Abstract
Sandstones are mixtures of mineral grains and rock fragments coming from naturally disaggregated products of erosion of rocks of all kinds. The total variety of rock types in any given eroding watershed may be represented in the sediment product. Theoretically, therefore, the number of mineral species to be found in all sandstones is as large as the total number of mineral species known. Even a given specific sandstone might be expected to contain a large variety of minerals, since a glance at any geologic map will show the average watershed to have rocks with many kinds of minerals present. In fact the expectation proves to be untrue, for the abundant minerals of sandstones belong to a few major groups; many varieties of heavy minerals (most present in trace amounts) may be found, but the list is by no means very large. Obviously, the processes determining mineral composition of sandstones are more complex than simple mixing ones from source areas of different kinds. The discrepancy is great between observed and theoretically possible combinations of minerals.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, J.: Wear of Unsound Pebbles in River Headwaters. Science 203, 171–172 (1979).
Adler, H.H. (Ed.): Formation of uranium ore deposits. Proc. Symposium Intern. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 747 pp. (1974).
Allen, J.R.L.: Petrology, Origin and Deposition of the Highest Lower Old Red Sandstone of Shropshire, England. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 657–697 (1962).
Allen, P.: Lower Cretaceous Sourcelands and the North Atlantic. Nature 222, 657–658 (1969).
Allen, P.: Wealden Detrital Tourmaline: Implications for Northwestern Europe. Geol. Soc. London Jour. 128, 273–294 (1972).
Allen, P.; Dodson, M.H.; and Rex, D.C.: Potassium-argon dates and the origin of Wealden glauconites. Nature 202, 585–586 (1964).
Allen, P.; Sutton, J.; and Watson, J.V.: Torridonian tourmaline-quartz pebbles and the Precambrian crust northwest of Britain. Geol. Soc. London Jour. 130, 85–91 (1974).
Allen, R.C.; Gavish, E.; Friedman, G.M.; and Sanders, J.E.: Aragonite-cemented sandstone from outer continental shelf off Delaware Bay: submarine lithification mechanism yields product resembling beachrock. Jour. Sed. Petrology 39. 136–149 (1969).
Andel, Tj.H. van: Sediments of the Rhone delta, pt. II, Sources and deposition of heavy minerals. Koninkl. Nederlandsch. Geol. Mijnb. Genoot. Geol. Ser. 15, 357–556 (1955).
Aronson, J.L., and Tilton, G.R.: Probable Precambrian detrital zircons in New Caledonia and Southwest Pacific continental structure. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 82, 3449–3456 (1971).
Arrhenius, G., and Bonatti, E.: Neptunism and volcanism in the ocean. In: Sears, M. (Ed.): Progress in oceanography, Vol. 3, pp. 7–22. London: Pergamon 1965.
Baker, G.: Opal phytoliths in some Victorian soils and “red rain” residues. Australian Jour. Botany 7, 64–87 (1959).
Baskin, Yehuda: A study of authigenic feldspars. Jour. Geology 64, 132–155 (1956).
Basu, A.: Petrology of Holocene fluvial sand derived from plutonic source rocks: Implications to paleo-climatic interpretation. Jour. Sed. Petrology 46, 694–709 (1976).
Basu, A.; Blanchard, D.P.; and Brannon, J.C.: Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A pilot study of the first leg. Sedimentology 29, 737–742 (1982).
Basu, A.; Young, S.W.; Suttner, L.J.; James, W.C.; and Mack, G.H.: Re-evaluation of the use of undulatory extinction and polycrystallinity in detrital quartz for provenance interpretation. Jour. Sed. Petrology 45, 873–882 (1975).
Bates, T.F., and Comer, J.J.: Electron microscopy of clay surfaces. Clays and clay minerals: 3rd Nat’l. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals. Proc. U.S. Natl. Acad. Sci. Pub. 395, 1–25 (1955).
Bell, D.L., and Goodell, H.G.: A comparative study of glauconite and the associated clay fraction in modern marine sediments. Sedimentology 9, 169202 (1967).
Berner, R.A.: Iron sulfides formed from aqueous solution at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Jour. Geology 72, 293–306 (1964).
Berner, R.A.: Early diagenesis, 241 pp. Princeton. New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press 1980.
Berner, R.A., and Holdren, G.R., Jr.: Mechanism of feldspar weathering, pt. II, Observation of feldspars from soils. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 43, 1173–1186 (1979).
Beutelspacher, H., and van der Marel, H.W.: Atlas of electron microscopy of clay minerals and their admixtures, 333 pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1968.
Bhatia, M.R.: Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Jour. Geology 91, 611–627 (1983).
Bhatia, M.R., and Taylor, S.R.: Trace-element geochemistry and sedimentary provinces: A study from the Tasman Geosyncline, Australia. Chem. Geology 33, 115–125(1981).
Birks, L.S.: Electron probe microanalysis, 253 pp. New York: Interscience 1963.
Biscaye, Pierre: Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and ocean. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 76, 803–832 (1965).
Blatt, H.: Original characters of clastic quartz. Jour. Sed. Petrology 37, 401–424 (1967).
Blatt, H., and Christie, J.M.: Undulatory extinction in quartz of igneous and metamorphic rocks and its significance in provenance studies of sedimentary rocks. Jour. Sed. Petrology 33, 559–579 (1963).
Blatt, H.; Middleton, G.; and Murray, R.: Origin of sedimentary rocks, 2nd. Ed., 782 pp. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1980.
Boles, J.R.: Active albitization of plagioclase, Gulf Coast Tertiary. Am. Jour. Sci. 282, 165–180 (1982).
Borchert, H.: Ozeane Salzlagerstätten, 237 pp. Berlin: Gebr. Bornträger 1959.
Bostick, N.: Microscopic measurement of the level of catagenesis of solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks to aid exploration for petroleum and to determine former burial temperatures—a review. In: Scholle, P.A., and Schluger, P.R. (Eds.): Aspects of diagenesis. Soc. Econ. Paleon. Mineral. Spec. Pub. 26, 17–44 (1979).
Braitsch, O.: Salt deposits, their origin and composition, 297 pp. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1971.
Breger, I.A. (Ed.): Organic geochemistry, 658 pp. New York: Macmillan 1963.
Briggs, L.I.; McCulloch, D.S.; and Moser, Frank: The hydraulic shape of sand particles. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 645–656 (1962).
Brindley, G.W., and Brown, G. (Eds.): Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification, 490 pp. London: Mineralog. Soc. Great Britain 1980.
Brookins, D.G., and Voss, J.D.: Age dating of muscovites from Pennsylvanian sandstones near Wamego, Kansas. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 54, 353–356 (1970).
Bull, P.A.; Culver, S.J.; and Gardner, R.: Chatter-mark trails as paleoenvironmental indicators. Geology 8, 318–322 (1980).
Burst, J.F.: “Glauconite” pellets: Their mineral nature and application to stratigraphic problems. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 42, 310–327 (1958).
Busenberg, E., and Clemency, C.V.: The dissolution kinetics of feldspars at 25°C and 1 atm. CO2 partial pressure. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 40, 41–50 (1976).
Callender, D.L., and Folk, R.L.: Idiomorphic zircon, key to volcanism in the lower Tertiary sands of central Texas. Am. Jour. Sci. 256, 257–269 (1958).
Calvert, S.E.: Sedimentary geochemistry of silicon. In: Aston, S.R. (Ed.): Silicon geochemistry and biogeochemistry, pp. 143–186. New York: Academic Press 1983.
Carroll, D.: Clay minerals: A guide to their X-ray identification, Geol. Soc. America Spec. Pub. 126, 80 pp. (1970).
Charles, R.G., and Blatt, H.: Quartz, chert, and feldspars in modern fluvial muds and sands. Jour. Sed. Petrology 48, 427–432 (1978).
Clarke, F.W.: The data of geochemistry, 5th Ed. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 770, 841 pp. (1924).
Clayton, R.N.; Jackson, M.L.; and Sridhar, K.: Resistance of quartz silt to isotopic exchange under burial and intense weathering conditions. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 42, 1517–1522 (1978).
Clocchiatti, R.: Les inclusions vitreuses des cristaux de quartz. Soc. Géol. France Mem. 122, 95 pp. (1975).
Cloud, P.E.: Physical limits of glauconite formation. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 39, 484–492 (1955).
Columbo, Umberto, and Hobson, G.C. (Eds.): Advances in organic geochemistry, 488 pp. New York: Macmillan 1964.
Cook, P.J.: Sedimentary phosphate deposits. In: Wolf, K.H. (Ed.): Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits, Vol. 7, pp. 505–535. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1976.
Coombs, D.S.; Ellis, A.J.; Fyfe, W.S.; and Gaylor, A.M.: The zeolite facies, with comments on the interpretation of hydrothermal syntheses. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 17, 53–107 (1959).
Correns, C.W., and Piller, H.: Mikroskopie der feinkörnigen Silikatminerale. In: Mikroskopie der Silikate, pt. I, Handbuch der Mikroskopie in der Technik, Vol. IV, pp. 699–780. Mikroskopie der Gesteine, 796 pp. Frankfurt: Umschau Verlag 1955.
Crook, K.A.W.: Lithogenesis and geotectonics: the significance of compositional variations in flysch arenites (graywackes). In: Dott, R.H., and Shaver, R.H. (Eds.): Modern and ancient geosynclinal sedimentation. Soc. Econ. Paleon. Mineral. Spec. Pub. 19, 304–310 (1974).
Curtis, C.D.: Stability of minerals in surface weathering reactions: a general thermochemical approach. Earth Surface Processes 1, 63–70 (1976).
Davies, D.K., and Ethridge, F.G.: Sandstone composition and depositional environment. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 59, 239–264 (1975).
Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; and Zussman, J.: Rock-forming minerals, Vol. 1, Ortho-and ring silicates, 333 pp. New York: Wiley 1962.
Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; and Zussman, J.: Rock-forming minerals, Vol. 4, Framework silicates, 435 pp. New York: Wiley 1963.
Degens, Egon: Geochemistry of sediments: a brief survey, 342 pp. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1965.
Degens, E.T.; Williams, E.G.; and Keith M.L.: Environmental studies of Carboniferous sediments, pt. I, Geochemical criteria for differentiating marine and freshwater shales. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 41, 2427–2455 (1957).
Degens, E.T.; Williams, E.G.; and Keith, M.L.: Environmental studies of Carboniferous sediments, pt. II, Application of geochemical criteria. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 42, 981–997 (1958).
Dennen, W.H.: Impurities in quartz. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 75, 241–246 (1964).
DePaolo, D.J., and Wasserburg, G.J.: Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models. Geophys. Research Letters 3, 249–252 (1976).
Dietz, V.: Experiments on the influence of transport on shape and roundness of heavy minerals. In: Stability of heavy minerals, 44 pp. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1973.
Dodson, M.H.; Rex, D.C.; Casey, R.; and Allen, P.: Glauconite dates from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. Geol. Soc. London Jour. 1205, 145–158 (1964).
Doornkamp, J.C.: Tropical weathering and the ultramicroscopic characteristics of regolith quartz on Dartmoor. Geog. Annaler 56, 73–82 (1974).
Doyle, L.J.; Carder, K.L.; and Steward, R.G.: The hydraulic equivalence of mica. Jour. Sed. Petrology 53, 643–648 (1983).
Doyle, L.J.; Cleary, W.J.; and Pilkey, O.H.: Mica: Its use in determining shelf-depositional regimes. Marine Geol. 6, 381–389 (1968).
Eglinton, G., and Murphy, M.T.J. (Eds.): Organic geochemistry, 720 pp. Berlin—Heidelberg—New York: Springer-Verlag 1969.
Ethridge, F.G.: Petrology, transport, and environment in isochronous upper Devonian sandstone and siltstone units, New York. Jour. Sed. Petrology 47, 53–65 (1977).
Evernden, J.F.; Curtis, G.H.; Obradovich, J.; and Kistler, R.W.: On the evaluation of glauconite and illite for dating sedimentary rocks. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 23, 78–99 (1961).
Farmer, V.C., and Russell, J.D.: The infra-red spectra of layer silicates. Spectrochim. Acta 20, 1149–1173 (1964).
Faure, G.: Principles of isotope geology, 464 pp. New York: Wiley 1977.
Feth, J.H.; Roberson, C.E.; and Polzer, W.L.: Sources of mineral constituents in water from granitic rocks, Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada, 70 pp. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1535-I (1964).
Field, M.E., and Pilkey, O.H.: Feldspar in Atlantic continental margin sands off the southeastern United States. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 80, 2097–2102 (1969).
Folk, R.L., and Weaver, C. E.: A study of the texture and composition of chert. Am. Jour. Sci. 250, 498–510 (1952).
Force, E.R.: The provenance of rutile. Jour. Sed. Petrology 50, 485–488 (1980).
Franzinelli, E., and Potter, P.E.: Petrology, chemistry and texture of modern river sands, Amazon River system. Jour. Geology 91. 23–39 (1983).
Friedman, G.M.: Identification of carbonate minerals by staining methods. Jour. Sed. Petrology 29, 87–97 (1959).
Frondel, C.: Dana’s system of mineralogy, 7th Ed., 334 pp. New York: Wiley 1962.
Frye, J.C., and Swineford, A.: Silicified rock in the Ogallala formation. Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 64, pt. II, 33–76 (1946).
Füchtbauer, H.: Sedimentpetrographische Untersuchungen in der älteren Molasse nördlich der Alpen. Eclogae geol. Helvetiae 57. 157–298 (1964).
Füchtbauer, H.: Influence of different types of diagenesis on sandstone porosity. Proc. 7th World Petroleum Cong., 353–369 (1967).
Füchtbauer, H.: Sediments and sedimentary rocks I. Pt. II, 464 pp. New York: Wiley-Halsted Press 1974.
Galliher, E.W.: Biotite—glauconite transformation and associated minerals. In: Recent marine sediments, pp. 513–515. Tulsa: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 1939.
Garrets, R.M., Christ, C.L.: Solutions, minerals, and equilibria, 435 pp. New York: Harper and Row 1965.
Garrets, R.M., and Mackenzie, F.T.: Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes. In: Equilibrium concepts in natural water systems. American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Ser. 67, 222–242 (1967).
Garrels, R.M., and Mackenzie, F.T.: Evolution of Sedimentary rocks, 397 pp. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 1971.
Garrels, R.M.; Mackenzie, F.T.; and Siever, R.: Sedimentary cycling in relation to the history of the continents and oceans. In: Robertson, E.D. (Ed.): The nature of the solid earth, pp. 93–121. New York: McGraw-Hill 1971.
Gebauer, D., and Grünenfelder, M.: U—Pb systematics of detrital zircons from some unmetamorphosed to slightly metamorphosed sediments of Central Europe. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 65, 2937 (1977).
Giles, R.T., and Pilkey, O.H.: Atlantic beach and dune sediments of the southern United States. Jour. Sed. Petrology 35, 900–910 (1965).
Gilligan, A.: The petrography of the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire. Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. 75, 251–294 (1920).
Glass, H.D.; Potter, P.E.; and Siever, R.: Clay mineralogy of some basal Pennsylvanian sandstones, clays and shales. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 40, 750–754 (1957).
Goldberg, E.D., and Griffin, J.J.: Sedimentation rates and mineralogy in the South Atlantic. Jour. Geophys. Research 69, 4293–4309 (1964).
Goldich, S.S.: A study in rock weathering. Jour. Geology 46, 17–58 (1938).
Goldschmidt, V.M.: In: Muir, A. (Ed.): Geochemis-try, 730 pp. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 1954.
Goldsmith, J.R., and Graf, D.L.: Subsolidus relations in the system CaCO3—MgCO3—MnCO3. Jour. Geology 68, 324–335 (1960).
Goldsmith, J.R.; Graf, D.L.; Witters, Juanita; and Northrop, D.A.: Studies in the system CaCO3MgCO3—MnCO3—FeCO3. Jour. Geology 70, 659–688 (1962).
Graf, D.L.: Carbonate mineralogy, carbonate sediments, pt. I. Geochemistry of carbonate sediments and sedimentary carbonate rocks. Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 297, 39 pp. (1960).
Griffin, J.J.; Windom, H.; and Goldberg, E.D.: The distribution of clay minerals in the world ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 15, 433–459 (1968).
Grim, R.E.: Clay mineralogy, 2nd Ed., 596 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill 1968.
Grimm, W.D.: Stepwise heavy mineral weathering in the residual quartz gravel, Bavarian Molasse (Germany). In: Stability of heavy minerals, 125 pp. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1973.
Hallam, A.: Depositional environment of British Liassic ironstones considered in the context of their facies relationships. Nature 209, 1306–1307 (1966).
Hallam, A.: Siderite-and calcite-bearing concretionary nodules in the Lias of Yorkshire. Geol. Mag. [Great Britain] 104, 222–227 (1967).
Hand, B.M.: Differentiation of beach and dune sands, using settling velocities of light and heavy minerals. Jour. Sed. Petrology 37, 514–520 (1967).
Hanor, J.S.: Regional control and zoning of barite in eastern North America. Econ. Geology 62, 870 (1967).
Harder, H., and Menschel, G.: Quarzbildungen am Meeresboden. Die Naturwissenschaften 54, 561 (1967).
Hardie, L.A.: The gypsum-anhydrite equilibrium at one atmosphere pressure. Am. Mineralogist 52, 171–200 (1967).
Hay, R.L.: Zeolites and zeolite reactions in sedimentary rocks. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 85, 130 pp. (1966).
Hayes, J.R.: Quartz and feldspar content in South Platte, Platte and Missouri river sands. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 793–800 (1962).
Heim, D.: Über die Feldspäte im Germanischen Buntsandstein, ihre Korngrössenabhängigkeit, Verbreitung und paläogeographische Bedeutung. Geol. Rundschau 63, 943–970 (1974).
Hemley, J.J., and Jones, W.R.: Chemical aspects of hydrothermal alteration with emphasis on hydrogen metasomatism. Econ. Geology 59, 538–569 (1964).
Hirst, D.M., and Nicholls, G.D.: Techniques in sedimentary geochemistry, pt. I, Separation of the detrital and non-detrital fractions of limestones. Jour. Sed. Petrology 28, 468–481 (1958).
Holdren, G.R., Jr., and Berner, R.A.: Mechanism of feldspar weathering—I. Experimental studies. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 43, 1161–1171 (1979).
Holland, H.D.: The chemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans, 582 pp. New York: WileyInterscience 1984.
Horowitz, Alan, and Potter, P.E.: Introductory petrography of fossils, 325 pp. Berlin-HeidelbergNew York: Springer 1971.
Hsu, K.Jinghwa: Texture and mineralogy of the Recent sands of the Gulf Coast. Jour. Sed. Petrology 30, 380–403 (1960).
Hubert, J.F.: Petrology of the Fountain and Lyons Formations, Front Range, Colorado. Colorado School Mines Quart. 55, no. 1, 1–242 (1960).
Hubert, J.F., and Neal, W.F.: Mineral composition and dispersal patterns of deep-sea sands in the western North Atlantic petrologic province. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 78, 749–772 (1967).
Hunt, J.M.: Petroleum geochemistry and geology, 617 pp. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman 1979.
Hunter, R.E.: The petrography of some Illinois Pleistocene and Recent sands. Sedimentary Geology 1, 57–75 (1967).
Hurley, P.M.; Hunt, J.M.; Pinson, W.H., Jr.; and Fairbairn, H.W.: K-Ar age values on the clay fractions in dated shales. Geochim. et Cosmochim Acta 27, 279–284 (1963).
lijima, A.: Geological occurrences of zeolite in marine environments. In: Sand, L.B., and Mumpton, F.J. (Eds.): Natural zeolites: Occurrence, properties, use, pp. 175–198. New York: Pergamon Press 1978.
Ingersoll, R.V.; Bullard, T.F.; Ford, R.L.; Grimm, J.P.; Pickle, J.D.; and Sares, S.W.: The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the GazziDickinson point-counting method. Jour. Sed. Petrology 54. 103–116 (1984).
James, W.C.; Mack, G.H.; and Suttner, L.J.: Relative alteration of microcline and sodic plagioclase in semi-arid and humid climates. Jour. Sed. Petrology 51, 151–164 (1981).
Johns, W.D.; Grim, R.E.; and Bradley, W.F.: Quantitative estimations of clay minerals. Jour. Sed. Petrology 24, 242–251 (1954).
Jones, J.B., and Segnit, E.R.: The nature of opal—I. Nomenclature and constituent phases. Geol. Soc. Australia Jour. 18, 56–68 (1971).
Judd, J.B.; Smith, W.C.; and Pilkey, O.H.: The environmental significance of iron-stained quartz grains on the southeastern United States Atlantic shelf. Marine Geol. 8, 355–362 (1970).
Kastner, M., and Siever, R.: Low temperature feldspars in sedimentary rocks. Am. Jour. Sci. 279, 435–479 (1979).
Kelling, G.; Sheng, H.; and Stanley, D.J.: Mineralogic composition of sand-sized sediment on the outer margin off the Mid-Atlantic States: assessment of the influence of the ancestral Hudson and other fluvial systems. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 86, 853–862 (1975).
Kinsman, D.J.J.: The Recent carbonate sediments near Halat el Bahrani Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf. In: Deltaic and shallow marine deposits. Developments in Sedimentology 1, 185–192 (1964).
Kinsman, D.J.J.: Modes of formation, sedimentary associations, and diagnostic features of shallow-water and supratidal evaporites. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 53, 830–840 (1969).
Kolodny, Y.: Phosphorites. In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.): The sea, Vol. 7: The oceanic lithosphere, pp. 981–1023. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1981.
Krauskopf, K.: Introduction to geochemistry, 2nd Ed., 617 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill 1979.
Krinsley, D.H., and McCoy, F.W.: Significance and origin of surface textures on broken sand grains in deep-sea sediments. Sedimentology 24, 857–862 (1977).
Krinsley, D.H., and Tovey, N.K.: Cathodoluminescence in quartz and grains. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1, 887–894 (1978).
Krynine, P.D.: Petrology and genesis of the Third Bradford Sand. Pennsylvania State College Bull. 29, 134 pp. (1940).
Krynine, P.D.: Petrographic studies of variations in cementing material in the Oriskany sand. Proc. 10th Pennsylvania Min. Ind. Conf., Pennsylvania State College Bull. 33, 108–116 (1941).
Krynine, P.D.: The tourmaline group in sediments. Jour. Geology 54, 65–87 (1946).
Krynine, P.D.: The megascopic study and field classification of sedimentary rocks. Jour. Geology 56. 130–165 (1948).
Land, L.S., and Dutton, S.P.: Cementation of a Pennsylvanian deltaic sandstone: isotope data. Jour. Sed. Petrology 48, 1167–1176 (1978).
Lee, H.L., and Peacor, D.R.: Intralayer transitions in phyllosilicates of Martinsburg shale. Nature 303, 608–609 (1983).
Leith, C.K., and Mead, W.J.: Metamorphic geology. 337 pp. New York: Henry Holt 1915.
Le Ribault, L.: L’exoscopie des quartz, 150 pp. Paris: Masson 1977.
Lerman, A.: Boron in clays and estimation of paleosalinities. Sedimentology 6, 267–286 (1966).
Lipson, J.: Potassium—argon dating of sedimentary rocks. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 69, 137–150 (1958).
Loughnan, F.C.: Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals, 154 pp. New York: Elsevier (1969).
Lovell, J.P.B.: Tyee formation: a study of proximality in turbidites. Jour. Sed. Petrology 39. 935–953 (1969).
Lucas, J.; Chaabani, F.; Prevot, L.; El Mountassir, M.; Menor, E.; Staman, G.; Gündogdu, N.; and Doubinger, J.: Studies on phosphorite deposits. Sci. Géol. Bull. (Strasbourg) 32. 105 pp. (1979).
Lugmair, G.W.: Sm—Nd ages: A new dating method (abs.). Meteoritics 9, pp. 369 (1974).
Lugmair, G.W., and Scheinin, N.B.: Sm—Nd systematics of the Stannern meteorite. Meteoritics 10, 447–448 (1975).
Mack, G.H.: The survivability of labile light mineral grains in fluvial, aeolien, and littoral environments; the Permian Cutler-Cedar Mesa formations Moab Utah. Sedimentology 25, 587–603 (1978).
Mackenzie, F.T., and Garrels, R.M.: Silicates: reac-tivity with sea water. Science 150. 57–58 (1965).
Mackenzie, F.T., and Gees, R.: Quartz synthesis at Earth surface conditions. Science 173, 533–534 (1971).
Mackie, W.: The sands and sandstones of Eastern Moray. Edinburgh Geol. Soc. Trans. 7, 148–172 (1896).
Majewske, Otto P.: Recognition of invertebrate fossil fragments in rocks and thin sections, 101 pp. Leiden: Brill 1971.
Manskaya, S.M.; and Drozdova, T.V.; Shapiro, L.; and Breger, I.A. (Trans. and Eds.): Geochemistry of organic substances. 345 pp. London: Pergamon 1968.
Martens, J.H.C.: Beach sands of Quebec and Labrador. Field Museum Nat. History Pub. 260 (Geol. Series) 1929.
Matsumoto, R., and Iijima, A.: Origin and diagenetic evolution of Ca—Mg—Fe carbonates in some coalfields of Japan. Sedimentology 28, 239–259 (1981).
Maynard, J.B.: Geochemistry of sedimentary ore deposits, 305 pp. Berlin—Heidelberg—New York: Springer-Verlag 1983.
Maynard, J.B.; Valloni, R.; and Yu, H.S.: Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins. In: Leggett, J. (Ed.): Trench and fore-arc sedimentation. Geol. Soc. London, 551–561 (1982).
McBride, E.F.: Significance of color in red, green. purple, olive, brown, and gray beds of Difunta Group, northeastern Mexico. Jour. Sed. Petrology 44, 760–773 (1974).
McCullough, M.T., and Wasserburg, G.J.: Sm—Nd and Rb—Sr chronology of continental crust formation. Science 200, 1003–1011 (1978).
McLennon, S.M.; Nance, W.B.; and Taylor, S.R.: Rare earth element—thorium correlations in sedimentary rocks and the composition of the continental crust. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 44, 1833–1839 (1980).
McMaster, R.L., and Garrison, L.: Mineralogy and origin of southern New England shelf sediments. Jour. Sed. Petrology 36, 1131–1142 (1966).
Midgley, H.G.: Chalcedony and flint. Geol. Mag. [Great Britain] 88, 179–184 (1951).
Millot, G.: Geologie des argiles, 499 pp. Paris: Masson 1964.
Milner, H.B.: Sedimentary petrography, Vol. II, Principles and applications, 715 pp. New York: Macmillan 1962.
Mitchell, W.A.: Heavy minerals. In: Gieseking, J.E. (Ed.): Soil components, Vol. 2: Inorganic components, pp. 450–469. New York: Springer-Verlag 1975.
Moss, A.J.: Initial fluviatile fragmentation of granitic quartz. Jour. Sed. Petrology 42, 905–916 (1972).
Munson, R.A., and Sheppard, R.A.: National zeolites: Their properties, occurrences, and uses. Minerals Sci. Eng. 6, 19–30 (1974).
Nanz, R.H., Jr.: Genesis of Oligocene sandstone reservoir, Seeligson field, Jim Wells and Kleberg Counties. Texas. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 38, 96–117 (1954).
Nickel, E.: Experimental dissolution of light and heavy minerals in comparison with weathering and intrastratal solution. In: Stability of heavy minerals, 68 pp. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Veriagsbuchhandlung 1973.
Nieter, W.M., and Krinsley, D.H.: The production and recognition of aeolian features on sand grains by silt abrasion. Sedimentology 23, 713–720 (1976).
Odom, I.E.; Doe, T.W.; and Dott, R.H., Jr.: Nature of feldspar—grain size relations in some quartz-rich sandstones. Jour. Sed. Petrology 46, 862–870 (1976).
Okada, H.: Non-graywacke “turbidite” sandstones in the Welsh geosyncline. Sedimentology 7, 211–232 (1966).
Oilier, C.: Weathering, 304 p. New York: Elsevier 1969.
O’Nions, R.K.; Evensen, N.M.; and Hamilton, P.J.: Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth. Jour. Geophys. Research 84, 6091–6101 (1979).
Orville, P.: Alkali ion exchange between vapor and feldspar phases. Am. Jour. Sci. 261, 201–237 (1963).
Packham, G.H., and Crook, K.A.W.: The principle of diagenetic facies and some of its implications. Jour. Geology 68, 392–407 (1960).
Parfenoff, A.; Pomerol, C.; and Tourenq, J.: Les minéraux en grains, 571 pp. Paris: Masson 1970.
Peterman, Z.E., Coleman, R.G., and Bunker, C.M.: Provenance of Eocene graywackes of the Fluornoy Formation near Agness, Oregon—a geochemical approach. Geology 9, 81–86, (1981).
Petrovie, R.: Rate control in feldspar dissolution—II. The protective effect of precipitates. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 40, 1509–1521 (1976).
Petrovié, R.; Berner, R.A.; and Goldhaber, M.B.: Rate control in dissolution of alkali feldspars—I. Study of residual feldspar grains by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 40, 537–548 (1976).
Pettijohn, F.J.: Chemical composition of sandstones—excluding carbonate and volcanic sands. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-S, 19 pp. (1963).
Pettijohn, F.J. Sedimentary rocks, 3rd Ed., 628 pp. New York: Harper and Row 1975.
Pettijohn, F.J., and Lundahl, A.C.: Shape and roundness of Lake Erie beach sands. Jour. Sed. Petrology 13, 69–78 (1943).
Plas, L. van der: The identification of detrital feldspars, 305 pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1966.
Poldervaart, A.: Zircons in rocks, pt. I, Sedimentary rocks. Am. Jour. Sci. 253, 433–461 (1955).
Polevaya, N.I.; Murina, G.A.; and Kozakov, G.A.: Utilization of glauconite in absolute dating. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. 91, 298–310 (1961).
Porrenga, D.H.: Glauconite and chamosite as depth indicators in the marine environment. Marine Geol. 5, 495–501 (1967).
Potter, P.E.: Petrology and chemistry of modern big river sands. Jour. Geology 86, 423–449 (1978).
Potter, P.E.; Maynard, J.B.; and Pryor, W.A.: Sedimentology of shale, 306 pp. Berlin–HeidelbergNew York: Springer-Verlag 1980.
Potter, P.E., and Pryor, W.A.: Dispersal centers of Paleozoic and later elastics of the upper Mississippi valley and adjacent areas. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 72, 1195–1250 (1961).
Powers, L.S.; Brueckner, H.K.; and Krinsley, D.H.: Rb–Sr provenance ages from weathered and stream transported quartz grains from the Harney Peak granite, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 43, 137–146 (1979).
Pryor, W.A.: Biogenic sedimentation and alteration of argillaceous sediments in shallow-marine environments. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 86, 1244–1254 (1975).
Pryor, W.A., and Hester, N.C.: X-ray diffraction analysis of heavy minerals. Jour. Sed. Petrology 39, 1384–1389 (1969).
Pye, K., and Krinsley, D.H.: Interlayered clay stacks in Jurassic shales. Nature 304, 618–620 (1983).
Rehmer, J.A., and Hepburn, J.C.: Quartz sand surface textural evidence for a glacial origin of the Squantum “Tillite,” Boston Basin, Massachusetts. Geology 2, 413–415 (1974).
Rimsaite, J.: Optical heterogeneity of feldspars observed in diverse Canadian rocks. Schweiz. Min. Petrogr. Mitt. 47, 61–76 (1967).
Rittenhouse, G.A.: Transportation and deposition of heavy minerals. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 54, 1725–1780 (1943).
Robinson, A., and Spooner, E.T.C.: Source of the detrital components of uraniferous conglomerates, Quirke Ore Zone, Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Nature 299, 622–624 (1982).
Ronov, A.B.; Mikhailovskaya, M.S.; and Solodkova, I.I.: Evolution of the chemical and mineralogical composition of arenaceous rocks. In: Chemistry of the earth’s crust, Vol. 1. U.S.S.R. Acad. Sci., Israel Progr. Sci., Translations, 1966, 212–262 (1963).
Russell, R.D.: Mineral composition of Mississippi River sands. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 48, 1307–1348 (1937).
Rutten, M.G.: The geological aspects of the origin of life on earth, 146 pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1962.
Sabins, F.F., Jr.: Grains of detrital, secondary, and primary dolomite from Cretaceous strata of the western interior. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 73, 1183–1196 (1962).
Sand, L.B., and Mumpton, F.J. (Eds.): Natural zeolites: occurrence, properties, use, 576 pp. New York: Pergamon Press 1978.
Savin, S.M., and Epstein, Samuel: The oxygen isotopic compositions of coarse grained sedimentary rocks and minerals. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 34, 323–329 (1970).
Scholle, P.A.: A color illustrated guide to carbonate rock constituents, textures, cements, and porosities. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 27, 241 pp. (1978).
Seed, D.P.: The formation of vermicular pellets in New Zealand glauconites. Am. Mineralogist 50, 1097–1106 (1965).
Shearman, D.J.: Evaporites of coastal sabkhas. In: Dean, W.E., and Schreiber, B.C. (Eds.): Marine evaporites. S.E.P.M. Short Course 4, 6–42 (1978).
Shiki, T.: Studies on sandstone in the Maizuru Zone, Southwest Japan, pt. I, Importance of some relations between mineral composition and grain size. Mem. Coll. Sci., Univ. Kyoto, Ser. B, 29, 291–324 (1959).
Shimp, N.F.; Witter, J.; Potter, P.E.; and Schleicher, J.A.: Distinguishing marine and freshwater muds. Jour. Geology 77, 566–580 (1969).
Sibley, D.F., and Blatt, H.: Intergranular pressure solution and cementation of the Tuscarora orthoquartzite. Jour. Sed. Petrology 46, 881–896 (1976).
Siever, R.: The silica budget in the sedimentary cycle. Am. Mineralogist 42, 821–841 (1957).
Siever, R.: Establishment of equilibrium between clays and sea water. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 5, 106–110 (1968).
Siever, R., and Kastner, Miriam: Mineralogy and petrology of some Mid-Atlantic Ridge sediments. Jour. Marine Research 25, 263–278 (1967).
Siever, R., and Woodford, N.: Sorption of silica by clay minerals. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 37, 1851–1880 (1973).
Siffert, Bernard: Quelques réactions de la silice en solution: la formation des argiles. Service Carte Géol. Alsace Lorraine Mémoires No. 21, 86 pp. (1962).
Sippel, R.F.: Sandstone petrology, evidence from luminescence petrography. Jour. Sed. Petrology 38, 530–554 (1968).
Smalley, I.J.; Krinsley, D.H.; Moon, C.F.; and Bentley, S.P.: Processes of quartz fracture in nature and the formation of clastic sediments. In: Pusch, R.; Easterling, K.; Lundberg, B.; and Stephansson, O. (Eds.): Mechanisms of deformation and fracture. pp. 112–121. Sweden: Lulea. 1978.
Smith, J.V.: Feldspar minerals, Vols. 1–3. Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag 1974.
Smith, J.V., and Stenstrom, R.C.: Electron excited luminescence as a petrologic tool. Jour. Geology 73, 627–635 (1965).
Stanley, K.O., and Faure, G.: Isotopic composition and sources of strontium in sandstone cements: the high plains sequence of Wyoming and Nebraska. Jour. Sed. Petrology 49, 45–54 (1979).
Steiner, M.B.: Detrital remanent magnetization in hematite. Jour. Geophys. Research 88, 6523–6539 (1983).
Strakov, N.M.: Principles of lithogenesis, Vol. I. 245 pp. New York: Consultants Bureau 1967.
Stumpfl, E.: Erzmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Schwermineralien in Sanden. Geol. Jahrbuch 73. 685–724 (1958).
Suttner, L.J., and Basu, A.: Structural state of detrital alkali feldspars. Sedimentology 24, 63–74 (1977).
Sweatman, T.R., and Long, J.V.P.: Quantitative electron-probe microanalysis of rock-forming minerals. Jour. Petrology 10, 332–379 (1969).
Swineford, A., and Franks, P.O.: Opal in the Ogallala formation. Kansas. In: Silica in sediments. Soc. Econ. Paleon. Mineral. Spec. Pub. 7, 111–120 (1959).
Tardy, Y.; Bocquier, G.; Paquet, H.; and Millot, G.: Formation of clay from granite and its distribution in relation to climate and topography. Geoderma 10. 271–284 (1973).
Tatsumoto, M., and Patterson, C.: Age studies of zircon and feldspar concentrates from the Franconia sandstone. Jour. Geology 72, 232–242 (1964).
Taylor, J.H.: Petrology of the Northampton sand iroistone fomation. Geol. Survey Great Britain Mem., 111 pp. (1949).
Tissot, B.P., and Welte, D.H.: Petroleum formation and occurrence, 538 pp. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag 1978.
Todd, T.W.: Paleoclimatology and the relative stability of feldspar minerals under atmospheric conditions. Jour. Sed. Petrology 38, 832–844 (1968).
Tomita, Toru: Geologic significance of the color of granite zircon, and the discovery of the Precambrian in Japan. Kyushu Univ. Fac. Sci. Mem. 4, 135–161 (1954).
Trevena, A.S., and Nash, W.P.: An electron microprobe study of detrital feldspar. Jour. Sed. Petrology 51, 137–150 (1981).
Triplehorn, D.M.: Morphology, internal structure, and origin of glauconite pellets. Sedimentology 6, 247–266 (1966).
Trowbridge, A.C., and Shepard, F.P.: Sedimentation in Massachusetts Bay. Jour. Sed. Petrology 2, 3–37 (1932).
Turner, F.J., and Verhoogen, John: Igneous and metamorphic petrology, 694 pp. New York: McGraw Hill 1960.
Turner, P., and Ixer, R.A.: Diagenetic development of unstable and stable magnetization in the St. Bees sandstone (Triassic) of northern England. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 34, 113–124 (1977).
Valloni, R., and Maynard, J.B.: Detrital modes of recent deep-sea sands and their relation to tectonic setting: A first approximation. Sedimentology 28, 75–83 (1981).
Van Houten, F.B.: Cyclic sedimentation and the origin of analcime-rich Upper Triassic Lockatong formation, west-central New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania. Am. Jour. Sci. 260, 561–576 (1962).
Van Houten, F.B.: Origin of red beds—a review: 1961–72. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1, 39–61 (1973).
Van Houten, F.B., and Battacharyya, D.P.: Phanerozoic oolitic ironstones—geologic record and facies model. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 10. 441–457 (1982).
Van Houten, F.B., and Karasek, R.M.: Sedimento-logic framework of late Devonian oolitic iron formation, Shatti Valley, west-central Libya. Jour. Sed. Petrology 51, 415–427 (1981).
Velde, B.: Clays and clay minerals in natural and synthetic systems, 218 pp. New York: Elsevier 1977.
Walker, T.R.: Formation of red beds in modern and ancient deserts. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 78, 353–368 (1967).
Walker, T.R.: Formation of red beds in moist tropical climates: A hypothesis. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 85, 633–638 (1974).
Walker, T.R.; Larson, E.E.; and Hoblitt, R.P.: Nature and origin of hematite in the Moenkopi formation (Triassic), Colorado Plateau: A contribution to the origin of magnetism in red beds. Jour. Geophys. Research 86, 317–333 (1981).
Walker, T.R.; Waugh, B.; and Crone, A.J.: Diagenesis in first-cycle desert alluvium of Cenozoic Age, southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 89, 19–32 (1978).
Warne, S.St.J.: A quick field or laboratory staining scheme for the differentiation of the major carbonate minerals. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 29–38 (1962).
Webb, W.M., and Potter, P.E.: Petrology and geochemistry of modern sands derived from a volcanic terrain, western Chihuahua. Bol. Soc. Mexicana 32, 45–61 (1969).
Wedepohl, K.H. (Ed.): Handbook of geochemistry, Vols. 1, 2. Berlin—Heidelberg—New York: Springer-Verlag 1969.
Whetten, J.T.: Sediments from the lower Columbia River and origin of graywacke. Science 152, 1057–1058 (1966).
Williams, Howell; Turner, F.J.; and Gilbert, C.M.: Petrography, 406 pp. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co. 1954.
Willman, H.B.: Feldspar in Illinois sands: a study in resources. Illinois Geol. Surv. Rept. Inv. 79, 87 pp. (1942).
Wisniowiecki, M.J.; Van der Voo, R.; McCabe, C.; and Kelly, W.C.: A Pennsylvanian paleomagnetic pole from the mineralized late Cambrian Bonne-terre formation, southeast Missouri. Jour. Geophys. Research 88, 6540–6548 (1983).
Wollast, R., and Mackenzie, F.T.: The global cycle of silica. In: Aston, S.R. (Ed.): Silicon geochemistry and biogeochemistry, pp. 39–76. New York: Academic Press 1983.
Zimmerle, W.: Fossil heavy mineral concentrations. Geol. Rundschau 62, 536–548 (1973).
Zimmerle, W.: The geotectonic significance of detrital brown spinel in sediments. Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg 56, 337–360 (1984).
Zvyagin, B.B., and Lyse, S. (Trans.): Electrondiffraction analysis of clay mineral structure (Translated from the Russian by S. Lyse), 364 pp. New York: Plenum Press 1967.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R. (1987). Mineral and Chemical Composition. In: Sand and Sandstone. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96350-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1066-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive