Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science pp 69–112Cite as

Wastelands to Wetlands: Links Between Habitat Protection and Ecosystem Science

  • Chapter

Summary

The use of science in protecting the functions of wetland ecosystems has been viewed as a success story. We looked for evidence that scientific efforts affected two important actions: (1) the National Wildlife Refuge System was expanded substantially in the 1930s, including many wetlands, (2) legislation in 1972 protected the “waters of the United States” from dredging and filling. The first action was catalyzed by the droughts and catastrophic declines of waterfowl populations during the 1930s. A few key scientists were positioned to acquire and protect wetlands, making choices based on scientific opinions about waterfowl populations. In the 1960s, ecosystem science played a stronger role, with research on freshwater wetlands revealing water quality improvement functions, and studies of tidal marshes linking coastal fisheries to high productivity in salt marshes. Wetland protection followed from strong statements made about these links, even though the science base was limited. The methods by which wetland scientists influenced policy are obscure, because few scientists record such activities. We provide a few case studies of how ecologists have translated science into management action.

The effect of wetland protection on science and wetland science on ecosystem science are also viewed as successes. Hundreds of papers on wetland functioning have appeared since 1972, and the science now supports more than one journal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adamus, P.R. 1983. Amethod for wetland functional assessment. U.S. Department of Transportation Report FHWA-1P-82–83, Vol. I-II. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amos, W.H. 1970.The infinite river: a biologist’s vision of the world of water.Random House-Ballantine, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baczkowski, S.L. 1992.The effects of a decreased salinity on juvenile California halibutParalichthys californicus. M.S. thesis, San Diego State University, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beare, P.A. 1984.Salinity tolerance in cattails(Typha domingensis Pers.):explanations for invasion and persistence in a coastal salt marsh. M.S. thesis, San Diego State University, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beare, P.A., and J.B. Zedler. 1987. Cattail invasion and persistence in a coastal salt marsh: the role of salinityEstuaries10:165–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellrose, F.C. 1979. Waterfowl and wetlands—an integrated review. Pages 1–16 in T.A. Bookhout, ed.Proceedings of the 1977 Symposium of the North Central Section of The Wildlife Society.The Wildlife Society, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, R.J., and H.T. Odum. 1993.Ecological microcosms.Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brenchley-Jackson, J. 1992.Factors controlling the vegetation dynamics ofSpartina foliosaandSalicornia virginicain California’s coastal wetlands. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, M.M. 1993.A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report WRP-DE-4, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, M.M., B.L. Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay. 1981a.Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status.Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, National Water Resources Analysis Group, US FWS, FWS/OBS-81/17. Kearneysville, WV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, M., B. Swift, R. Plantico, and J. Barclay. 1981b.Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status. US FWS FWS/OBS-81/17, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brix, H. 1994. Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment in Europe. Pages 325–333 in W.J. Mitsch, ed.Global wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S., and A.E., Lugo, eds. 1986.Caribbean regional wetland functions. Proceedings of a Workshop, October 28–29, 1986. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busnardo, M.J., R.M. Gersberg, R. Langis, T.L. Sinicrope, and J.B. Zedler. 1992. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal by wetland mesocosms subjected to different hydroperiods.Ecological Engineering1:287–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway J.C., J.B. Zedler, and D.L. Ross. 1997. Using tidal salt marsh mesocosms to aid wetland restoration.Restoration Ecology5:135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, J.C., and J.B. Zedler. In press. Interactions between a salt marsh native perennial(Salicornia virginica)and an exotic annual(Polypogon monspeliensis)under varied salinity and hydroperiod.Wetlands Ecology and Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. 1951.The sea around us. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. 1962.Silent spring. Houghton Miffin, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J., and J. Clark, eds. 1979.Scientists’ Report. The National Symposium on Wetlands, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. November 6–9 1978. National Wetlands Technical Council, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cottam, C. 1934.The eel-grass shortage in relation to waterfowl. Transactions of the Twentieth American Game Conference. American Game Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979.Classification of wetland and deepwater habitats of the United States.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-79/31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, T. 1990.Wetlands losses in the United States 1780’s to 1980’s. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, R.M. 1961. Trophic spectrum of an estuarine community, based on studies of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.Ecology42:553–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, R.M., W.E. Pequegnat, B.M. James, F.J. Benson, and R.A. Defenbaugh. 1976.Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S.M., and J.C. Ogden, eds. 1994.Everglades the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennison, M.S., and J.F. Berry. 1993.Wetlands: guide to science law and technology. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhower, M.S., and A.P. Chew, eds. 1935.Yearbook of agriculture 1935. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EDF, and WWF. 1992.How wet is a wetland? The impacts of the proposed revisions to the federal wetlands delineation manual. New York, NY and Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA. 1993.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat. EPA832-R-93–005. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Errington, P.L. 1957.Of men and marshes.Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewel, K.C., and H.T. Odum. 1978. Cypress swamps for nutrient removal and wastewater recycling. Pages 181–198 in M.B. Wanielista and W.W. Eckenfelder, Jr., eds.Advances in water and wastewater treatment biological nutrient removal. Ann Arbor Scientific Publications, Inc., MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feierabend, S.J., and J.M. Zelazny. 1987.Status report on our nation’s wetlands. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flader, S.L., and J.B. Callicott. eds. 1991.The river of the mother of God and other essays by Aldo Leopold.University of Wisconsin Press, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, S.A. 1887. The lake as amicrocosm.Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin15:537–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, P.J., E.R. Kaynor, S. Pelczarski, and J. Benforado. 1985.Ecological considerations in wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters.Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosselink, J.G., E.P. Odum, and R.M. Pope. 1974.The value of the tidal marsh. Publ. No. LSU-SG-74–03, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J.E., J.E. Clark, and J.R. Clark. 1979.Wetland functions and values: State of our understanding. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands held in Disneyworld Village, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. November 7–10, 1978. American Water Resources Association. Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, E.B. 1977. The origins of detritus in Georgia salt marsh estuaries.Oikos29:254–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, D.D., W.H. McKee, Jr., H.K. Smith, J. Gregory, V.G. Burrell, Jr., M.R. DeVoe, et al. 1988.The ecology and management of wetlands Vol. 1–2. Croom Helm, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C.A., N.E. Detenbeck, and G.J. Niemi. 1990. The cumulative effect of wetlands on stream water quality and quantity. A landscape approach.Biogeochemistry10:105–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.R.;and J.F. McCormick. 1979.Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. USDA Forest Service GTR-WO-12. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadlec, R.H. 1994. Wetlands for water polishing: free water surface wetlands. Pages 335–349 in W.J. Mitsch, ed.Global wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellert, S.R. 1979.Public attitudes toward critical wildlife and natural habitat issues. USDI FWS, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koebel, J.W. Jr. 1995. An historical perspective on the Kissimmee River restoration project.Restoration Ecology3:149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, N., and J.B. Zedler. 1997. Differential effects of salinity and soil saturation on native and exotic plants of a coastal salt marsh.Estuaries20:391–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusler, J. 1978. Wetland protection: is science meeting the challenge? Pages 31–42 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark, eds. 1979.Wetland functions and values: The state of our understanding. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusler, J.A., W.J. Mitsch, and J.S. Larson. 1994. Wetlands.Scientific AmericanJanuary:64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusler, J.A., and T. Opheim. 1996.Our national wetland heritage: a protection guide 2nd ed. Environmental Law Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, A. 1949.A Sand County almanac and sketches here and there.Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindeman, R.L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic concept of ecology.Ecology23:399–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A., and M. Brinson. 1978. Calculations of the value of salt water wetlands. Pages 120–130 in P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark, eds. 1979.Wetland functions and values: the state of our understanding. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A.C., N. Hotchkiss, F.M. Uhler, and W.S. Bourn. 1953.Classification of wetlands of the United States.USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Wildlife No. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCallie, S.W. 1911. Apreliminary report on drainage reclamation in Georgia.Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • McComb, A.J., and P.S. Lake. 1990.Australian wetlands. Collins/Angus & Robertson Publishers, North Ryde, New South Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQueen, A.S., and H. Mizell. 1926.History of Okefenokee Swamp. Press of Jacobs and Co. of Georgia and Florida, Folkston, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meine, C. 1988.Aldo Leopold: his life and work. University of Wisconsin Press, WI

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsch, W.J. ed. 1994.Global wetlands: Old World and New. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsch, W.J., and S.E. Jorgensen. 1989.Ecological engineering: an introduction to ecotechnology.John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsch, W.J., and J.G. Gosselink. 1993.WetlandsSecond Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, R. 1967.Wilderness and the American mind. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, R. 1968.The American environment: readings in the history of conservation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, R., ed. 1970.The call of the wild.George Braziller, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems:Science Technology and Public Policy.National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niering, W.A. 1966.The life of the marsh: the North American wetlands.McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niering, W.A. 1991.Wetlands of North America. Thomasson-Grant, Charlottesville, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S.W. 1980. Between coastal marshes and coastal waters. A review of twenty years of speculation and research on the role of salt marshes in estuarine productivity and water chemistry. Pages 437–525 in P. Hamilton and K.B. Macdonald, eds.Estuarine and wetland processes.Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S.W., and V. Lee. 1986.Wetlands and water quality: a regional review of recent research in the United States on the role of freshwater and saltwater wetlands as sources sinks and transformers of nitrogen phosphorus and various heavy metals. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC. 1992.Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: science technology and public policy. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC. 1995.Wetlands characteristics and boundaries. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. 1959.Fundamentals of ecology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. 1961. The role of tidal marshes in estuarine production. State of New York Conservation Department.The ConservationistJune—July 1961:12–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd edition.W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. and A.E. Smalley. 1959.Comparison of population energy flow of a herbivorous and a deposit-feeding invertebrate in a salt marsh ecosystem.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 45:617–622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H.T. 1971.Environment power and society.Wiley Interscience. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onuf, C.P. 1987.The ecology of Mugu Lagoon: an estuarine profile.U.S. Fish and Wildlife. Service, Biological Report 85(7.15) Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technical Assessment. 1984.Wetlands: their use and regulation. OTA-O206. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, W.H., Jr. 1994. From wastelands to wetlands.Journal of Environmental Quality23:892–896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, L.R., and R.G. Wiegert. eds. 1981.The ecology of a salt marsh.Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragotzkie, R.A., L.R. Pomeroy, J.M. Teal, and D.C. Scott, eds. 1959.Proceedings: salt marsh conference held at the Marine Institute of the University of Georgia Sapelo Island Georgia March 25–28 1958. Marine Institute, University of Georgia. Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, K.R., and E.M. D’Angelo. 1994. Soil processes regulating water quality in wetlands. Pages 309–324 in W.J. Mitsch, ed.Global wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, J.H., and J. Low. 1986.Great Basin desert and montane regional wetland functions. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Logan Utah. February 27–28,1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, J.H., and R.D. Smith. 1984.An overview of major wetland functions and values. Western Energy and Land Use Team, Division of Biological Services, US FWS, FWS/OBS-84/18. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, J.H., and P.J.R. Stuber. 1984.Proceedings of the National Wetland Assessment Workshop 1983. US FWS Western Energy and Land Use Team. FWS/OBS84/12. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, S.P., and C.G. Fredine. 1956.Wetlands of the United States: their extent and their value to waterfowl and other wildlife. Circular 39. USFWS USDI. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinicrope, T.L., R. Langis, R.M. Gersberg, M.J. Busnardo, and J.B. Zedler. 1992. Metal removal by wetland mesocosms subjected to different hydroperiods.Ecological Engineering1:309–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siry, J.V. 1983.Marshes of the ocean shore: development of an ecological ethic.Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloey, W.E., F.L. Spangler, and C.W. Fetter, Jr. 1978. Management of freshwater wetlands for nutrient assimilation. Pages 321–340 in R.E. Good, D.F. Whigham, and R.L. Simpson, eds.Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes and management potential.Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, D.H. 1971.The conservationists.Addison-Wesley Pub.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teal, J.M. 1962. Energy flow in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia.Ecology43:614–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teal, J., and M. Teal. 1969.Life and death of a salt marsh. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teal, M., and J. Teal. 1964.Portrait of an island.Atheneum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. 1976.The swamp.W.W. Norton & Co. Inc. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udall, S.L. 1963.The quiet crisis.Avon Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban Forest and Education Program. 1994.Woodlands wetlands & wildlife: a guide to the natural areas of New York City parks.City of New York Parks and Recreation and City Parks Foundation, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • US FWS (Fish and Wildlife Service). 1989.National wetlands priority conservation plan. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDI (Department of Interior). 1994.The impact of federal programs on wetlands Vol. II A report to Congress by the Secretary of the Interior. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Valk, A., ed. 1989.Northern prairie wetlands.Iowa State University Press, Ames.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Valk, A., and J. Hall. 1986.Alaska: regional wetland functions. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Anchorage, AK. May 28–29, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, W.W. 1976.Beautiful swimmers: watermen crabs and the Chesapeake Bay. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentz, W.A.Wetland values and management. U.S.Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wharton, C.H. 1970.Southern river swamp.Georgia State University, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wharton, C.H. 1973. The Alcovy River. Pages 15–25 inCitizens’ Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality. Citizens make the difference: case studies of environmental action.Citizens’ Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. 1990.Protection and retrospection. Wetlands: a threatened landscape. Special Publications Series, Institute of British Geographers. Basil Blackwell, Inc., London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B. 1981. The San Diego River marsh before/after the 1980 flood.Environment Southwest495:20–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B. 1985. Wastewater input to coastal wetlands: management concerns. Pages 127–133 in Godfrey et al., eds.Ecological considerations in wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters.Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B. 1996. Ecological issues in wetland mitigation: an introduction to the forum.Ecological Applications6:33–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., and P.A. Beare. 1986. Temporal variability of salt marsh vegetation: the role of low-salinity gaps and environmental stress. Pages 295–306 in D. Wolfe, ed.Estuarine Variability.Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., M. Busnardo, T. Sinicrope, R. Langis, R. Gersberg, and S. Baczkowski. 1994. Pulsed-discharge wastewater wetlands: the potential for solving multiple problems by varying hydroperiod. Pages 363–368 in W.J. Mitsch, ed.Global wetlands: Old World and New.Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., T. Huffman, and M. Josselyn. 1985.Pacific regional wetland functions. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Mill Valley, CA. April 14–16, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., and M.E. Kentula. 1985.Wetlands research plan. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., R. Koenigs, and W. Magdych. 1984a.Freshwater release and southern California coastal wetlands: management plan for the beneficial use of treated wastewater in the Tijuana River and San Diego River estuaries. San Diego Association of Governments, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., R. Koenigs, and W. Magdych. 1984b.Freshwater release and southern California coastal wetlands; Report 1 Streamflow for the San Diego and Tijuana Rivers; Report 2 Review of salinity effects and predictions of estuarine responses to lowered salinity.San Diego Association of Governments, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedler, J.B., C.S. Nordby, and T. Griswold. 1990.Linkages: among estuarine habitats and with the watershed. Technical Memorandum under contract number NA89AA-D-CZ043. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Marine and Estuarine Management Division. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Joy B. Zedler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Meghan Q. Fellows
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sally Trnka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA

    Michael L. Pace  & Peter M. Groffman  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zedler, J.B., Fellows, M.Q., Trnka, S. (1998). Wastelands to Wetlands: Links Between Habitat Protection and Ecosystem Science. In: Pace, M.L., Groffman, P.M. (eds) Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98475-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1724-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation