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Responses of Northern U.S. Forests to Environmental Change pp 181–227Cite as

Physiological and Environmental Causes of Freezing Injury in Red Spruce

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Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 139))

Abstract

For many, concerns about the implications of “environmental change” conjure up scenarios of forest responses to global warming, enrichment of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, and the northward migration of maladapted forests. From that perspective, the primary focus of this chapter, that is, causes of freezing injury to red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), may seem somewhat counterintuitive and inconsistent with the overall theme of the book. However, the dramatically increased incidence of freezing injury to northern montane red spruce forests over the past four decades is, in fact, largely a function of human-induced environmental change. “Environmental change” in the context of this chapter includes both changing climatic patterns and chemical changes in the atmospheric, forest canopy, and/or soil environment that may directly or indirectly result from atmospheric wet (precipitation or cloud water) or dry (direct deposition of gases or aerosols) deposition.

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Authors
  1. Paul G. Schaberg
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  2. Donald H. DeHayes
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., 1509 Varsity Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA

    Robert A. Mickler

  2. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 11 Campus Boulevard, Newton Square, PA, 19073, USA

    Richard A. Birdsey  & John Hom  & 

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Schaberg, P.G., DeHayes, D.H. (2000). Physiological and Environmental Causes of Freezing Injury in Red Spruce. In: Mickler, R.A., Birdsey, R.A., Hom, J. (eds) Responses of Northern U.S. Forests to Environmental Change. Ecological Studies, vol 139. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1256-0_6

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