Abstract
Manic-depressive illness is a major psychosis. The classic picture is the episodic bipolar cycle: euphoria, grandiosity, cyclothymia, retardation, depression. This psychosis loses its intensity after periods of days or months, but, because it is typically a chronic illness, there can be frequent relapses. The mood swings can be subtle, or explosive and disruptive, and do not respond to environmental or interpersonal factors. Exaggerated symptoms of mania, endangering the patient and those nearby, require immediate and vigorous action, usually with drugs.
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Maxwell, R.A., Eckhardt, S.B. (1990). Lithium. In: Drug Discovery. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0469-5_12
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