E., Silva, F.P.M., Brasil, R.P., Roitman, I., Angluster, J., and Souza, W. 1986. Detection of trypanosomatids in Solanum gilo, and Solanum lycopersicum in Alienas M.G. Brazil. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 81 (Suppl.):33.
Franchini, G. 1922. Sur un flagellé nouveau du latex de deux apocynées. Bull Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:109–113.
Franchini, G. 1922. Sur un flagellé de Lygaeidae (Crithidia oxycareni n. sp.). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:113–116.
Franchini, G. 1922. Sur un trypanosome du latex de deux espèces d’euphorbes. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:18–23.
Franchini, G. 1922. Flagellés et amibes d’une urticacée éxotique. Ficus parietalis. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:399–405.
Franchini, G. 1922. Nouvelles recherches sur les trypanosomes des euphorbes et sur leur culture. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:299–303.
Franchini, G. 1922. Au sujet de la culture de l’Herpetomonas du Pyrrochoris apterus. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 15:163–165.
Franchini, G. 1922. Flagellose du chou et des punaises du chou. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 22:164–165.
Franchini, G. 1923. Sur les protozoaires des plantes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 37:879–885.
Franchini, G. 1923. Nouvelles recherches sur les protozoaires des plantes à latex. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 16:655–659.
Franchini, G. 1923. Sur un flagellé d’une Asclepiadacée (Araujia angustifolia). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 16:652–655.
Franchini, G. 1923. Sur un flagellé particulier d’une urticacée (Ficus benjamina). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 16:650–652.
Franchini, G. 1931. Su di flagellato speciale des lattice del Ficus hochstetteri (Mig.) A. Rich. Arch. Ital Sci. Med. Col. 12:637–643.
França, C. 1914. La flagellose des Euphorbes. Arch. Protistenk. 34:108–132.
França, C. 1919. L’insect transmetteur de Leptomonas davidi. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 12:513–514.
França, C. 1920. La flagellose des euphorbes II. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 34:432–465.
França, C. 1921. Sur deux phytoflagellés. (L. elmassiani et L. bordasi sp.n.). Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1:245–254.
Freymuller, E., Milder, R., Jankevicius, J.V., Jankevicius, S.I., and Camargo, E.P. 1990. Ultrastructural studies on the trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens in the salivary glands of a phytophagous hemipteran. J. Protozool. 37:225–229.
Galli-Valerio, B. 1914. Notes de parasitologic et de technique parasitologique. Z. Bakter. Parasitenk. Infektion. 75:46–53.
Galli-Valerio, B. 1920. Le cycle evolutif probable de l’Herpetomonas pyhrrhocoris Zotta et Galli-Valerio (Note préalable). Schweiz. Med. Wochenschrift 21:401–402.
Gibbs, A.J. 1950. Crithidia familiaris n.sp. in Cenaeus carnifex Fabr. (Hemiptera). Parasitology 40:322–327.
Gibbs, A.J. 1951. Crithidia sandoni sp.nov., in Holopterna alata (Hemiptera). J. Parasitol 37:587–593.
Gibbs, A.J. 1951. Leptomonas capsularis n.sp. and other flagellates parasitic in Cletus ochraceus (Hemiptera). Parasitology 41:128–133.
Gibbs, A.J. 1957. Leptomonas serpens n.sp., parasitic in the digestive tract and salivary glands of Nezara viridula (Pentatomidae) and in the sap of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and other plants. J. Parasitol 47:297–303.
Glasgow, H. 1914. The gastric caeca and the caecal bacteria of Heteroptera. Biol. Bull, Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 26:101–155.
Hanson, W.L., and McGhee, R.B. 1961. The biology and morphology of Crithidia acanthocephali n.sp., Leptomonas leptoglossi n.sp. and Blasto-crithidia euchisti n.sp. J. Protozool. 8:200–204.
Hanson, W.L., McGhee, R.B., and Blake, J.D. 1966. Experimental infection of various latex plants of the family Asclepiadaceae with Phytomonas elmassiani. J. Protozool. 13:324–327.
Harvey, R.B., and Lee, S.B. 1943. Flagellates of laticiferous plants. Plant Physiol 18:633–655.
Hewitt, R. 1940. Phytomonad flagellates from mexican milkweeds. J. Parasitol 26:160.
Hindle, E., and Lewis, M.A. 1912. Note on “Crithidia” cleti n.sp., parasitic in the alimentary canal of Cletus varius, Dall. Parasitology 5:109–113.
Holmes, F.O. 1924. Herpetomonad flagellates in the lates of milkweed in Maryland. Phytopathology 14:146–151.
Holmes, F.O. 1925. The relationship of Herpetomonas elmassiani (Migone) to its plant and insect hosts. Biol. Bull., Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 49:323–337.
Holmes, F.O. 1931. Herpetomonas bancrofti n.sp. from the latex of a ficus in queensland. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 3:375–384.
Holmes, F.O. 1931. Protozoa of latex plants. In R. Hegner and J. Andrews, eds., Problems and Methods of Research in Protozoology. MacMillan, New York, pp. 257–275.
Jankevicius, J.V., Jankevicius, S.I., Campaner, M., Conehon, I., Maeda, L.A., Teixeira, M.M.G., Freymuller, E., and Camargo, E.P. 1989. Life cycle and culturing of Phytomonas serpens (Gibbs), a Trypanosomatid parasite of tomatoes. J. Protozool. 36:265–271.
Jankevicius, S.I., Jankevicius, J.V., Menezes, M.C.M.D., Lima, H., and Menezes, J.R. 1987. Presence of Protozoa of the genus Phytomonas in leguminous crops. Fitopatol. Bras. 12:152.
Jankevicius, S.I., Jankevicius, J.V., Menezes, M.C.M.D., Torrezan, H.C., Menezes, J.R., and Rezende, M.I. 1987. Phytomonas sp. found in leguminous crops. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 82 (Suppl.):35.
Kastelein, P. 1985. Transmission of Phytomonas sp. (Trypanosomatidae) by the bug Edessa loxdali (Pentatomidae). Surin. Landb. 33:62–64.
Kastelein, P., and Camargo, E.P. 1990. Trypanosomatid protozoa in fruit of Solanaceae in Southeastern Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 85:413–417.
Kastelein, P., and Parsadi, M. 1984. Observations on cultures of the Protozoa Phytomonas sp. (Trypanosomatidae) associated with the laticiferous Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae). Surin. Landb. 32:85–89.
Kastelein, P., and Parsadi, M. 1988. Axenic cultivation of Phytomonas (Trypanosomatidae) associated with laticiferous plants in Suriname. J. Protozool. 35:533–536.
Lafont, A. 1909. Sur la présence d’un Leptomonas, parasite de la classe des flagellés dans le latex de l’Euphorbia pilulifera. C.R. Soc. Biol. 66:1011–1013.
Lafont, A. 1910. Sur la présence d’un Leptomonas, parasite de la classe des flagellés, dans le latex de trois euphorbiacées. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 24:205–219.
Lafont, A. 1911. Sur la transmission du Leptomonas, davidi des euphorbes par un hémiptère, Nysius euphorbiae. C.R. Soc. Biol. 70:58–59.
Leger, A. 1911. Présence de Leptomonas, davidi Lafont dans l’Euphorbia pilulifera du Haut-Senegal et Niger. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 4:626–627.
Léger, L., and Duboscq, O. 1910. Selenococcidium intermedium Lég. et Dub. et la systematique des sporozoaires. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 40:187–238.
Lipa, J.J. 1958. Pierwotniaki zyjace w roslinach (Protozoan living in plants). Wszechswiat 1:13–15.
Lipa, J.J. 1966. Blastocrithidia raabei sp.n., a flagellate parasite of Mesocerus marginatus L. (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Acta Protozool. 4:19–23.
Lipa, J.J. 1968. Some observations on flagellate parasites of hemipterans Corimelaena, Euchistus, Gerris, Leptocoris and Oncopeltus in the United States. Acta Protozool. 6:58–69.
Lipa, J.J., and Steinhaus, E.A. 1962. Further report on identifications of Protozoa pathogenic for insects. Acta Parasitol. Polonica 10:165–175.
Louise, C., Dollet, M., and Mariau, D. 1986. Recherches sur le hartrot du cocotier, maladie à Phytomonas (Trypanosomatidae) et sur son vécteur Lincus sp. (Pentatomidae) en Guyane. Oleagineux 41:437–449.
Lutz, A., Araujo, H.C.S., and Fonseca Filho, O. 1918. Viagem cientifica no rio Paraná e a Assunción com volta por Buenos Aires, Montevideo e Rio Grande. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 10:104–173.
McCoy, R.E., and Martinez-Lopez, G. 1982. Phytomonas staheli associated with coconut and oil palm diseases in Colombia. Plant Dis. 66:675–677.
McCulloch, I. 1915. An outline of the morphology and life history of Crithidia leptocoridis, sp.nov. Univ. Calif. Public. Zool. 16:1–22.
McCulloch, I. 1917. Crithidia euryophthalmi, sp.nov., from the hemipteran bug, Euryophthalmus convivus Stål. Univ. Calif. Public. Zool. 18:75–88.
McGhee, R.B. 1959. The infection of avian embryos with Crithidia species and Leishmania tarentolae. J. Infect. Dis. 105:18–25.
McGhee, R.B., and Cosgrove, W.B. 1980. Biology and physiology of the lower Trypanosomatidae. Microbiol. Rev. 44:140–173.
McGhee, R.B., and Hanson, W.L. 1962. Growth and reproduction of Leptomonas oncopelti in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. J. Protozool. 9:488–493.
McGhee, R.B., and Hanson, W.L. 1964. Comparison of the life cycle of Leptomonas oncopelti and Phytomonas elmassiani. J. Protozool. 11:555–562.
McGhee, R.B., Hanson, W.L., and Schmittner, S. 1969. Isolation, cloning and determination of biologic characteristics of five new species of Crithidia. J. Protozool. 16:514–520.
McGhee, R.B., and McGhee, A.H. 1971. The relation of migration of Oncopeltus fasciatus to distribution of Phytomonas elmassiani in the eastern United States. J. Protozool. 18:344–352.
McGhee, R.B., and McGhee, A.H. 1979. Biology and structure of Phytomonas staheli sp.n., a trypanosomatid located in sieve tubes of coconut and oil palms. J. Protozool. 26:348–351.
McGhee, R.B., and Posteli, F.J. 1982. Transmission of the trypanosomatid flagellate Phytomonas davidi, a symbiont of the Euphorbiaceae, by the hemipteran bug Pachybrachius bilobata scutellatus. J. Protozool. 29:445–448.
Menara, A., Dollet, M., Gargani, D., and Louise, C. 1988. Culture in vitro sur cellules d’invertebrés, des Phytomonas sp. (Trypanosomatidae) associés au hartrot, maladie du cocotier. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 307:597–602.
Migone, L.E. 1916. Un nouveau flagellé des plants: Leptomonas elmassiani. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 9:356–359.
Miles, P.W. 1959. The salivary secretions of a plant sucking bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). I. The types of secretion and their role during feeding. J. Insect Physiol. 3:243–255.
Miles, P.W. 1960. The salivary secretions of a plant sucking bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). III. Origins in the salivary gland. J. Insect Physiol. 4:271–282.
Morisita, T. 1954. Notes of the haemoflagellate (Trypanosomidae; Crithidia) from the bug (Erythesina fullo). Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 7:135–137.
Noc, F., and Stevenel, L. 1911. Présence à Martinique de Leptomonas davidi Lafont. Bull. Soc. Pathol Exot. 4:461–464.
Noguchi, H., and Tilden, E.B. 1926. Comparative studies of Herpetomonads and Leishmanias. J. Exp. Med. 44:307–325.
Packchanian, A. 1957. The isolation and cultivation of hemoflagellates in pure culture from six species of insects. Texas Rep. Biol. Med. 15:399–410.
Parthasarathy, M.V., and Slobbe, W.G. 1978. Hartrot or Fatal Wilt of palms. I. Coconuts (Cocos nucifera). Principes 22:1–14.
Parthasarathy, M.V., Slobbe, W.G., and Soudant, C. 1976. Trypanosomatid flagellate in the phloem of diseased coconut palms. Science 192:1346–1348.
Patton, W.S. 1908. Herpetomonas lygaeae. Arch. Protistenk. 13:1–18.
Perthuis, B., Chenon, R.D., and Merland, E. 1985. Mise en évidence du vecteur de la marchitez sorpresiva du palmier à huile, la punaise Lincus lethifer Dolling (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Oleagineux 40:473–475.
Podlipaev, S.A. 1986. Phytomonas elmassiani (Matigophora: Trypanoso-mamonadina) from the plant Cynanchum sibiricum (Asclepiadaceae) in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In Russian. Proc. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 144:61–65.
Podlipaev, S.A. 1988. Blastocrithidia raabei rostrata subsp.n. (Mastigophora, Trypanosomamonadida) parasite of a bug Coreus marginatus. In Russian. Zool. J. Acad. Nauk USSR 67:1407–1411.
Podlipaev, S.A. 1990. Catalogue of world fauna of Trypanosomatidae (Protozoa). In Russian. Proc. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 217:1–177.
Podlipaev, S.A., and Frolov, A.O. 1987. Description and laboratory cultivation of Blastocrithidia miridarum sp.n. (Mastigophora, Trypanosomatidae). In Russian. Parasitologiya 21:545–552.
Podlipaev, S.A., Frolov, A.O., and Kolesnikov, A.A. 1990. Proteomonas inconstans n.gen., n.sp. (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) a parasite of the bug Calocoris sexgutatus (Hemiptera: Miridae). In Russian. Parasitologiya 24:339–346.
Poisson, R. 1930. Sur un Herpetomonas parasite en Normandie de Spilostethus (Lygaeus) saxatilis (Scop.) (Hemiptères Lygeoideae). A propos des phytoflagelloses. C.R. Soc. Biol. 103:1057–1061.
Poisson, R. 1930. Herpetomonas tortum n.sp., parasite intestinal des Camptopus lateralis (Germ.) (Hémiptères Coreidae, Alydaria) des environs de Banyuls. Rôle possible de cet insect comme agent transmetteur de phytoflagellose. C.R. Soc. Biol 103:1061–1064.
Prasad, D.V.R.K., and Kalavati, C. 1987. Morphology and life-cycle of two new species of Leptomonas, L. indica sp.n. and L. bakeri sp.n. from lygaeid insects. Acta Proto zool. 26:315–324.
Reichenow, E. 1940. Ostafrikanische Beobachtungen an Trypanosomiden. Arch. Protistenk. 94:267–287.
Rezende, M.L.V., Borges, R.E.L., Bezerra, J.L., and Oliveira, D.P. 1986. Transmissão da murcha de Phytomonas a coqueiros e dendezeiros por Lincas lobuliger (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae): resultados preliminares. Rev. Theobroma 16:149–154.
Robertson, M. 1912. Notes on some flagellate infections found in certain hemiptera in Uganda. Proc. Rog. Soc. London B 85:234–240.
Robertson, M. 1912. Notes on some flagellate infections found in certain hemiptera in Uganda. Proc. Rog. Soc. London B 85:234–240.
Rodhain, J., and Bequaert, J. 1911. Présence de Leptomonas dans le latex d’une Euphorbe congolaise. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 4:198–200.
Rodhain, J., Pons, C., Branden, F., and Bequaert, J. 1913. Leptomonas d’asilides et trypanosomides intestinaux de réduves et d’hémiptères phytophages au Katanga. Rev. Zool. Afric. 2:291–301.
Ruiz, A. 1958. Contribuición al estudio del genero Phytomonas Donovan en Costa Rica. I. Phytomonas tortuosa n.sp. Rev. Biol. Trop. 6:87–93.
Ruiz, A. 1958. Contribuición al estudio del genero Phytomonas Donovan en Costa Rica. II. Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone, 1916) Wenyon, 1926. Rev. Biol. Trop. 6:263–272.
Ruiz, A. 1961. Contribuición al estudio del genero Phytomonas Donovan en Costa Rica. III. Phytomonas davidi (Lafont, 1909) Donovan, 1909. Rev. Biol. Trop. 9:227–231.
Sbravate, C., Campaner, M., Camargo, L.E.A., Conchon, I., Teixeira, M.M.G., and Camargo, E.P. 1989. Culture and generic identification of trypanosomatids of phytophagous hemiptera in Brazil. J. Protozool. 36:543–547.
Scudder, G.G.E., and Duffey, S.S. 1972. Cardiac glycosides in the Lygaeinae. Can. J. Zool. 50:35–52.
Shortt, H.E. 1923. Record of kala-azar research work carried on at the King Edward VII Memorial Pasteur Institute, Shillong, during 1922. Indian J. Med. Res. 10:1150–1168.
Slansky, F.J., and Panizzi, A.R. 1987. In F.J. Slansky and J.G. Rodriguez, eds., Nutritional Ecology of Seed-Sucking Insects. Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 283–320.
Slobbe, W.G. 1977. Phloem inhabiting Phytomonas in diseased coffee, coconut palms and African oil palms. Surin. Landb. 25:4–13.
Slobbe, W.G., Parthasarathy, M.V., and Hesen, J.A.J. 1978. Hartrot or fatal wilt of palms. II. Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) and other palms. Principes 22:15–25.
Stahel, G. 1931. Zur Kenntnis der Siebröhrenkrankheit (Phloemnekrose) des Kaffeebaumes in Surinam. II. Phytopathol. Z. 4:539–548.
Strong, R.P. 1924. Investigations upon flagellate infections. Am. J. Trop. Med. 4:345–386.
Sweet, M.H. 1960. The seed bugs: a contribution to the feeding habits of the Lygaeidae. Ann. Entomol Soc. Am. 53:317–321.
Sweet, M.H. 1964. The biology and ecology of the Rhypanochrominae of New England (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Part I. Entomol. Am. 43:1–124.
Sweet, M.H. 1964. The biology and ecology of the Rhypanochrominae of New England (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Part II. Entomol. Am. 44:1–201.
Teixeira, M.M.G., and Camargo, E.P. 1989. Monoclonal antibodies for the identification of trypanosomatids of the genus Phytomonas. J. Protozool. 36:262–264.
Teodoro, G. 1927. Osservazioni sul Pyrrhocoris apterus L., con particolare riguardo alla flagellosi. Redia 16:45–50.
Tieszen, K.L., Molyneux, D.H., and Abdel-Hafez, S.K. 1986. Host-parasite relationships of Blastocrithidia familiaris in Lygaeus pandurus Scop. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Parasitology 92:1–12.
Tuzet, O., and Laporte, M. 1965. Blastocrithidia vagoi, n.sp. parasite de l’hémiptère hetéroptère Eurydema ventralis Kol. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 105:77–81.
Uribe, C. 1926. Crithidia ortheae n.sp. from reduvids of the genus Orthea. J. Parasitol 12:199–205.
Urueta, E.J. 1987. Investigaciónes sobre la Marchitez Sorpressiva de la palma africana en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Rev. Siall 4:4–16.
Vainstein, M.H., and Roitman, I. 1986. Cultivation of Phytomonas françai associated with poor development of root system in cassava. J. Protozool. 33:511–513.
Vaidya, S.K., and Ranade, D.R. 1984. Occurrence of Leptomonas pyrrhocoris in the hemolymph of Odontopus nigricornis (Insecta, Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Cur. Sci. (Bangalore) 53:606–607.
Vermeulen, H. 1963. A wilt of Coffea liberica in Surinam and its association with a flagellate, Phytomonas leptovasorum Stahel. J. Protozool. 10:216–222.
Vermeulen, H. 1968. Investigations into the cause of the phloem necrosis disease of Coffea liberica in Surinam, South America. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 74:202–218.
Vickerman, K. 1962. Observations in the life cycle of Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone) in East Africa. J. Protozool. 9:26–33.
Villain, G. 1925. Note sur le kala-azar du Honan (Chine centrale). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 18:669–676.
Wallace, F.G. 1966. The trypanosomatids of insects and arachnids. Exp. Parasitol. 18:124–193.
Wallace, F.G. 1977. Leptomonas seymouri sp.n. from the cotton stainer Dysdercus suturellus. J. Protozool. 24:483–484.
Wallace, F.G. 1979. Biology of the Kinetoplastida of arthropods. In W.H.R. Lumsden and D.A. Evans, eds., Biology of the Kinetoplastida, Academic Press, London, Vol. 1, pp. 213–240.
Wallace, F.G., Camargo, E.P., McGhee, R.B., and Roitman, I. 1983. Guidelines for the description of new species of lower trypanosomatids. J. Protozool. 30:308–313.
Yoshida, N., Jankevicius, J.V., Roitman, I., and Camargo, E.P. 1978. Enzymes of the ornithine-arginine metabolism in the genus Herpetomonas. J. Protozool. 25:550–555.
Zotta, G. 1912. Sur un flagellé du type Herpetomonas chez Pyrrhocoris apterus. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 7:210–223.
Zotta, G. 1923. Leptomonas familiaris n.sp., parasite du tube digestif de Lygaeus familiaris, en Roumanie. C.R. Soc. Biol. 88:285–287.
Zotta, G. 1924. La leptomonadiose spontanée chez Cynanchum acutum, Asclepiadée autochtone in Roumanie. C.R. Soc. Biol. 90:141–143.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Camargo, E.P., Wallace, F.G. (1994). Vectors of Plant Parasites of the Genus Phytomonas (Protozoa, Zoomastigophorea, Kinetoplastida). In: Harris, K.F. (eds) Advances in Disease Vector Research. Advances in Disease Vector Research, vol 10. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2590-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2590-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7596-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2590-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive