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Comparison of Lipids in Marine and Freshwater Organisms

  • Chapter
Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems

Abstract

Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are the basic components of aquatic organisms, and all have distinct roles. For example, the carbohydrates can be structural components in phytoplankton and macrophytes and energy reserves in bivalve mollusks. Carbohydrates are barely mentioned in fish biochemistry except for glucose, which has a function in muscle energy metabolism (Kiessling et al., 1995). The proteins do not seem important in primitive organisms, but some invertebrates use free amino acids for ionic balance and, in moving up the evolutionary scale, the role of proteins in muscle of mobile life forms becomes very important. The role of lipids in photosynthetic carbon fixation is not obvious although the photosynthetic apparatus depends on certain fatty acids and lipid classes (Gun and Harwood, 1991). In most organisms, fatty acids are commonly three-quarters of the mass of phospholipids, which are critical in membranes. Aquatic bacteria survive in a highly stressful environment because they are encased in lipids. Keweloh and Heipieper (1996) point out that stable saturated fatty acids are present in these lipids, but the high-meltingtransmonoethylenic fatty acids may be formed in parallel to, or from, the commoncisisomers, to adapt this type of organism to a hostile environment. More intriguing is the recent but repeated discovery of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5w3, popularly designated EPA) in marine bacteria (Nichols et al., 1996;Yazawa, 1996;Henderson et al., 1995a;Akimoto et al., 1990). Hitherto, this fatty acid, sensitive to oxidation, would have been associated with invertebrates that accumulate it from phytoplankton (Ackman and Kean-Howie, 1995). In moving up the evolutionary scale, lipids also play a major role in the neurotransmission system critical to mobile animals and in sensory perception organs such as the retina ortapetum lucidumof the fish eye, where docosahexaenoic acid (22:6w3, popularly designated DHA) is important (Nicol et al., 1972). However, marine invertebrates do not seem to have this specific requirement for high levels of DHA, and in the case ofArtemiasp. eye phospholipids, there is no 22:6w3 (Navarro et al., 1992).

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  1. Robert G. Ackman
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  1. National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada

    Michael T. Arts

  2. McMaster Midwifery Education Program, McMaster University, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada

    Bruce C. Wainman

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Ackman, R.G. (1999). Comparison of Lipids in Marine and Freshwater Organisms. In: Arts, M.T., Wainman, B.C. (eds) Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0547-0_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0547-0_12

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