Skip to main content

Clinical Trials

  • Chapter
Book cover Surgical Research

Abstract

Surgery is constantly changing, and some of the changes are dramatic advances instantly recognizable for their benefit to patients. William T.G.Morton’s administration of ether anesthesia to John Collins Warren’s patient on October 14,1846, required no confirmation. Warren’s immediate and definitive conclusion—“Gentlemen,this is no humbug!”—was soon accepted throughout the world. A similar example is the introduction of antibiotics into clinical practice in the 1940s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bearman JE, Loewenson RB, Gullen WH. Muench’s Postulates, Laws, and Corollaries, or Biometricians’ Views on Clinical Studies. (Biometrics Note 4)Bethesda, MD: Office of Biometry and Epidemiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  2. Goligher JC, Pulvertaft CN, Watkinson G. Controlled Trial of Vagotomy and Gastro-Enterostomy, Vagotomy, and Antrectomy, and Subtotal Gastrectomy in Elective Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer: Interim Report. Br Med J 1964;1:455–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Freedman B. Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research. New Engl J Med 1987;317:141–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Baillar JC III. Introduction. In: Shapiro SH, Lewis TA, eds. Clinical Trials, Issues, and Approaches. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983, p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  5. Herman J. The Emise of the Randomized Cntrolled Trial. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:985–988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sacket DL. On Some Prerequisites for a Successful Clinical Ctrial. In: Shapiro SH, Louis TA, eds. Clinical Trials. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983, p 65

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gilbert JP, McPeek B, Mosteller F. Statistics and Ethics in Surgery and Anesthesia. Science 1977; 198:684–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Moses LE, Louis TA. Statistical Consultation in Clinical Research: A Two-Way Street. In: Baillar JC, Mosteller F, eds. Medical Uses of Statistics, 2nd edn. Boston: NEJM Books, 1992, pp. 349–356

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pocock S. Clinical Trials—A Practical Approach. New York: Wiley, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  10. Friedman LM, Furberg CD, DeMetz DL. Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, 2nd edn. Littleton, MA: Littleton Publishing Co, 1985:1–307

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schwartz D, Lellouch J. Explanatory and Pragmatic Attitudes in Clinical Trials. J Chronic Dis 1967;20:637–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. MacRae KD. Pragmatic Versus Explanatory Trials. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1989;5:333–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Meinert CL. Clinical Trials—Design, Conduct, and Analysis. New York: Oxford University 1986

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zelen M, Gehan E, Glibwell O. Biostatistics in Cancer Research. In: Hoogstralen B, ed. Importance of Cooperative Groups. New York: Mason, 1980, pp. 291–312

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mosteller F, Gilbert JP, McPeek B. Reporting Standards and Research Strategies for Controlled Trials. Controlled Clin Trials 1980;1:37–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H. The Importance of Beta, the Type II Error, and Sample Size in the Design and Interpretation of the Randomized Controlled Trial. New Engl J Med 1978;290:690–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Emerson JD, McPeek B, Mosteller F. Reporting Clinical Trials in General Surgical Journals. Surgery 1984;85:572–579

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shapiro S, Louis A, eds. Clinical Trials: Issues and Approaches. New York: Dekker, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lebacqz K. Ethical Aspects of Clinical Trials. In: Shapiro SH, Lewis TA, eds. Clinical Trials, Issues, and Approaches. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983, pp. 81–98

    Google Scholar 

  20. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Hig-gins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved Survival With an Implanted Defibrillator in Patients With Coronary Disease at High Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmia. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1933–1940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J. Clinical Trials. New York: Academic, 1980

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McKneally, M.F., McPeek, B., Mosteller, F., Neugebauer, E.A.M. (1998). Clinical Trials. In: Troidl, H., McKneally, M.F., Mulder, D.S., Wechsler, A.S., McPeek, B., Spitzer, W.O. (eds) Surgical Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1888-3_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1888-3_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7325-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1888-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics