Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

History of MOF and Definitions of Organ Failure

  • Chapter
Multiple Organ Failure

Abstract

Throughout the short history of modern medicine, whether one begins with Ambrose Paré, John H. Hunter, or Theodor Billroth, there have been limits to surgical capability. Whether imposed by pain (calling for the development of anesthesia), by hemorrhage and fluid loss (calling for hemostasis and intravenous fluids), or by infection (calling for antisepsis and then asepsis), these limits have challenged physicians to develop the technical resources and biologic understanding to go beyond their existing capability. This striving by the practitioner, the academician, and the investigator to extend the limits of our capability is part not only of our heritage but of our responsibility to our patients and our profession.

A chain is only as strong as its weakest links. When links are strengthened where the chain has broken previously, new weak spots appear simply because the chain holds to test them. The obvious weak link in the severely wounded in this war [World War II] was the kidney— Edward D. Churchill, M.D..

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Churchill ED: Surgeons to Soldiers. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Weed LL: Medical records that guide and teach. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 593–600, 652-657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Katz NM, Ottinger LW: System-structured management of acutely ill surgical patients. Arch Surg 1976; 111: 239–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. US Army: Battle Casualties in Korea—Studies of the Surgical Research Team, vol IV. Washington, DC, Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Moore FD, Tilney NL, Morgan AP: Post-traumatic respiratory insufficiency. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  6. US Army: Batde Casualties in Korea—Studies of Our Limitations So We Can Overcome Them, the Surgical Research Team, vols I-IV. Washington, DC, Brooke Army Medical Center and Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Baue AE: Multiple, progressive, or sequential systems failure: a syndrome of the 1970s. Arch Surg 1975; 110: 779–781.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Tilney NL, Bailev GL, Morgan AP: Sequential system failure after rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms: an unsolved problem in postoperative care. Ann Surg 1973; 178: 117–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Welch CE: Treatment of combined intestinal obstruction and peritonitis by refunctionalization of the intestine. Ann Surg 1955; 142: 739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Burke JF, Pontoppidan H, Welch CE: High output respiratory failure: an important cause of death ascribed to peritonitis or ileus. Ann Surg 1963; 158: 581–595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Skillman JJ, Bushnell LS, Hedley-Whyte J: Peritonitis and respiratory failure after abdominal operations. Ann Surg 1969; 170: 122–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Clowes GHA Jr., Zuschneid W, Turner M, et al: Observations on the pathogenesis of the pneumonitis associated with severe infections in other parts of the body. Ann Surg 1968; 167: 630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Border JR., TibbetsJC, Schenk WG: Hypoxic hyperventilation and acute respiratory failure in the severely stressed patient: massive pulmonary arteriovenous shunts? Surgery 148;64: 710.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Siegel JH, Greenspan M, DeIGuercio LRM: Abnormal vascular tone, defective oxygen transport and myocardial failure in human septic shock. Ann Surg 1967; 165: 504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Skillman JJ, Bushnell LS, Goldman H, Silen W: Respiratory failure, hypotension, sepsis and jaundice. Am J Surg 1969; 117: 523–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Eiseman B, Beart R, Norton L: Multiple organ failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977; 144: 323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Polk HC Jr., Shields CL: Remote organ failure: a valid sign of occult intra-abdominal infection. Surgery 1977; 81: 310–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Meakins JL, Marshall JC: The gastrointestinal tract: the “motor” of MOF (part of SIS panel discussion). Arch Surg 1986; 121: 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fry DE, Pearlstein L, Fulton RL, Polk HC Jr.: Multiple system organ failure. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 136–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Border JR., Chenier R, McMenamv RH, et al: Multiple systems organ failure: muscle fuel deficit with visceral protein malnutrition. Surg Clin North Am 1976; 56: 1147–1167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Trunkey DD, Miller CL: Multiple organ failure and sepsisIn: Najarian JS, Delaney JP (eds) Emergency Surgery. Chicago, Year Book, 1982; 273–28.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Marshall WG Jr., Dimick AR: The natural history of ma.jor burns with multiple subsystem failure. J Trauma 1983; 23: 102–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cassone E: Clinical and laboratory signs of multiple organ failure. Infect Surg 1983; 2: 857–862.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Border JR, Hassett J, LaDuca J, et al: The gut origin septic states in blunt multiple trauma (ISS=40) in the ICU. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 41–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cerra FB, Siegel JH, Colman B, Border J, McMenamy RH: Autocannibalism, a failure of exogenous nutritional support. Ann Surg 1980; 192: 570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carrico CJ: Multiple organ failure syndrome [SIS panel discussion]. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 196–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Deitch EA, Winterton J, Berg R: Effect of starvation, malnutrition, and trauma on the gastrointestinal tract flora and bacterial translocation. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 1019–1024.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Faist E, Baue AE, Dittmer H, Heberer G: Multiple organ failure in polytrauma patients. J Trauma 1993; 23: 775–787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bumaschny E, Doglio G, Pusajo J, et al: Postoperative acute gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage and multiple-organ failure. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 722–726.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shen P-F, Zhang S-C: Acute renal failure and multiple-organ-system failure. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 1131–1133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Goris RJA, te Boekhorst TPA, Nuytinck JKS: Multiple organ failure: generalized autodestructive inflammation? Arch Surg 1985; 120: 1109–1115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fischer RP: High mortality of post-traumatic renal insufficiency in Vietnam: a review of 96 cases. Am Surg 1974; 40: 172–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Baker CC, Trunkey D, Miller C: Epidemiology of trauma deaths. Am J Surg 1980; 140: 144–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Baker CC, Trunkey D, Miller C: Impact of a trauma service on trauma care in a university hospital. Am J Surg 1985; 149: 453–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Baue AE: Sequential or multiple systems failure. In: Najarian J, Delaney J (eds) Critical Surgical Care. Miami, Symposia Specialist, 1977; 293–300.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Baue AE, Chaudry IH: Prevention of multiple systems failure. Surg Clin North Am 1980; 60: 1167–1178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Baue AE: Multiple organ or systems failure. In: Haimovici H (ed) Vascular Emergencies Norwalk, CT, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Faist E, Heberer G, Baue AE: Das mehrorgan versagen beim polytraurnatisierten patienten. Krankenhausarzt 1983; 56: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Baue AE: Multiple organ or systems failure. In: Delaney JP, Najarian JS (eds) Trauma and Critical Care Surgery. Chicago, Year Book, 1987; 363–367.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA, Sun X, Wagner DP: Severity stratification and outcome prediction for multisystem organ failure and dysfunction. World J Surg 1996; 20: 401–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Baue AE: Multiple organ failure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: where do we stand? Shock 1994; 2: 395–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Baue AE: Multiple Organ Failure: Patient Care and Prevention. St.Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al: Prognosis in acute organ-system failure. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 685–693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Goris RJA, te Bockhorst TPA, Nuytinck JKS, Gimbrere JSF: Multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1985; 120: 1109–1110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Norton LW: Does drainage of intraabdominal pus reverse multiple organ failure? Am J Surg 1985; 149: 347–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pine RW, Wertz MJ, Lennard ES, et al: Determinants of organ malfunction or death in patient with intra-abdominal sepsis. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 242–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Carrico CJ, Meakins JL, Marshall JC, Fry D, Maier V: Multipleorgan failure syndrome. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 196–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Marshall JC, Christou NV, Horn R, Meakins JL: The microbiology of multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 309–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bihari D, Sinithies M, Ginison A, Tinker J: The effects of vasodilation with prostacyclin on oxygen delivery and uptake in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 397–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bell RC, Coalson JJ, Smith JD, Johanson WG: Multiple organ system failure and infection in adult respiratory distress. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 293–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Darling GE, Duff JH, Mustard RA, Finley JR: Multiorgan failure in critically ill patients. Can J Surg 1988; 31: 172–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rubin DB, Wiener-Kronish JP, Murray JF, et al: Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 474–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Saffle JR, Sullivan JJ, Tuohig GM, Larson CM: Multiple orfan failure in patients with thermal injury. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1673–1683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kollef MH: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. JAMA 1994; 270: 1964–1970.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hebert PC, Drummond AJ, Singer J, Bernard GR, Russel JA: A simple multiple system organ failure scoring system predicts mortality of patients who have sepsis syndrome. Chest 1993; 104: 230–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ruokenen E, Takala J, Kari A, Alhava E: Septic shock and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 1991; 10: 1146–1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Manship L, McMillin RD, Brown JJ: the influence of sepsis and multisystem and organ failure on mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg 1984; 50: 94–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Moore FA, Moore EE, Pogetti R, et al: Gut bacterial translocation via the protal vein: a clinical perspective with major torso trauma. J Trauma 1991; 31: 629–638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fry DE, Pearlstein L, Fulton RL, Polk HC: Multiple system organ failure. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 136–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dorinsky PM, Gadek JE: Multiple organ failure. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 581–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dobb GJ: Multiple organ failure: “words mean what I say they mean.” Intensive Care World 1991; 8: 157–159.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Eiseman B, Beart R, Norton L: Multiple organ failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977; 144: 323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Marshall JC, Cook DA, Sibbald WJ, Roy PD, Christoue NV: The multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Baue AE, Durham R, Faist E: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), multiple organ failure (MOF): are we winning the battle? Shock 1998; 20(2): 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Bernard G: The Brussels Score. Sepsis 1997; 1: 43–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Vincent JL: Organ dysfunction as an outcome measure: the sofa score. Sepsis 1997; 1: 53–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. LeGall F, Klar J, Lemeshow S: How to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit? The logistic organ dysfunction (LOD) system. Sepsis 1997; 1: 45–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Wright JG, McLeod RS, Lossing A, et al: Measurement in surgical clinical research. Surg 1996; 119: 241–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Feinstein AR: Clinimetrics. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  70. Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, et al: APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation;a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 591–597.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. AACP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992; 101: 1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al: The APACHE in prognostic system: risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1991; 100: 1619–1636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. LeGall J-R, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F: A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993; 270: 2957–2486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lemeshow S, Teres D, Klar J, et al: Mortality probability models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA 1993; 270: 2478–2486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhu B-P, Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW, et al: Factors affecting the performance of the models in the mortality probability model II system and strategies of customization: a simulation study. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 57–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lemeshow S, Klar J, Teres D, et al: Mortality probability models for patients in the intensive care unit for 48 or 72 hours: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1351–1358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, et al: Therapeutic intervention scoring system: a method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 1974; 2: 57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. LeGall JR, Lemeshow S, Leleu G: Customized probability models for early severe sepsis in adult intensive care patients. JAMA 1995; 273: 644–650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Seneff M, Knaus WA: Predicting patients outcome from intensive care: a guide to APACHE, MPM, SAPS, PRISM, and other prognostic scoring systems. J Intensive Care Med 1997; 5: 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Castella X, Artigas A, Bion J, et al: A comparison of severity of illness scoring systems for intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, multinational study. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Roumen RMH, Redl H, Schlag G, et al: Scoring systems and blood lactate concentrations in relation to the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure in severely traumatized patients. J Trauma 1993; 35: 349–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Fischer E: Utility of illness severity scoring for prediction of prolonged surgical critical care. J Trauma 1996; 40: 513–518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rutledge R: The injury severity score is unable to differentiate between poor care and severe injury. J Trauma 1996; 40: 944–950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lewis FR: Editorial comment. J Trauma 1996; 40: 950.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Wong DT, Barrow PM, Gomez M, McGuire GP: A comparison of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II icore and the trauma-injury severity score (TUBS) for outeome assessment in intensive care unit trauma patients. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 1642–1648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Baue AE: Who is keeping score? An overview to introduce a consensus conference on outcome prediction. In: Baue AE, Berlot G, Gullo A (eds) Sepsis and Organ Dysfunction. New York; Springer-Verlag, 1998; 35–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  87. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al: Early predictors of post-injury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 39–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tran DD, Guesta MA, van Leeuwen PAM, et al: Risk factors for multiple organ failure and death in critically injured patients. Surgery 1993; 114: 21–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tryba M: Sucralfate vs antacids, H2 antagonist for stress ulcer prophlaxis;a method—analysis on efficacy and pneumonia rate. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 942–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, Morris JM, et al: Multiple organ failure can be predicted as early as 12 hours after injury. J Trauma 1998; 45: 291–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Henao FJ, Daes JE, Dennis OJ: Risk factors for multiple organ failure;a case-control study. J Trauma 1991; 31: 74–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hammermeister RE, Burchfield S, Johnson R, Grover F: Identification of patients at greater risk for developing major complications at cardiac surgery. Circulation 1990; 82: 380–389.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Arthur E. Baue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA

    Arthur E. Baue MD (Professor Emeritus) (Professor Emeritus)

  2. Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, D-81377, Germany

    Eugen Faist MD (Professor) (Professor)

  3. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA

    Donald E. Fry MD (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baue, A.E. (2000). History of MOF and Definitions of Organ Failure. In: Baue, A.E., Faist, E., Fry, D.E. (eds) Multiple Organ Failure. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1222-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1222-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7049-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1222-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation