Variability in Lake Ecosystems: Complex Responses by the Apical Predator

Abstract

Ecologists are typically among the last to appear on the shores of lakes already feeling the effects of humans. Deforestation agriculture fisheries and urbanization have usually preceded limnological research. We should expect that most aquatic systems accessible to humans have already experienced substantial and profound changes before the first scientific evidence becomes available. This generalization is especially true for lakes whose fresh water is vital as a potable resource and whose drainage basin includes soils of agricultural value. The common result is expressed in cultural eutrophication (Likens 1972; Schindler 1977 1981).