Abstract
An adequate calcium intake has been shown to be beneficial to bone mass at all stages of life, however most societies have calcium intakes well below the recommended levels. Increased calcium intake maximizes peak bone mass and reduces bone loss in premenopausal women (1–4). Furthermore, calcium supplementation reduces the rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women by approximately 0.8% per year when compared with untreated women with the effect of calcium less evident in the years immediately following menopause (5, 6). As calcium effects are generally significantly less than those of standard antiresorptive therapy, calcium cannot replace antiresorptive therapy (7, 8). However, what is unknown is whether additional calcium can provide a benefit to bone mineral density (BMD) when superimposed on standard antiresorptive therapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Johnston CC, Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK, Hui S, Christian JC, et al. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 82–7.
Nieves JW, Golden AL, Siris E, Kelsey JL, Lindsay R. Teenage and current calcium intake are related to bone mineral density of the hip and forearm in women aged 30–39. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 342–51.
Welton DC, Kemper CG, Post B, Van Staveren WA. A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle aged females and males. J Nutr 1995; 125: 2802–13.
Nowson CA, Green RM, Guest CS, Larkins RG, Sherwin AJ, Kaymakci B, et al. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone mass in adolescent female twins. Challenges of Modern Medicine 1995; 7: 169–75.
Cumming RG. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 47: 194–201.
Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 2745–80S.
Horsman A, Gallagher JC, Simpson M, Nordin BE. Prospective trial of oestrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women. BMJ 1977; 2: 789–92.
Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, Ross PL, Flaster E, Dilmanian FA. Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 97–103.
Lindsay R, Hart DM, Clark DM. The minimum effective dose of estrogen for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63: 759–62.
Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O’Fallon WM, Hodgson SF, Kotowicz MA, Lane AW, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1–9.
Stevenson JC, Cust MP, Gangar KF, Hillard TC, Lees B, Whitehead MI. Effects of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy on bone density in spine and proximal femur in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1990; 336: 265–9.
The writing group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density; results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1996; 276: 1389–96.
Adami S, Suppi R, Bertoldo F, Rossini M, Residori M, Maresca V, et al. Transdermal estradiol in the treatment of postmenopausal bone loss. Bone Miner 1989; 7: 79–86.
Christiansen C, Riis BJ. 17β-Estradiol and continuous norethisterone: a unique treatment for established osteoporosis in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 836–41.
Christiansen C, Riis BJ. Five years with continuous combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy. Effects on calcium metabolism, lipoproteins, and bleeding pattern. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 97: 1087–92.
Evans SF, Davie MWJ. Low and conventional dose transdermal oestradiol are equally effective at preventing bone loss in spine and femur at all post-menopausal ages. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 44: 79–84.
Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P. Low-dosage micronized 17β-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 479–88.
Horsman A, Nordin BE, Gallagher JC, Kirby PA, Milner RM, Simpson M. Observations of sequential changes in bone mass in postmenopausal women: a controlled trial of oestrogen and calcium therapy. Calcif Tissue Res 1977;22 Supp1:217–24.
Kohrt WM, Birge SJ. Differential effects of estrogen treatment on bone mineral density of the spine, hip, wrist and total body in late postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1995; 5: 150–5.
Lindsay R, Tohme JF. Estrogen treatment of patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 290–5.
Luciano AA, De Souza MJ, Roy MP, Schoenfeld MJ, Nulsen JC, Halvorson CV. Evaluation of low-dose estrogen and progestin therapy in postmenopausal women. A double-blind, prospective study of sequential versus continuous therapy. J Reprod Med 1993; 38: 207–14.
MacLennan AH, MacLennan A, Wenzel S, Chambers HM, Eckert K. Continuous low-dose oestrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy: a randomised trial. Med J Aust 1993; 159: 102–6.
Meschia M, Brincat M, Barbacini P, Crossignani PG, Albisetti W. A clinical trial on the effects of a combination of elcatonin (carbocalcitonin) and conjugated estrogens on vertebral bone mass in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 17–20.
Resch H, Pietschmann P, Krexner E, Woloszczuk W, Willvonseder R. Effects of one-year hormone replacement therapy on peripheral bone mineral content in patients with osteoporotic spine fractures. Acta Endocrinol 1990; 123: 14–8.
Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM. Effect of l7β-oestradiol and norethisterone acetate on vertebral bone mass and lipid metabolism in early postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1992; 15: 217–23.
Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Louvet JP, Peyron R. Preventive effects of transdermal administration of 17β-estradiol on postmenopausal bone loss: a 2-year prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 44S - 6S.
Riis BJ, Johansen J, Christiansen C. Continuous oestrogen-progestogen treatment and bone metabolism in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1988; 10: 51–88.
Steiniche T, Hasling C, Charles P, Eriksen EF, Mosekilde L, Melsen F. A randomized study on the effects of estrogen/gestagen or high dose oral calcium on trabecular bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 1989; 10: 313–20.
Webber CE, Blake JM, Chambers LF, Roberts JG. Effects of 2 years of hormone replacement upon bone mass, serum lipids and lipoproteins. Maturitas 1994; 19: 13–23.
Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is proven with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 40–4.
Haines CJ, Chung TK, Leung PC, Hsu SY, Leung DH. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women using estrogen replacement therapy. Bone 1995; 16: 529–31.
Field CS, Ory SJ, Wahner HW, Herrmann RR, Judd HL, Riggs BL. Preventive effects of transdermal 17β-estradiol on osteoporotic changes after surgical menopause: a two-year placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 114–21.
Fioretti P, Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, Cagnacci A, Paoletti AM, Felipetto R, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss and endometrial responses during a two year prospective study with transdermal 17β-estradiol and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 622: 302–6.
Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 699–705.
Lindsay R, Hart DM, Forrest C, Baird C. Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomised women. Lancet 1980; 2: 1151–4.
Palacios S, Menedez C, Jurado AR, Vargas JC. Effects of percutaneous oestradiol versus oral oestrogens on bone density. Maturitas 1995; 20: 209–13.
Prince RL, Smith M, Dick IM, Price RI, Webb PG, Henderson NK, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A comparative study of exercise, calcium supplementation, and hormone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1189–95.
Recker RR, Saville PD, Heaney RP. Effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 649–55.
Overgaard K. Effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin therapy on bone mass and bone turnover in early postmenopausal women: a dose-response study. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 55: 82–6.
Overgaard K, Hansen MA, Jensen SB, Christiansen C. Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study. BMJ 1992; 305: 556–61.
Overgaard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C, Podenphant J, Johansen JS. Nasal calcitonin for treatment of established osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 1989; 30: 435–42.
Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Lesart MP, Sarlet N, Zegels B, Jupsin I, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal lumbar spine bone loss. Am J Med 1995; 98: 452–8.
Thamsborg G, Jensen JEB, Kollerup G, Hauge EM, Melsen F, Sorensen OH. Effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on bone remodeling and bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 1996; 18: 207–12.
Thamsborg G, Storm TL, Sykulski R, Brinch E, Nielsen HK, Sorensen OH. Effect of different doses of nasal calcitonin on bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48: 302–7.
Ellerington MC, Hillard TC, Whitcroft SIJ, Marsh MS, Lees B, Banks LM, et al. Intranasal salmon calcitonin for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1996; 59: 6–11.
Eddy DM, Johnston C, Cummings SR, Dawson-Hughes B, Lindsay R, Melton LJ, et al. Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis: cost-effectiveness analysis and review of the evidence. Osteoporos Int In press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nieves, J.W., Komar, L., Cosman, F., Lindsay, R. (1998). Interactions Between Calcium Intake and Antiresorptive Therapy in Osteoporosis. In: Burckhardt, P., Dawson-Hughes, B., Heaney, R.P. (eds) Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis. Proceedings in the Serono Symposia USA Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2228-6_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2228-6_34
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7463-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2228-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive