Abstract
Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples who are attempting their first pregnancy. In the United States alone, this amounts to approximately 5 million couples yearly. Few disease entities are of this magnitude. Investigations have found significant pathology related to the male alone in approximately one third of infertile cases, and in 20% abnormalities are found both in the man and in the woman. As the male factor is so prominent, the initial screening evaluation of the male ideally should be performed early in the infertility workup.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Jaffe SB, Jewelewicz R. The basic infertility investigation. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 599–613.
McClure RD. Male Infertility. In: Tanagho E, McAninch J, eds. Smith’s General Urology. 14th ed. New York: Appleton & Lange; 1995.
Kogan SJ. Cryptorchidism. In: Kelalis PP, King LR, Belman AB, eds. Clinical Pediatric Urology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1985: 864–887.
Yavetz H, Harash B, Paz G, et al. Cryptorchidism: incidence and sperm quality in infertile men. Andrologia 1992; 24: 293–297.
Werner CA. Mumps orchitis and testicular atrophy. Ann Intern Med 1950; 32: 1066.
Nagler HM, Deitch AD, de Vere White R. Testicular torsion: temporal considerations. Fertil Steril 1984; 42: 257–262.
Bronson R, Cooper G, Rosenfeld D. Sperm antibodies: their role in infertility. Fertil Steril 1984; 42: 171–183.
Zamboni L. The ultrastructural pathology of the spermatozoon as a cause of infertility: the role of electron microscopy in the evaluation of semen quality. Fertil Steril 1987; 48: 711–734.
Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, et al. Young’s syndrome: obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 3–9.
Kaplan E, Shwachman H, Perlmutter AD, et al. Reproductive failure in mates with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: 65–69.
MacLeod J, Hotchkiss RS. The effects of hyperpyrexia on spermatozoa counts in men. Endocrinology 1941; 28: 780.
Buch JP, Havlovec SK. Variation in sperm penetration assay related to viral illness. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 844–846.
Heller CG, Clermont Y. Kinetics of the germinal epithelium in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 1964; 20: 545.
Whorton MD. Male occupational reproductive hazards. West J Med 1982; 137: 521–524.
Oates RD, Lipshultz LI. Fertility and testicular function in patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In: Lytton B, ed. Advances in Urology. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1989; 2: 55–84.
Lipshultz LI, Ross CE, Whorton D, et al. Dibromochloropropane and its effect on testicular function in man. J Urol 1980; 124: 464–468.
Sigman M, Lipshultz LI, Howards SS. Evaluation of the subfertile male. In: Lipshultz L, Howards SS, eds. Infertility in the Male. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1991: 179–210.
Kolodny RC, Masters WH, Kolodner RM, et al. Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marijuana use. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 872–874.
Stillman RJ, Rosenberg MJ, Sachs BP. Smoking and reproduction. Fertil Steril 1986; 46: 545546.
Mendelson JH, Kuehnle J, Ellingbone J, et al. Plasma testosterone levels before, during, and after chronic marijuana smoking. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1051–1055.
Smith CG, Asch RH. Drug abuse and reproduction. Fertil Steril 1987; 48: 355–373.
Van Thiel DH, Lester R, Sherins RJ. Hypogonadism in alcoholic liver disease: evidence for a double defect. Gastroenterology 1974; 67: 1188–1199.
Berul CI, Harclerode JE. Effects of cocaine hydrochloride on the male reproductive system. Life Sci 1989; 45: 91–95.
Rock J, Robinson D. Effect of induced intrascrotal hyperthermia on testicular function in man. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1965; 91: 793.
Feldman P. Sexuality, birth control and childbirth in orthodox Jewish tradition. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146: 29–33.
Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation: effects on the probability of conception, survival of pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1517–1521.
Whitehead ED, Leiter E. Genital abnormalities and abnormal semen analyses in male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. J Urol 1981; 125: 47–50.
Toth A. Reversible toxic effect of salicylazosulfapyridine on semen quality. Fertil Steril 1979; 31: 538–540.
Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Disorders of the testes and male reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Textbook of Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1991: 259–311.
Schlegel PN, Chang TSK, Marshall FF. Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 235–242.
Swerdloff RS, Palacios A, McClure RD, et al. Male contraception: clinical assessment of chronic administration of testosterone enanthate. In: Endocrine Approach to Male Contraception. Copenhagen: Scriptor, 1978: 731–747.
Bardin CW, Paulsen CA. The testes. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Textbook of Endocrinology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1981: 293–354.
Griffin JE, Wilson ID. The syndromes of androgen resistance. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 198–209.
McClure RD. Endocrine investigation and therapy. Urol Clin North Am 1987; 14: 471–488.
Carter JN, Tyson JE, Tolis G, et al. Prolactinsecreting tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 847–852.
Lieblich JM, Rogol AD, White BJ, et al. Syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kalimann syndrome): clinical and laboratory studies in 23 cases. Am J Med 1982; 73: 506–519.
Zachmann M, Prader A, Kind HP, et al. Testicular volume during adolescence. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Helv Paediatr Acta 1974; 29: 61–72.
Howards SS. Varicocele. Infertil Reprod Med Clin North Am 1992; 3: 429–441.
World Health Organization. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Semen-Cervical Mucus Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
Sherins RJ, Brightwell D, Sternthal PM. Longitudinal analysis of semen of fertile and infertile men. In: Troen P, Nankin HR, eds. The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men. New York: Raven Press; 1977: 473–488.
MacLeod J, Gold RZ. The male factor in fertility and infertility. J Urol 1951; 66: 436.
Lipshultz LI, Witt MA, Grantmyre JE. Electroejaculation. Infertil Rep rod Med Clin North Am 1992; 3: 455–468.
Schlesinger MH, Wilets IF, Nagler HM. Treatment outcomes after varicocelectomy: a critical analysis. In: Lipshultz LI, ed. Urologic Clinics of North America. Male Infertilty. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1994; 21: 517–529.
Rogers BJ. The sperm penetration assay: its usefulness reevaluated. Fertil Steril 1985; 43: 82 1940.
Bronson RA. Current concepts on the relation of antisperm antibodies and infertility. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1988; 6: 364.
Haas GG Jr. How should sperm antibody tests be used clinically? Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1987; 15: 106–111.
Ayvaliotis B, Bronson R, Rosenfeld D, et al. Conception rates in couples where autoimmunity to sperm is detected. Fertil Steril 1985; 43: 739–742.
Clarke GN, Stofanoff A, Cauchi MN, et al. The immunoglobulin class of antispermatozoal antibodies in serum. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1985; 7: 143–147.
Hellstrom WJG, Neal DE. Diagnosis and therapy of male genital tract infections. Infertil Reprod Med Clin North Am 1992; 3: 399–411.
Bar-Chama N, Goluboff E, Fisch H. Infection and pyospermia in male infertility. Is it really a problem? Urol Clin North Am 1994; 21: 469475.
Wolf H, Poltich JA, Martinez A, et al. Leukocytospermia is associated with poor semen quality. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 528–534.
Berger RE, Smith WD, Critchlow CW, et al. Improvement in the sperm penetration (hamster ova) assay (SPA) results after doxycycline treatment of infertile men. J Androl 1983; 4: 126–130.
Anderson DJ. Should male infertility patients be tested for leukocytospermia? Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 246–248.
Politch JA, Wolff H, Hill JA, et al. Comparison of methods to enumerate white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril 1993; 60: 372–375.
Hellstrom WJ, Schachter J, Sweet RL, et al. Is there a role for Chlamydia trachomatis and genital Mycoplasma in male infertility? Fertil Steril 1987; 48: 337–339.
Goldzieher JW, Dozier TS, Smith KD, et al. Improving the diagnostic reliability of rapidly fluctuating plasma hormone levels by optimized multiple-sampling techniques. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 824–830.
Segal S, Polishuk WZ, Ben-David M. Hyperprolactinemic male infertility. Fertil Steril 1976; 27: 1425–1427.
Urban MD, Lee PA, Migeon C.J. Adult height and fertility in men with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1392–1396.
Van Steirteghem AC, Liu J, Joris H, et al. Higher success rate by intracytoplasmic sperm injection than subzonal insemination. Report of a second series of 300 consecutive treatment cycles. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 1055–1060.
Tucker MJ, Wright G, Morton PC, et al. Practical evolution and application of direct intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male factor and idiopathic fertilization failure infertilities. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 820–827.
Nagy Z, Liu J, Cecile J, et al. Using ejaculated, fresh, and frozen-thawed epididymal and testicular spermatozoa gives rise to comparable results after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 808–815.
Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I, Sharlip I, et al. Human pregnancies achieved by intraooplasmic injections of round spermatid (RS) nuclei isolated from testicular tissue of azoospermic men. J Urol 1995; 153: 320A (abstract; part 2).
Tesarik J, Mendoza C, Testart J. Viable embryos from injection of round spermatids into oocytes. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 525–526.
Singer C, Weiner WS. Sexual Dysfunction: A Neuromedical Approach. Armonk, NY: Futura; 1994.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McClure, R.D. (1997). Office Evaluation of the Infertile Man. In: Hellstrom, W.J.G. (eds) Male Infertility and Sexual Dysfunction. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1848-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1848-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7310-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1848-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive