Abstract
The presence of artificially produced radionuclides in the arctic region is due to both accidental and authorized releases from the nuclear weapon cycle, including atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, and the nuclear fuel cycle, especially reprocessing facilities. Among radionuclides released to the environment, the long-lived 137Cs, 90Sr, and transuranics (Pu isotopes, 241Am) are of major radiological concern. In addition, the contribution of mobile species of 99Tc and 129I is of relevance for marine ecosystems. For dose assessments, however, the contribution from naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., U and Th isotopes and decay products, 40K, 14C, 3H) should also be taken into account.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bjurman, B., De Geer, L.-E., Vintersved, I., Rudjord, A.L., Ugletveit, F., Aaltonen, H., Sinkko, K., Rantavaara, A., Nielsen, S.P., and Aarkrog, A. 1990. The detection of radioactive material from a venting underground nuclear explosion. J. Environ. Radioact.11: 1 – 14.
Boltneva, L.I., Israel, U.A., Ionov, V.A., and Nazarov, L.N. 1977. Global contamination by the 137Cs and 90Sr and sources to external contamination on the territory of the USSR. Atomic Energy42: 355 – 361.
Borovoy, A.A., Demin, V.F., and Blinova, L.D. 1992. Radioactive releases originating from the Chernobyl accident. In: Kryshev, I.I. (ed.), Radio ecological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident(pp. 9 – 20 ). Moscow: Nuclear Society International.
Brittain, J.E. 1991. Radiocesium in brown trout (Salmo trutta)from a subalpine lake ecosystem after the Chernobyl reactor accident. J. Environ. Radioact.14: 81 – 191.
Chumichev, V. 1995. Sr-90 discharge with the main rivers of Russia into the Arctic Ocean during 1961–1993. Oslo: Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995. In press.
Dahlgaard, H. 1995. Transfer of European coastal pollution to the Arctic: Radioactive tracers. Marine Pollut. Bull. In press.
Dahlgaard, H., Notter, M., Brittain, J.E., Strand, P., Rantavaara, A., and Holm, E. 1994. General Summary and Conclusions. In: Dahlgaard, H. (ed.), Studies in Environmental Science 62. Nordic Radioecology(pp. 7 – 21 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Devell, L., Tovedal, M., Bergstrom, U., Appelgren, A., Chussler, J., and Andersson, L. 1986. Initial observations of fallout from the reactor accident at Chernobyl. Nature321: 817 – 819.
Guegueniat, P., Bailly de Bois, P., and Gandon, R. 1995. Estimation of La Hague contribution to the artificial radioactivity of Norwegian waters (1992–1995) and Kara Sea (1995–1998). Oslo: Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995. In press.
Hansen, H.S., and Hove, K. 1991. Radiocaesium bioavailability: transfer of Chernobyl and tracer radiocaesium to goat milk. Health Phy. 60: 665 – 673.
Hove, K., and Strand, P. 1990. Predictions for the duration of the Chernobyl radiocaesium problem in non-cultivated areas based on a reassessment of the behaviour of fallout from nuclear weapon tests. In: Flitton, S., and Katz, E.W. (eds.), Environmental Contamination Following a Major Nuclear Accident(pp. 215–223). Vienna: IAEA-SM-306 1.
IAEA, 1986. Report of the USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy to the IAEA Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident, 25–29 August, Vienna.
JRNC, 1993. A survey of artificial radionuclides in the Kara Sea. Results from the Russian-Norwegian 1992 expedition to the Barents and Kara Seas. Report ISBN 82-993079-0-2. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway.
JRNC, 1994. Radioactive contamination at dumping sites for nuclear waste in the Kara Sea. Results from the Russian-Norwegian 1993 expedition to the Kara Sea. Report ISBN 82-993079-2-9. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway.
Kershaw, P.J., and Baxter, A.J. 1993. Sellafield as a source of radioactivity to the Barents Sea. Proc. Int. Conf. Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and the Antarctic, Kirkenes, August 23 – 27, 1993.
Loshchilov, N.A., Kashparov, V.A., Yudin, Ye. B., Protsak, V.P., Zhurba, M.A., and Parshakov, A.E. 1991. Physical-chemical forms of the radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident. 1992. In: The Radiobiological Impact of Hot Beta-Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout: Risk Assessment. Kiev, Ukraine, August 1991. IAEA, Vienna, Part I, 34 – 39.
Nikitin, A.I., Salbu, B., Strand, P., Christensen, G.C., Chumichev, V.B., Lind, B., Fjelldal, H., Bjerk, T.O., Selnaes, T.D., Rudjord, A.L., Sickel, M., Valetova, N.K., and Føyn, L. 1995. Joint Russian-Norwegian collaboration on radioactive contamination from dumped nuclear waste in the Kara Sea—3 years with expeditions to the dumping sites: Goals and investigations. Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Norris, R.S., and Arkin, W.M. 1994. Nuclear Notebook Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June, p. 9.
Oughton, D.H., Salbu, B., Riise, G., Lien, H.N., Østby, G., and Nøren, A. 1992. Radionuclide mobility and bioavailability in Norwegian and Soviet Soils. The Analyst117: 481 – 486.
Panteleyev, G.P., Livingston, H.D., Sayles, F.L., and Medkova, O.N. 1995. Deposition of plutonium isotopes and cesium-1376 in sediments of the Ob delta from the beginning of the nuclear age. Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Romanov, G. 1995. Environmental impact of “Mayak” PA activity, Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Salbu, B. 1988. Radionuclides associated with colloids and particles in rainwaters, Oslo, Norway. In: von Philipsborn, H., Steinhausler, F. (eds.), Hot Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Theuern: Bergbau- und Industriemuseums, Theuern, Vol. 16, 83 – 84.
Salbu, B., Bjørnstad, H.E., and Brittain, J.E. 1992. Fractionation of Cs-isotopes and 90Sr in snow-melt runoff and lake waters from contaminated areas in Norway. J. Radioanal. Nucl Chem.156 (1): 7 – 20.
Salbu, B., Krekling, T., Oughton, D.H., Østby, G., Kashparov, V.A., and Day, J.P. 1994a. Hot particles in accidental releases from nuclear installations. The Analyst119: 125 – 130.
Salbu, B., Nikitin, A.I., Strand, P., Christensen, G.C., Chumichev, V.B., Lind, B., Fjelldal, H., Selmæs, T.D., Sickel, M., Valetova, N.K., and Föyn, L. 1995. Joint Russian-Norwegian collaboration on radioactive contamination from dumped nuclear waste in the Kara Sea. 1. Three years with expeditions to the dumping sites: goals and investigations 2. Results from the 1994 expedition to Abosimov and Stepovogo fjords. Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Salbu, B., Oughton, D.H., Ratnikov, A.V., Zhigareva, T.L., Kruglov, S.V., Petrov, K.V., Averin, B.V., Firzakova, S.K., Astasheva, N.P., Loshchilov, N.A., Hove,
K., and Strand, P. 1994b. The mobility of 137Cs and 90Sr in agricultural systems Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, 1991. Health Phys. 67: 518 – 528.
Strand, P., Nikitin, A.I., Rudjord, A.L., Salbu, B., Christensen, G.C., Føyn, L., Kryshev, I.I., Chumishev, V.B., Dahlgaard, H., and Holm, E. 1994. Survey of artificial radionuclides in the Barents Sea and Kara Sea. J. Environ. Radioact.25: 99 – 112.
Strand, P., Seines, T.D., Boe, E., and Andersson-Sorlie, A. 1992. Internal doses to different parts of the Norwegian population after the Chernobyl accident and the effect of dietary advice. Health Physics64: 385 – 392.
Tronstad, E., N0ren, A., Oughton, D.H., Salbu, B., Skipperud, L., Clacher, A., Strand, P., and Christensen, G.C. 1995. Mobilization of 90Sr from Mayak sediments and soils: present and potential sources of contamination in the Techa River. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Vakulovsky, S.M. 1995. An estimation of the impact of the radioactive waste discharges into the Yenisey River on the Kara Sea radioactive contamination. Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21-25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
Vakulovsky, S.M., Nikitin, A.I., Chumichev, V.B., and Malyshev, S.V. 1993. Radioactive contamination of the Barents and Kara Seas Proc. International meeting on assessment of Actual and Potential Consequences of Dumping of Radioactive waste into Arctic Seas, Oslo, February 1 – 5.
Whitebook No. 3 1993. Yablokov, A.V., Karasev, V.K., Rumyantsev, V.M., Kokeev, M.E., and Petrov, O.J. 1993. Facts and problems related to radioactive waste disposal in seas adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. (Materials from Report by the Govermental Commission on Matters related to Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea, created by Decree No. 613 of the Russian Federation President, October 24,1992.) Moscow: Small World Publisher.
Woodhead, D. 1995. Preliminary estimates of fluxes of Cs-137 in northern waters from recent measurements. Proc. Int. Conf. on Environ. Radioact. in the Arctic. 21–25 August 1995, Oslo. In press.
UNSCEAR, 1982. Ionizing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR 1982 Report. New York: United Nations.
UNSCEAR, 1993. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR 1993 Report. New York: United Nations.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salbu, B., Strand, P. (1997). Past, Present, and Future Potential Sources Contributing to Artificial Radionuclides in the Arctic Region. In: Oechel, W.C., et al. Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, vol 124. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2240-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2240-8_18
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7468-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2240-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive