Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sonography of Carcinoma of the Prostate

  • Chapter
Lower Genitourinary Radiology

  • 236 Accesses

Abstract

To perform an optimal transrectal ultrasound examination (TRUS) of the prostate it is necessary to have the rectum cleansed of stool. We request that the patient have an enema to cleanse the rectum 1 hour before the examination. This step is especially important if the scanner has a water standoff, as any residual particles of stool may cause acoustic shadowing and preclude adequate demonstration of the rectal wall and the prostate. With an end-fire probe it is possible to obtain adequate contact for imaging without an enema, but if biopsy is to be performed at the same time, an enema seems prudent. The patient is not required to be fasting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Brawer MK, Lange PH. Prostate-specific antigen in management of prostatic carcinoma. Urology 1989; 33(suppl): 11–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 909–916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stamey TA. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Monogr Urol 1989; 10: 50–64

    Google Scholar 

  4. Aihara M, Lebovitz RM, Wheeler TM, et al. Prostate specific antigen and Gleason grade: an immunohistochemical study of prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 151: 1558–1564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Epstein JI, Carmichael MJ, Partin AW, et al. Small high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens performed for nonpalpable disease: pathogenic and clinical implications. J Urol 1994; 151: 1587–1592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Klee GG, et al. Free, complexed and total serum prostate specific antigen: the establishment of appropriate reference ranges for their concentrations and ratios. J Urol 1995; 154: 1090–1095

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Littrup PJ, Kane RA, Williams CR, et al. Determination of prostate volume with transrectal US for cancer screening. Radiology 1991; 178: 537–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee F, Littrup PJ, Loft-Christensen L, et al. Predicted prostate specific antigen results using transrectal ultrasound gland volume. Cancer 1992; 70: 211–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Benson MC, Whang IS, Pantuck A, et al. Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 815–816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992; 267: 2215–2220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McNeal JE. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate 1981; 2: 35–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee F, Torp-Pederson ST, Siders DB, et al. Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Radiology 1989; 170: 609–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. McLeary RD. Color Doppler imaging of the vascular anatomy of the prostate [abstract]. Radiology 1993; 189: 155

    Google Scholar 

  14. McNeal JE. Origin and development of carcinoma in the prostate. Cancer 1969; 23: 24–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, et al. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma: correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12: 897–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Babaian JR, Troncoso P, Steelhammer LC, et al. Tumor volume and prostate specific antigen: implications for early detection and defining a window of curability. J Urol 1995; 154: 1808–1812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Myers RP, Goellner JR, Cahill DR. Prostate shape, external striated urethral sphincter and radical prostatectomy: the apical dissection. J Urol 1987; 138: 543–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Villers A, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. The role of perineural space invasion in the local spread of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1989; 142: 763–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee F, Siders DB, Torp-Pederson ST, et al. Prostate cancer: transrectal ultrasound and pathology comparison. Cancer 1991; 67: 1131–1142

    Google Scholar 

  20. McNeal JE, Price HM, Redwine EA, et al. Stage A verses stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate: morphological comparison and biological significance. J Urol 1988; 139: 61–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stamey TA, Dietrick DD, Issa MM. Large organ confined, impalpable transition cancer: association with metastatic levels of prostatic specific antigen. J Urol 1993; 149: 510–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hamper UM, Sheth S, Walch PC, et al. Bright echogenic foci in early prostatic carcinoma: sonographic and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1990; 176: 339–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Byar DP, Mostofi FK. The Veterans Administration cooperative urological research group: carcinoma of the prostate: prognostic evaluation of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies. Cancer 1972; 30: 5–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rifkin MD, Sudakoff GS, Archibald AA. Prostate: techniques, results, and potential applications of color Doppler US scanning. Radiology 1993; 186: 509–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee F, Transrectal ultrasound; diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Urology 1989; 33(suppl): 5–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jones EC, McNeal JE, Bruchovsky N, et al. DNA content in prostatic adenocarcinoma: a flow cytometry study of the predictive value of aneuploidy for tumor volume, percentage Gleason grade 4 and 5, and lymph node métastases. Cancer 1990; 66: 752–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Catalona WJ, Stein AJ. Staging errors in clinically localized prostatic cancer. J Urol 1982; 127: 452–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terres MK, et al. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 142: 71–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vallancien G, Prapotnich D, Veillon B, et al. Systematic prostatic biopsies In 100 men with suspicion of cancer on digital rectal examination. J Urol 1991; 146: 1308–1312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Loch T, McNeal JE, Stamey TA. Interpretation of bilateral positive biopsies in prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 154: 1078–1083

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Stone NN, Stock RG, Unger P. Indications for seminal vesicle biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in men with localized carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1995; 154: 1392–1396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Allepuz Losa CA, Sanz Velez JI, Gil Sanz MJ, et al. Seminal vesicle biopsy in prostate cancer staging. J Urol 1995; 154: 1407–1411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Villers AA, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Pathogenesis and biological significance of seminal vesicle invasion in prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1990; 143: 1183–1187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Keetch DW, Catalona WJ, Smith DS. Serial prostatic biopsies in men with persistently elevated serum prostate specific antigen values. J Urol 1994; 151: 1571–1574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Weinstein MH, Epstein JI. Significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 624–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bostwick DG, Qian J, Frankel K. The incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsies. J Urol 1995; 154: 1791–1794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Davidson D, Bostwick DG, Qain J, et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: predictive accuracy in needle biopsies. J Urol 1995; 154: 1295–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Richard D. McLeary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA

    Syed Zafar H. Jafri M.D. (Clinical Associate Professor, Chief) (Clinical Associate Professor, Chief)

  2. Section of Uroradiology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA

    Syed Zafar H. Jafri M.D. (Clinical Associate Professor, Chief) (Clinical Associate Professor, Chief)

  3. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Ananias C. Diokno M.D. (Clinical Professor of Urology, Chief) (Clinical Professor of Urology, Chief)

  4. Department of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA

    Ananias C. Diokno M.D. (Clinical Professor of Urology, Chief) (Clinical Professor of Urology, Chief)

  5. Body MRI Section Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101, USA

    Marco A. Amendola M.D. (Professor of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Chief) (Professor of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Chief)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McLeary, R.D. (1998). Sonography of Carcinoma of the Prostate. In: Jafri, S.Z.H., Diokno, A.C., Amendola, M.A. (eds) Lower Genitourinary Radiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1648-3_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1648-3_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7230-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1648-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation