Skip to main content

Beta-Adrenergic Receptors in Pathophysiologic States and in Clinical Medicine

  • Chapter
Book cover The Beta-Adrenergic Receptors

Part of the book series: The Receptors ((REC))

Abstract

As is well documented in other chapters of this book, beta-adrenergic receptors play an important role in modulating a variety of target cell responses to catecholamines Accordingly, there has been much speculation as to whether alterations in these receptors contribute to disease states characterized by alterations in catecholamine response. Within the past decade, radioligand binding techniques have begun to allow a direct test of such speculation. The focus of this chapter is on the application of those techniques, and available evidence regarding alterations in beta-adrenergic receptors in various disease states is reviewed (Table 1). The principal emphasis is on information available in human subjects. The use of peripheral blood cells as a means to assess beta-adrenergic receptors in humans is discussed initially, and then the various disease states listed in Table 1 are reviewed. In general, material published since a previous review on this topic by Motulsky and Insel (1982) is emphasized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarons, R. D., Nies, A. S., Gerber, J. G., and Molinoff, P. B. (1983) Decreased beta-adrenergic receptor density on human lymphocytes after chronic treatment with agonists. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 224,1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aarons, R. D., Nies, A. S., Gal, J., Hegstrand, L. R., and Molinoff, P. B. (1980) Elevation of beta-adrenergic receptor density in human lymphocytes after propranolol administration. J. Clin. Invest. 65, 949–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abboud, F. (1982) The sympathetic system in hypertension. Hypertension 4 (Suppl. II), II,208–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. W. (1987) Adrenergic receptors in cardiovascular disease in Adrenergic Receptors in Man, (Insel, P. A., ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 237–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, R. G. G., Milsson, O. R., and Kuo, J. F. (1983) Beta-adrenoceptoradenosine 3’5’-monophosphate system in human leukocytes before and after treatment for hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51, 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, S. P., Kung, L. S., Riggi, S. J., and Chanda, S. K. (1977) Development of beta-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature 268, 455–456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bannister, R., Boylston, A. W., Davies, I. B., Mathias, C. J., Sever, P. S., and Sudera, D. (1981) Beta-receptor numbers and thermodynamics in denervation supersensitivity. J. Physiol. 319, 369–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. J. and Pride, M. B. (1983) Dose-response curves to inhaled betaadrenoceptor agonists in normal and asthmatic subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 677–682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlan, M. and Lafontan, M. (1985) Evidence that epinephrine acts preferentially as an antipolytic agent in abdominal human subcutaneous fat cells: Assessment by analysis of beta and alpha2-adrenoceptor properties. Europ. J. Clin. Invest. 15, 341–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrettini, W. H., Capellari, C. B., Nurnberger, J. I., and Gershon, E. S. (1987) Beta adrenergic receptors on lymphoblasts. A study of manic-depressive illness.Neuropsychobiology 17,15–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidart, J. M., Motte, P. Bohuon, C., and Bellet, D. (1981) Lymphocyte aminergic binding changes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia Res. 5, 443–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilezikian, J. P. and Loeb, J. N. (1983) The influence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor systems and adrenergic responsiveness. Endocr Rev. 4, 378–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blecher, M., Lewis, S., Hicks, J. M., and Josephs, S. (1984) Beta-blocking autoantibodies in pediatric bronchial asthma.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 74, 246–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm, M., Diet, F., Feiler, G., Keunkes, B. Kreuzer, E., Weinhold, C., and Erdmann, E. (1988) Subsensitivity of the failing human heart to isoprenaline and milrinone is related to beta-adrenoceptor downregulation.J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 12, 726–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolli, G., Feo, P. D. Compagnucci, P., Cartechini, M. G., Angeletti, G., Sonteusanio, F., Brunett, P., and Gerich, J. E. (1983) Abnormal glucose counter regulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Interaction of anti-insulin antibodies and impaired glucagon and epinephrine secretion. Diabetes 32, 134–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boume, H. R., Lichtenstein, L. M., Melmon, K. L., Henney, C. S., Weinstein, Y., and Shearer, G. (1974) Modulation of inflammation and immunity by cyclic AMP. Science 189, 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, E. L. and Gifford, R. W., Jr. (1984) Pheochromocytoma: Diagnosis, localization and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 1298–1303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, E. L., Tarazi, R. C., Gifford, R. W., and Stewart, B. H. (1979) Circulating and urinary catecholamines in pheochromocytoma. Diagnostic and pathophysiologic implications.N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 682–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bree, F., Souchet, T., Baatard, R., Fontenaille, C., Lhoste, F., and Tillement, J. P. (1987) Inhibition of (-)[125I]iodocyanopindolol binding to rat lung-betaadrenoceptors by uremic plasma ultrafiltrates.Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 3121–3125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, M. R. (1984a) Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor downregulation in heart failure.Int. J. Cardiol. 5, 648–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, M. R. (1984b) The adrenergic nervous system in heart failure. N. Eng. J. Med 311, 850–851.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, M. R., Hershberger, R. E., Port, J. D., Minobe, W., and Rasmussen, R. (1989) Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium.Mol. Pharmacol. 35, 295–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, M. R., Ginsberg, R., Minobe, W., Cubicciotti, R. S., Sageman, W. S., Lurie, K., Billingham, M. E., Harrison, D. C., and Stinson, E. D. (1982) Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and beta-adrenergic receptor density in failing human hearts. N. Eng. J. Med. 307, 205–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow, M. R., Ginsberg, R., Umans, V., Fowler, M., Minobe, W., Rasmussen, R., Zera,P. Merlove, R., Shah, P., Jamieson, S., and Stinson, E. B. (1986) Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium. Coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective beta-1 receptor downregulation in heart failure.Circ. Res. 59, 297–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E. (1988) Beta-adrenoceptors, in Receptor Pharmacology and Function (Williams, M., Glennon, R. A., and Timmermans, P. B. W. M., eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 207–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E. and Daul, A. (1984) Alpha-and beta-adrenoceptor changes in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Contrib. ephrol., 41, 99–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Brinkmann, M., Schemuth, R., O’Hara, N., and Dave, A. (1985) Terbutaline-induced desensitization of human lymphocyte beta-2 adrenoceptors. Accelerated restoration of beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness by prednisone and ketotifen. J. Clin. Invest. 76,1096–1101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Daul, A., Stuka, N., O’Hara, N., and Borchard, U. (1985b) Effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonist administration on beta-2 adrenoceptor density in human lymphocytes. The role of “intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.” Nauyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 328, 417–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Engel, G., Hoyer, D., Bock, K. D., and Weber, F. (1981) The beta-adrenergic receptor in human lymphocytes. Subclassification by the use of a new radioligand (+)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol. Life Sci. 29, 2189–2198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Schüler, S., Kretsch, R., Brinkman, M., Borst, H. G., Hetzer, R., Reidemeister, J. C., Warnecke, H., and Zerkowski, H. R. (1986a) Regional distribution of beta-adrenoceptors in the human heart: Coexistence of functional beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in both atria and ventricles in severe congestive cardiomyopathy. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 8, 1235–1242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Stuka, N., Demuth, V., Fesel, R., Bergerhausen, J., Daul, A., and Bock, K. D. (1985c) Alpha-and betaadrenoceptors in circulating blood cells of essential hypertensive patients: Increased receptor density and responsiveness. Clin. Exp. Hyperten. (A) 7,(8), 1135–1150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde, O.-E., Kretsch, R., Ikezono, K., Zerkowski, H. R., and Reidemeister, J. C. (1986b) Human beta-adrenoceptors: Relation of myocardial and lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptor density. Science 231, 1584–1585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S. M., McGowan, K., Bernstein, L., Altenau, P., and Peagler, J. (1979) Relationship between number of beta-adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes and disease severity in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 63, 401–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruynzeel, P. L., Van den Berg, W., Hamelink, M. L., Bogaard, W. van den Houben, L. A. M. J., and Kreukniet, J. (1979) Desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor on leukocytes after long term oral use of a beta sympathicomimetic: Its effect on the beta-adrenergic blockade hypothesis of Szentivanyi.Ann. Allergy 43,105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busse, W. W. (1977) Decreased granulocyte response to isoproterenol in asthma during upper respiratory tract infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115, 783–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busse, W. W. and Sosman, J. M. (1984) Isoproterenol inhibition of isolated human neutrophil function. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 73, 404–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J., O’Brien, M., O’Malley, K., and Kelly, J. G. (1982) Relationship of betaadrenoceptor density to fitness in athletes. Nature 298,60–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, H. E. and Brickman, A. S. C. (1983) Blunted plasma cyclic adenosine monophosphate response to isoproterenol in pseudohypoparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. and Metab. 56,1323–1326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, R., Lasbennes, F., Sercombe, R., Seylaz, J., and Agid, Y. (1985) Adrenergic receptors in cerebral microvessels in control and Parkinsonian subjects.Life Sci. 37, 531–536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, R., Ruberg, M., Raisman, R., and Agid, Y. (1984) Adrenergic receptors in Parkinson’s disease.Brain Res. 322, 269–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, R., Raisman, R., Lanfumey, L., Ploska, A., and Agid, Y. (1986) Cellular localization of adrenergic receptors in rat and human brain. Brain Res. 3701, 127–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H. Y., Klein, R. M., and Kunos, G. (1982). Selective desensitization of cardiac beta-receptors by in vivo infusion of catecholamines in rats.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221,784–789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chobanian, A. V., Tifft, C. P., Sackel, H., and Pitzuzella, A. (1982) Alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor activity in circulating blood cells of patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and pheochromocytoma.Clin. Exp. Hypertens. (A) 4, 793–806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, S. Z., Lentes, K. U., Gocayne, J., Fitzgerald, M., Robinson, D., Kerlavage, A. R., Fraser, C. M., and Venter, J. C. (1987) Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. FEBS Lett. 211,200–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cognini, G., Piantanell, L., Paotinell, E., Orlandoni, P., Pelligrini, A., and Masera, N. (1983) Decreased beta-adrenergic receptor density in mononuclear leukocytes from thyroidectomized patients. Acta Endocrinol. 103,1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. M., Campbell, I. C., Dauphin, M., Tallman, J. F., and Murphy, D. L. (1982) Changes in alpha-and beta-receptors with monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressants. Neuropharmacology 21,293–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, J., Levine, T. B., Olivari, M. T., Garberg, V., Lura, D., Francis, G. S., Simon, A. B., and Rector, T. (1984) Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. 311, 819–823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci, W. S., Alexander, R. W., Williams, G. H., Rude, R. F., Holman, B. L., Konstam, M. A., Wynne, J., Mudge, G. H. J., and Braunwald, E. (1981) Decreased lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density in patients with heart failure and tolerance to the beta-adrenergic agonist pirbuterol. New Engl. J. Med. 305,185–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conolly, M. E. and GreenacreJ.,K. (1976) The lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptor in normal subjects and patients with bronchial asthma.J. Clin. Invest. 58, 1307–4316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, N., Nahorski, S. R., and Barnett, D. (1985) (-)[125I]pindolol binding to the human platelet beta-adrenoceptor: Characterization and agonist interactions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 113, 247–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, N., Nahorski, S. R., and Barnett, D. B. (1987) Human platelet β2adrenoceptors: agonist-induced internalisation and downregulation in intact cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 92, 587–596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crary, B., Hansen, S. L., Borysenko, M., Kutz, I., Hoban, C., Ault, K. A., Weiner, H. L., and Benson, H. (1983) Epinephrine-induced changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of humans.J. Immunol. 131, 1178–1181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer, P. E. and Gerich, J., E. (1985) Glucose counterregulation, hypoglycemia and intensive insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus. New Engl. J. Med. 313, 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. O. (1984) Rapid desensitization and uncoupling of human beta-adrenergic receptors in an in vitro, model of lactic acidosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59, 398–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. O. (1986) Effects of endogenous redoxactive compounds on coupling of human beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Med. Sci. 292, 257–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. O. and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1983) In vitro desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors in human neutrophils. Attenuation by corticosteroids. J. Clin. Invest. 71, 565–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. O., Mares, A., Pool J.L., and Taylor, A. A. (1987) Mitral valve prolapse with symptoms of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity.Am. J. Med. 82, 193–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. B., Braunstein, M., and Jay, C. (1978) Decreased adenosine 3’S’monophosphate response to isoproterenol in cystic fibrosis leukocytes.Pediatr. Res. 12, 703–707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. B., Dieckman, L., Boat, T. F., Stern, R. C., and Doetshuk, C. F. (1983) Beta-adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes and granulocytes from patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 71, 1787–1795.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. B., Shelhamer, J., R., and Kaliner, M. (1980) Abnormal adrenergic and cholinergic sensitivity in cystic fibrosis. New Eng. J. Med. 302, 1453–1456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. B., Simpson, D. M., Paget, G. L., and Turi, V. (1986) Beta-adrenergic responses in drug-free subjects with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 77,871–879.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBlasi, A., Fratelli, M., and Marasco, O. (1988) Certain beta-blockers can decrease beta-adrenergic receptor number I. Acute reduction in receptor number by tertatolol and bopindolol.Circ. Res. 63, 273–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBlasi, A., Lipartiti, M., Motulsky, H. J., Insel, P. A., and Fratelli, M. (1985) Agonist-induced redistribution of beta-adrenergic receptors on intact human mononuclear leukocytes. Redistributed receptors are nonfunctional. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61, 1081–1088.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBlasi, A., Cotecchia, S., Fratelli, M., and Lipartiti, M. (1986a) Agonist-induced beta-adrenergic receptor internalization in intact human mononuclear leukocytes: Effects of temperature of mononuclear leukocyte separation. J. Lab Clin. Med. 107, 86–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBlasi, A., Maisel, A., Feldman, R. D., Ziegler, M. G., Fratelli, M., Di Lallo, M., Smith, D., Lai, C. C., and Motulsky, H. J. (1986b) In vivo regulation of beta adrenergic receptors on human mononuclear leukocytes: Assessment of receptor number, function, and location following posture change, exercise, and infusion of isoproterenol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63, 847–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBlasi, A, Lipartiti, M., Pirone, F., Rochat, C., Prost, J. F., and Garattini, S. (1986c) Reduction of beta-adrenergic receptors by tertatolol: An additional mechanism for beta-adrenergic blockade. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 39, 245–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Champlain, J., Gonzalez, M., Lebeau, R., Eid, H., Petrovitch, M., and Nadeau, R. A. (1989) The sympatho-adrenal tone and reactivity in human hypertension. Clin. Exp. Hypertension (A) 11, Supp. 1,159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, C., Robberecht, P., Nokin, P., Wallbroeck, M., Clinet, M., Camus, J. C., Beaufort, P., Schoenfeld, P., and Christophe, J. (1985) Uncoupling between beta-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase in ischemic dog myocardium. Nauyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 331, 71–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R. A. F., Kobilka, B. K., Strader, D. J., Benovic, J. L., Dahlman, H. G., Frielle, T., Bolanowski, M. A., Bennett, C. D., Rands, E., Diehl, R. E., Mumford, R. A., Slater, E. E., Sigal, I. S., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Strader, C. D. (1986) Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptors and homology with rhodopsin.Nature 321, 75–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dominiak, P. and Türck, D. (1986) Alterations of beta-adrenoceptors subsequent to myocardial infarction.Basic Res. Cardiol. 81, (Suppl. 1), 243–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebstein, R. P., Oppenheim, G., and Stessman, J. (1984) Alzheimer’s disease: Isoproterenol and prostaglandin El-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in lymphocytes. Life Sci. 34, 2239–2243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emorine, L. J., Marutto, S., Delavier-Klutchko, Kaveri, S. V., Durien-Trautmann, O., and Strosberg, A. D. (1987) Structure of the gene for the human beta-2 adrenergic receptor: Expression and promoter characterization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 695–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantozzi, R., Brunelleschi, E., Cambri, S., Blandina, P., Masin, B., and Mannaioy, P. E. (1984) Autocoid and beta-adrenergic agonist modulation of N-formyl methionyl leucyl-phenylalanine evoked lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils. Agents Actions 14, 441–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D. (1987) Beta-adrenergic receptor alterations in hypertension-physiological and molecular correlates. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 65, 1666–1672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D. and Lai, C-Y. C. (1986) Characterization of the human lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor by photoaffinity labeling: Alteration with desensitization.Circ. Res. 58, 384–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D., Fick, R. B., McArdle, W., and Lai, C.-Y. C. (1987a) Are lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors altered in patients with cystic fibrosis? Clin. Sci. 73, 407–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D., Lawton, W. J., and McArdle, W. L. (1987b) Low sodium diet corrects the defect in lymphocyte beta-adrenergic responsiveness in hypertensive subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 79, 290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D., Limbird, L. E., Nadeau, J., Robertson, D., and Wood, A. J. J. (1984a) Alteration in leukocyte beta-receptor affinity with aging. A potential explanation for altered beta-adrenergic receptors in the elderly. New Engl.J. Med. 310, 815–819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D., Limbird, L. E., Nadeau, J., Robertson, D., and Wood, A. J. J. (1984b) Leukocyte beta-receptor alteration in hypertensive subjects. J. Clin. Invest,73, 648–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. D., Limbird, L. E., Nadeau, J., Fitzgerald, G. A., Robertson, D., and Wood, A. J. J. (1983) Dynamic regulation of leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptor-agonist interactions by physiological changes in circulating catecholamines. J. Clin. Invest. 72, 164–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B. (1982) Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol. Rev. 62, 347–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, M. B., Laser, J. A., Hopkins, G. L., Minobe, W., and Bristow, M. R. (1986) Assessment of beta-adrenergic receptor pathway in the intact failing human heart: Progressive receptor downregulation and subsensitivity to agonist response. Circulation 74, 1290–1302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, G. S. and Cohn, J. N. (1986) The autonomic nervous system in congestive heart failure. Annu. Rev. Med. 37, 235–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, C. M., Venter, J. C., and Kaliner, M. (1981) Autonomic abnormalities and autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic receptors. N. Engl. J. 305, 1165–1169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, J., Nadeau, J., Robertson, D., and Wood, A. J. J. (1981) Regulation of human leukocyte beta-receptors by endogenous catecholamine Relationship of leukocyte beta-receptor density to the cardiac sensitivity to isoproterenol. J. Clin. Invest. 67, 1777–1784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freissmuth, M., Schutz, W., Weindlmayer-Göttel, M., Zimpfer, M., and Spiss, C. K. (1987) Effects of ischemia on the canine myocardial beta-adrenoceptorlinked adenylate cyclase system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 10, 568–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frielle, T., Collins, S., Daniel, K. W., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Kobilka, B. K. (1987) Cloning of the cDNA for the human beta-1 adrenergic receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7920–7924.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frishman, W. (1987) Adrenergic receptors as pharmacological targets: The beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, in Adrenergic Receptors in Man, (Insel, P.A., ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 69–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frizell, R. A., Rechkemmer, G., and Shoemaker, R. L. (1986) Altered regulation of airway epithelial cell chloride channels in cystic fibrosis. Science 233, 558–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohler, M., Saito, Y., Ackenheil, M., Bak, R., Bondy, B., Feistenauer, E., Hoftscuster, E., Vakis, A., and Welter, D. (1985) Catecholaminergic binding sites of blood cells of healthy volunteers with special respect to circadian rhythms. Pharmacopsychiatria 18, 147–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S.P. and Britt, S. (1984) Uncoupling of the beta-adrenergic receptor as a mechanism of in vitro neutrophil desensitization. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 103, 322–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S. P., Duriseti, L., Underwood, S., and Insel, P. A. (1978a) Decreased beta-adrenergic receptor in polymorphonuclear leukocytes after adrenergic therapy. New Engl. J. Med. 299, 933–936.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S. P., Underwood, S., Duriseti, L., and Insel, P. A. (1978b) Characterization of high affinity beta-2 adrenergic receptor binding of (-)[3H] dihydroalprenolol to human polymorphonuclear cell particulates. J. Lab.Clin. Med. 92, 613–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S. P., Morton, L., Herbst, J., and Wood, C. (1981) Impaired beta-adrenergic binding and function in cystic fibrosis neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 68, 253–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S. P., Duriseti, L., Underwood, S., Allred, S., and Insel, P. A. (1980) Beta-adrenergic receptors of polymorphonuclear particulates in bronchial asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 65, 577–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galant, S. P., Underwood, S., Allred, S., and Hanifin, J. M. (1979) Beta-adrenergic receptor binding on polymorphonuclear leukocytes in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 72, 330–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavras, H. (1986) How does salt raise blood pressure? A hypothesis. Hypertension 8, 83–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, A. M., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., and Cryer, P. E. (1981) Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis increases mononuclear leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density in man. J. Clin. Invest. 67, 1785–1791.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, R., Bristow, M. R., Billingham, M. E., Stinson, E. D., Schroeder, J. S., and Harrison, D. C. (1983) Study of the normal and failing isolated human heart: Decreased response of failing heart to isoproterenol. Am. Heart J. 106, 535–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaubiger, G., Tsai, B. S., Lefkowitz, R. J., Weiss, B., and Johnson, E. M. (1978) Chronic guanethidine treatment increases cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. Nature 273, 246–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldie, R. G., Spina, D., Henry, P. J., Lulich, K. M., and Paterson, J. W. (1986) In vitro responsiveness of human asthmatic bronchus to carbachol, histamine, beta-adrenergic agonists and theophylline. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 22, 669–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, D., Lake, C. R., Chernow, B., Ziegler, M. G., Coleman, M. D., Taylor, A. A., Mitchell, J. R., Kopin, I. J., and Keiser, H. R. (1983) Age-dependence of hypertensive-normotensive differences in plasma norepinephrine. Hypertension 5, 100–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, D. S. (1983) Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension. An analytical review. Hypertension 5, 86–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golf, S. and Hansson, V. (1986) Effects of beta-blocking agents on the density of beta-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase response in human myocardium: Intrinsic sympathomimatic activity favours receptor upregulation. Cardiovasc. Res. 20, 637–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenacre, L. K. and Conolly, M. E. (1978). Desensitization of the beta-adrenoceptor of lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with pheochromocytoma: Studies in vivo. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 5,191–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griese, M., Korholz, U., Korholz, D., Seeger, K., Wahn, V., and Reinhardt, D. (1988) Density and agonist-promoted high and low affinity states of the betaadrenoceptor on human B-and T-cells. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 18, 213–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, G. and Lues, I. (1985) Thyroid-dependent alteration of myocardial adrenoceptor and adrenoceptor-mediated responses in the rat. Nauyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol 329, 427–439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halper, J. P., Brown, R. P., Sweeney, J. A., Kocsis, J. H., Peters, A., and Mann, J. J. (1988) Blunted beta-adrenergic responsivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in endogenous depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45, 241–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halper, J. P. Mann, J. J., Weksler, M. E., Bilezikian, J. P., Sweeney, J. A., Brown, R. P., and Golboume, T. (1984) Beta-adrenergic receptor and cyclic AMP levels in intact human lymphocytes: Effects of age and gender. Life Sci. 35, 855–863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamet, P. (1983) Metabolic aspects of hypertension, in Hypertension, (Genest, J., Kuchel, O., Hamet, P., and Cantin, M., eds.) McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 408–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. S., Pollack, G. D., and Fuller, R. W. (1984) In vivo cardiovascular responses to isoproterenol, dopamine, and tyramine after prolonged infusion of isoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231, 633–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, D., Carney, P. A., and Leonard, B. B. (1983) Monoamine-related markers of depression: Changes following treatment. J. Psychiatr. Res. 17, 251–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg, A., Kempf, F., Josephson, M. E., and Molinoff, P. B. (1985) Coexistence of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the human heart: Effects of treatment with receptor antagonists or calcium entry blockers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 561–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg, A., Gerber, J. G., Nies, A. S., Wolfe, B. B., and Molinoff, P. B. (1987) Effects of pindolol and propranolol on beta-adrenergic receptors on human lymphocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239, 117–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinsimer, J. A., Davies, A. S., Downs, R. W., Levine, M. A., Spiegel, A. M., Drezner, M. K., DeLean, A., Wreggett, K. A., Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1984) Impaired formation of beta-adrenergic receptor-nucleotide regulatory protein complexes in pseudohypoparathyroidism. J. Clin. Invest. 73,1335–1343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R., Keenan, A. K., and Neligan, M. (1986) Increased activation of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor linked adenylate cyclase, in hypertension. Br. J. Pharmacol. 87, 106P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, B., Marshall, D. R., Sobel, B. E., and Bergmann, S. R. (1986) Characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in vivo with iodine-131 pindolol and gamma scintigraphy. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 660–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, K. K. P. and Conolly, M. E. (1981) Increased numbers of beta-receptors in orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med 304, 1473–1476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, K. K. P., Conolly, M. E., and Tashkin, D. P. (1982) Reversal of human lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptor desensitization by glucocorticoids. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 566–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, K. K. P., Wolfe, R. N., and Conolly, M. E. (1982) Lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors are not altered in hyperthyroidism. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. 32,161–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingebretsen, C. G., Hawelu-Johnson, C., and Ingebretsen, W. R. (1983) Alloxaninduced diabetes reduces beta-adrenergic receptor number without affecting adenylate cyclase in rat ventricular membranes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol,5, 454–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, P. A. (1985) Adrenergic receptors in human blood cells, in Pharmacology of Adrenoceptors, (Szabadi, E., Bradshaw, C. M., and Nahorski, S. R., eds.) Macmillan, London, pp. 215–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel, P. A. and Motulsky, H. J. (1984) A hypothesis linking intracellular sodium, membrane receptors and hypertension. Life Sci. 34, 1009–1113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, P. A. and Motulsky, H. J. (1987) Physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of adrenergic receptors, in Adrenergic Receptors in Man, (Insel, P. A., ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 201–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel, P. A. and Ransnäs, L. A. (1988) G proteins and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 78,1511–1513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R. and Cohen, R. M. (1987) Adrenergic receptors in psychiatric disease, inAdrenergic Receptors in Man, (Insel, P.A., ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 353–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenni-Eiennann, S., Von Hahn, H. P., Honegger, C. G., and Ulrich, J. (1984) Studies in neurotransmitter binding in senile dementia: Comparison of Alzheimer’s and mixed vascular-Alzheimer’s dementias. Gerontology 30, 350–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, M. M., Sansoni, P., Silverman, E. O., Engelman, E. G., and Melmon, K. L. (1986) Beta-adrenergic receptors in human suppressor, helper and cytolytic lymphocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35, 1137–1142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajiyama, H., Obara, K., Nomura, Y., and Segawa, T. (1982) The increase of cardiac beta-1 subtype of beta-adrenergic receptors in adult rats following neonatal 6-hydroxydopa treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 77, 75–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliner, M., Shelhamer, J. H., Davis, P. B., Smith, L. J., and Venter, J. C. (1982) Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and allergy. Ann. Intern. Med. 96, 349–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kariman, K. (1980) Beta-adrenergic receptor binding in lymphocytes from patients with asthma. Lung 158, 41–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karliner, J. S., Simpson, P. C., Honbo, N., and Woloszyn, W. (1986) Mechanisms and time course of beta-adrenoceptor desensitization in mammalian cardiac myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 20, 221–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, Y., Powell, A., and Arinze, I. J. (1986) Adrenergic receptors in human liver plasma membranes: Predominance of beta-2 and alpha-1 receptor subtypes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62, 827–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerry, R., Scrutton, M. C., and Wallis, R. B. (1984) Mammalian platelet adrenoceptors. Br. J. Pharamcol. 81, 91–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, J. P., Gully, R. J., Cooper, T. B., Perumal, A. S., Smith, T. M., and Klein, D. F. (1987) Correlation of type A behaviour with adrenergic receptor density: Implications for coronary artery disease pathogenesis. Lancet 8565, 937–939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobilka, B. K., Dixon, R. A. F., Frielle, T., Dohlman, H. G., Bolanowski, M. A., Sigal, I. S., Yang-Feng, T. L., Francke, U., Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1987) cDNA for the human beta-2 adrenergic receptor: A protein with multiple membrane spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 46–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krall, J. F., Connelly, M., and Tuck, M. L. (1980) Acute regulation of beta-adrenergic catecholamine sensitivity in human lymphocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214, 554–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krawietz, W., Werdan, K., Schober, M., Erdmann, E., Rindfleisch, G. E., and Hannig, K. (1982) Different numbers of beta-receptors in human lymphocyte subpopulations. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 133–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuchel, O. (1983) The autonomic nervous system and blood pressure regulation in human hypertension, in Hypertension, (Genest, J., Kuchel, O., Hamet, P., and Cantin, M., eds.) McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 140–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumano, K., Upsher, M. E., and Khairalloh, P. (1983) Beta-adrenergic receptor response coupling in hypertrophied hearts. Hypertension 5, (Suppl I), 175–183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landmann, R. M. A., Burgisser, E., Wesp, M., and Bühler, F. R. (1984) Beta-adrenergic receptors are different in subpopulations of human circulating lymphocytes. J. Recept. Res. 4, 37–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamer, A. C. and Ross, E. M. (1981) Alteration in the protein components of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase during maturation of rat reticulocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9551–9557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, R. J., Stadel, J. M. and Caron, M. G. (1983) Adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptor: Structure and mechanism of activation and desensitization. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52, 159–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leimbach, W. N., Wallin, B. G., Victor, R. G., Aylward, P. T., Sudlöf, G., and Mark, A. L. (1986) Direct evidence from intraneural recordings for increased central sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure. Circulation 73, 913–919.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerer, B. (1984) Electroconvulsive shock and neurotransmitter receptors: Implications for mechanism of action and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Biol. Psychiatry 19, 361–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M. A., Downs, R. W., Moses, A. M., Breslan, M. A., Marx, S. J., Lasker, R. D., Rizzoli, R. E., Aurbach, G. D., and Spiegel, A. M. (1983) Resistance to multiple hormones in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Association with deficient activity of guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. Am. J. Med. 74, 545–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liggett, S. B., Marker, J. C., Shah, S. D., Roper, C. L., and Cryer, P. E. (1988) Direct relationship between mononuclear leukocyte and lung beta-adrenergic receptors and apparent reciprocal regulation of extravascular, and not intravascular, alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors by the sympathochromaffin system in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 182, 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liggett, S. B., Shah, S. D., and Cryer, P. E. (1989a) Human tissue adrenergic receptors are not predictive of responses to epinephrine in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 256, E600–E609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liggett, S. B., Shah, S.D., and Cryer, P. E. 1989b Increased fat and skeletal muscle beta-adrenergic receptors but unaltered metabolic and hemodynamic sensitivity to epinephrine in vivo in experimental human thyrotoxicosis. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 803–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. and Limas, C. J. (1978) Reduced number of beta-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 83, 710–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. and Limas, C. J. (1985) Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor numbers in salt-dependent genetic hypertension. Hypertension 7, 760–766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. J. and Limas, C. (1984) Decreased isoproterenol-induced “downregulation” of beta-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium of SHR. Hypertension, (Supp. I), 131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. J. and Limas, C. (1987) Altered intracellular adrenoceptor distribution in myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. 253, H904–H908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. J., Goldenberg, I. F., and Limas, C. (1989a) Autoantibodies against betaadrenoreceptors in human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Circ. Res. 64, 97–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas, C. J., Limas, C., and Goldenberg, I. F. (1989b) Intracellular distribution of adrenoceptors in the failing human myocardium. Am. Heart J. 117, 131–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, J., Patel, A., Spanier, A. M., and Weglicki, W. (1984) Rapid agonistinduced decrease of [125I]-pindolol binding to beta-adrenergic receptors. Relationship to desensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation in intact heart cells. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 15115–15122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonati-Galligani, M. and Pirke, K. M. (1986) Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation in circulating mononuclear leukocytes in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Psychiatry Res. 19,189–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, J. A., Nielson, C. P., Stevens, D. L., and Vestal, R. E. (1986) Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of calcium ionophore activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 88, 417–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Motulsky, H. J., and Insel, P. A. (1985) Externalization of beta-adrenergic receptors promoted by myocardial ischemia. Science 230, 183–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Motulsky, H. J., and Insel, P. A. (1987a) Propranolol treatment externalizes beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig myocardium and prevents further externalization by ischemia. Circ. Res. 60, 108–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Motulsky, H. J., and Insel, P. A. (1987b) Life cycles of cardiac alpha1- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Fowler, P., Rearden, A., Motulsky, H. J., and Michel, M. C. (1989) A new method for isolation of human lymphocyte subsets reveals differential regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by terbutoline treatment. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 429–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Knowlton, K. U., Fowler, P., Rearden, A., Ziegler, M. G., Motulsky, H. J., Insel, P. A., and Michel, M. C. (1990) Adrenergic control of circulating lymphocyte subpopulations: Effects of congestive heart failure, dynamic exercise, and terbutaline treatment. J. Clin. Invest.85, 462–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, A. S., Lee, P., Michel, M. C., Carter, S., Ziegler, M. G., and Insel, P. A. (1989b) Altered lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors and cyclic AMP generation in congestive heart failure. Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maki, T., Kontula, K., Myllynen, P., and Harkönen, M. (1987) Beta-adrenergic receptors of human lymphocytes in physically active and immobilized subjects: Characterization by a polyethylene glycol precipitation assay. Scand. J. Clin. Invest. 47, 261–268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malbon, C. C., Graziano, M. P., and Johnson, G. L. (1984) Fat cell beta-adrenergic receptor in the hypothyroid rat: Impaired interaction with the stimulatory regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. J. BioL Chem. 259, 3254–3260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malbon, C. C., Rapiejko, P. J., and Watkins, D. C. (1988) Permissive hormone regulation of hormone-sensitive effector systems. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 9, 33–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, J. J., Brown, R. P., Halper, J. P., Sweeney, J. A., Kocsis, J. H., Stokes, P. E., and Bilezikian, J. P. (1985) Reduced sensitivity of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors in patients with endogenous depression and psychomotor agitation. N. Engl. J. Med,313, 715–720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marinetti, G. V., Rosenfeld, S. I., Thiem, P. A., Condemi, J. J., and Leddy, J. P. (1983) Beta-adrenergic receptors of human leukocytes: Studies with intact mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells and membranes comparing two radioligands in the presence and absence of chloroquine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32, 2033–2043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh J. D., Barry, W. H., Meer, E. J., Alexander, R. W., and Smith, T. W. (1980) Desensitization of chick embryo ventricle to the physiological and biological effects of isoproterenol.Circ. Res. 47, 493–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinsson, A., Larsson, K., and Hjemdahl, P. (1987) Studies in vivo and in vitro of terbutaline-induced beta-adrenoceptor desensitization in healthy subjects. Clin. Sci. 72, 47–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meurs, H., Koeter, G. H., de Vries, K., and Kauffman, H. F. (1982) The beta-adrenergic system and allergic bronchial asthma: Changes in lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor number and adenylate cyclase activity after an allergen-induced asthmatic attack. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 70, 272–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meurs, H., Kauffman, H. F., Koeter, G. H., Timmerman, A., and de Vries, K. (1987) Regulation of the beta-receptor-adenylate cyclase system in lymphocytes of allergic patients with asthma: Possible role for protein kinase C in allergen-induced nonspecific refractoriness of adenylate cyclase. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 80, 329–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meurs, H., Kauffman, H. F., Timmermans, A., Amsterdam, F. I., Van Koeter, G. H., and de Vries, K. (1986) Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced beta-adrenergic receptors uncoupling and nonspecific desensitization of adenylate cyclase in human mononuclear leukocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35,4217–4222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, M. C., Brodde, O.-E., and Insel, P. A. (1990) Peripheral adrenergic receptors in hypertension. Hypertension, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, M. C., Beckeringh, J., J., Ikezono, K., Kretsch, R., and Brodde, O.-E. (1986) Lymphocyte betaadrenoceptors mirror precisely betaadrenoceptor, but poorly betaadrenoceptor changes in the human heart. J. Hypertension 4, (Suppl. 6), S215–S218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, M. C., Pingsmann, A., Beckeringh, J. J., Zerkowski, H. R., Doetsch, N., and Brodde, O.-E. (1988) Selective regulation of beta-1, and beta-2 adrenoceptors in the human heart by chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment.Br. J.Pharmacol94, 685–692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, M. C., Kanezik, R., Khamssi, M., Knorr, A., Siegl, H., Beckeringh, J. J., and Brodde, O.-E. (1989) Alpha-and beta-adrenoceptors in hypertension I: Cardiac and renal alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenoceptors in rat models of acquired hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13, 421–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minakuchi, K., Ogawa, K., Ban, M., and Satake, T. (1981) Decreased generation of cyclic AMP in lymphocytes by beta-adrenergic stimulation in heart failure. Jpn. Heart J. 22,585–592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minneman, K. P., Pittman, R. N., and Molinoff, P. B. (1981) Beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes: Properties, distribution and regulation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 419–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motulsky, H. J. and Insel, P. A. (1982) Adrenergic receptors in man: Direct identification, physiological regulation and clinical alterations. N. Engl. J. Med. 307, 18–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motulsky, H. J., Cunningham, E. M. S., De Blasi, A., and Insel, P. A. (1986) Agonists promote rapid desensitization of redistribution of beta-adrenergic receptors on intact human mononuclear leukocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 250, E583–E590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A., Wong, T. M., Buja, L. M., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Willerson, J. T. (1979) Beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in canine myocardium. Effects of ischemia. J. Clin. Invest, 64,1423–1428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A., Bush, L. R., McCoy, K. E., Duke, R. J., Hagler, H., Buja, L. M., and Willerson, J. T. (1982) Relationship between beta-adrenergic receptor numbers and physiological responses during experimental canine myocardial ischemia. Circ. Res. 50, 735–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphee, S. S. and Saffitz, J. E. (1989) Distribution of beta-adrenergic receptors in failing human myocardium. Implications for mechanisms of downregulation. Circulation 79,1214–1225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, J. A. and Barnes, P. J. (1984) Autonomic regulation of the airways. Annu. Rev. Med 35, 451–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neve, K. A. and Molinoff, P. B. (1986) Effects of chronic administration of agonists and antagonists on the density of beta-adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Cardiol. 57, 17F–22F.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, C. P. (1987) Beta-adrenergic modulation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst is dependent upon the mechanism of cell activation. J. Immunol. 139, 2392–2397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noji, T., Tashiro, M., Yagi, H., Nagashima, K., Suzuki, S., and Kurouwe, T. (1986) Adaptive regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm. Metab. Res. 18, 604–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, E. M., Butler, J., Kelly, J., Horgan, J., and O’Malley, K. (1987) Betaadrenoceptor adaptation to endurance training. J. Cardiovasc. PharmacoL 10, 728–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E. N., Kelley, D. A., and Smith, P. B. (1981) Characterization of rat skeletal muscle sarcolemma during the development of diabetes. Exp. Neurol. 73, 154–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, G., Mintzer, J., Halperin, Y., Eliakim, R., Stessman, J., and Ebstein, R. P. (1984) Acute desensitization of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic stimulated adenylate cyclase in old age and Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci. 35, 1795–1802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paietta, E. and Schwarzmeier, J. O. (1983) Differences in beta-adrenergic receptor density and adenylate cyclase activity between normal and leukaemic leukocytes . Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 13,339–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, G. N., Janicak, P. G., and Davis, J. M. (1987) Decreased beta-adrenergic receptors in the leukocytes of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 22, 265–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, G. N., Heinze, W. J., Brown, B. D., and Davis, J. M. (1979) Electroconvulsive shock treatment decreases beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rat brain. Nature 280, 234–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. W. and Smith, J. W. (1973) Alteration in cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism in human bronchial asthma. I. Leukocyte responsiveness to beta-adrenergic agents. J. Clin. Invest. 52, 48–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pochet, R., Delespesse, G., Gausset, P. W., and Collet, H. (1979) Distribution of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocyte subpopulations. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 38, 578–584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prichard, B. N. C., Tomlinson, B., Walden, R. J., and Bhattacharjee, P. (1983) The beta-adrenergic blockade withdrawal phenomenon. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5, S56–S62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainbow, T. C., Parsons, B., and Wolfe, B. B. (1984) Quantitative autoradiography of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1585–1589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransnäs, L. A., Hammond, H. K., and Insel, P. A. (1988) Increased Gs in myocardial membranes from hyperthyroid pigs. Clin. Res. 36, 52A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H., Lake, W., and Allen, J. E. (1975) The effect of catecholamines and prostaglandins upon human and rat erythrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 411, 63–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratje, D. D. and Wisser, H. (1986) Alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor activity in circulating blood cells of patients with pheochromocytoma: Effects of adrenalectomy. Acta Endocrinol. 111, 80–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt, D., Zehmisch, T., Becker, B., and Nagel-Hiemke, M. (1984) Age-dependency of alpha-and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 142, 111–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reithman, C. and Werdan, K. (1989) Noradrenaline-induced desensitization in cultured heart cells as a model for the defects of the adenylate cyclase system in severe heart failure. Nauyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 339, 128–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richelsen, B. and Sorensen, M. S. (1987) Alpha-2 and beta-adrenergic receptor binding and action in gluteal adipocytes from patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Metabolism 36, 1031–1039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roan, Y. and Galant, S. P. (1982) Decreased neutrophil beta-adrenergic receptors in the neonate. Pediatric Res. 16, 591–593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D. and Hollister, A. S. (1987) Adrenergic receptors in neurologic disorders, in Adrenergic Receptors in Man, (Insel, P. A., ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 339–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D., Hollister, A. S., Carey, E. L., Tung, C. S., and Goldberg, M. R. (1984) Increased vascular beta-2 adrenergic receptor responsiveness in autonomic dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol,3, 850–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. G., Berk, M. A., Popp, D. A., Serusclat, P., Smith, E. B., Shah, S. D., Ginsberg, A. M., Clutter, W. E., and Cryer, P. E. (1984) Beta-2 and alpha-2adrenergic receptors and receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase in human mononuclear leukocytes and platelets in relation to physiological variations of sex steroids. J. Clin. Endo. and Metab. 58,1068–1075.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosendorff, C., Susanni, E., Hurwitz, M. L., and Ross, L. P. (1985) Adrenergic receptors in hypertension: Radioligand binding studies. J. Hypertension 3, 571–581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruoho, A. E., DeClergue, L. L., and Busse, W. W. C. (1980) Characterization of granulocyte beta-adrenergic receptors in atopic eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 66,46–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sager, G. (1982) Receptor binding sites for beta-adrenergic ligands on human erythrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol 31, 99–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sager, G. (1983) Beta-2 adrenergic receptors in intact human erythrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32,1946–1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, H. H., Foreman, B. M., Horowitz, Z. D., and Ye, Z-S. (1988) Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 81,957–967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson, W. M. and Davies, A. 0. (1984) Hydrocortisone-induced reversal of beta-adrenergic receptor uncoupling. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 130, 1023–1026.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandnes, D., Gjerde, I., Refsnes, M., and Jacobsen, S. (1987) Downregulation of surface beta-adrenoceptors on intact human mononuclear leukocytes. Time course and isoproterenol concentration dependence. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 1303–1311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sano, Y., Watt, G., and Townley, R. G. (1983) Decreased mononuclear cell beta-adrenergic receptors in bronchial asthma: Parallel studies of lymphocyte and granulocyte desensitization. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 72, 495–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savarese, H. and Berkowitz, B. A. (1979) Beta-adrenergic receptor decrease in diabetic rat hearts. Life Sci., 25, 2075–2078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut, J. J. (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry 122, 509–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, P. R., Rhee, L. M., and Peralta, E. G. (1987) Primary structure of the human beta-receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 3636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schopf, R. E. and Lemmel, E. M. (1983) Control of the reduction of oxygen intermediates of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes by beta-adrenergic receptors. J. Immunopharmacology 5, 203–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serusclat, P., Rosen, S. G., Smith, E. B., Shah, S. D., Clutter, W. E., and Cryer, P. E. (1983) Mononuclear leukocyte beta-2 adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase sensitivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 32, 825–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shamoon, H., Hendler, R., and Sherwin, R. S. (1980) Altered responsiveness to cortisol, epinephrine and glucagon in insulin-infused juvenile onset diabetics. Diabetes 29, 284–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, J. R., Gormus, R., and Moldow, C. F. (1977) Catecholamine hormone receptors are reduced in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nature 269, 693–695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimohama, S., Taniguchi, T., Fugiwara, M., and Kameyama, M. (1987) Changes in beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer-type dementia. J. Neurochem. 48,1215–1221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleight, P. C. (1986) Use of beta adrenoceptor blockade during and after acute myocardial infarction. Annu. Rev. Med. 37, 415–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, U., Sjostrom, L., Stenstrom, G., Isaksson, O., and Jacobsson, B. (1977) Studies on the catecholamine resistance in fat cells from patients with pheochromocytoma. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 7, 355–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snavely, M. D., Ziegler, M. G., and Insel, P. A. (1985) Subtype selective down-regulation of rat renal cortical alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor by catecholamines. Endocrinology 117, 2182–2189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snavely, M. D., Mahan, L. C., O’Connor, D. T., and Insel, P. A. (1983) Selective downregulation of adrenergic receptor subtypes in rats with pheochromocytoma. Endocrinology 113, 354–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souchet, T., Bree, R., Baatard, R., Fontenaille, C., D’Athis, P., Tillement, J. P., Kiechel, J. R., and Lhoste, F. (1986) Impaired regulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptor density in mononuclear cells during chronic renal failure. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35, 2513–2519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, M. L. and Atlas, D. (1982) Demonstration of human platelet beta-adrenergic receptors using 125I-labeled cyanopindolol and 125I-labeled hydroxybenzylpindolol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 686, 240–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaresan, P., Guarnucci, M. M., and Izzo, J. L. (1987) Adrenal medullary regulation of rat renal cortical adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 253, F1063–F1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szefler, S. J., Edwards, C. K., Haslett, C., Zahniser, N. R., Miller, J. A., and Henson, P. N. (1987) Effects of cell isolation procedures and radioligand selection on the characterization of human leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36,1589–1597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szentivanyi, A. (1968) The beta-adrenergic theory of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma. J. Allergy 42, 203–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tashkin, D. P., Conolly, M. E., Deutsch, R. I., Hui, K. K., Luttner, M., Scarpace, P., and Abrass, I. (1982) Subsensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors in airways and lymphocytes of healthy and asthmatic subjects. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 125, 185–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tecoma, E. S., Motulsky, H. J., Traynor, A. E., Omann, G. M., Muller, H., and Sklar, L. A. (1986) Transient catecholamine modulation of neutrophil activation: Kinetic and intracellular aspects of isoproterenol action. J. Leukocyte Biol. 40, 629–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenner, T. E., Mukherjee, A., and Hester, R. K. (1982) Reserpine induced supersensitivity and the proliferation of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 77, 61–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. A. and Marks, B. H. (1978) Plasma norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 41,233–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titinchi, S., Shamma, M. A., Patel, K. R., Kerr, J. W., and Clark, B. (1984) Circadian variation in number and affinity of beta-2 adrenoceptors in lymphocytes of asthmatic patients. Clin. Sci. 66,323–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tohmeh, J. F. and Cryer P. E. (1980) Biphasic adrenergic modulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in man. Agonist-induced early increment and late decrement in beta-adrenergic receptor number. J. Clin. Invest. 65, 836–840.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse, J., Powell, J. R., Baste, C. A., Priest, R. E., and Kuo, J. F. (1979) Isoproterenolinduced cardiac hypertrophy: Modification in characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptor, adenylate cyclase, and ventricular contraction. Endocrinology 105, 246–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, G., Manger, W. M., and Hoffman, B. B. (1984) Desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors by pheochromocytoma. Endocrinology 114,1271–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unverferth, D.V., Blanford, M., Kates, R. E., and Leier, C. V. (1980) Tolerance to dobutamine after a 72-h continuous infusion. Am. J. Med. 69, 262–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dop, C. and Boume, H. R.(1983)Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Annu. Rev. Med. 34, 259–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vliet, P. D., Burchell, H. B., and Titus, H. L. (1966) Focal myocarditis associated with pheochromocytoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 274,1102–1108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanden Berg, W., Leferink, J. G., Fokkens, J. K., Kreukniet, J., Maes, R. A. A., and Bruynzeel, P. L. B. (1982) Clinical implication of drug induced desensitization of the beta-receptor after continuous oral use of terbutaline. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 69, 410–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vatner, D. E., Kirby, D. A., Homcy, C. J., and Vatner, S. F. (1985a) Beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in hypertension-induced hypertrophy. Hypertension 7, (Supp. I), I55–I60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vatner, D. E., Lavallee, M., Amano, J., Finizola, A., Homcy, C. J., and Vatner, S. F. (1985b) Mechanisms of supersensitivity to sympathomimetic amines in the chronically denervated heart of the conscious dog. Circ. Res. 57, 55–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vedin, J. A. and Wilhelmsson, C. E. (1983) Beta-receptor blocking agents in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 23, 29–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venter, J. C., Fraser, C. M., and Harrison, L. C. (1980) Autoantibodies to beta-2 adrenergic receptors: A possible cause of adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Science 207,1361–1363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viquerat, C. E., Daly, P., Swedberg, K., Evers, C., Curran, D., Parmley, W. W., and Chatterjee, K. (1985) Endogenous catecholamine levels in chronic heart failure: Relation to the severity of hemodynamic abnormalities. Am. J. Med. 78, 455–460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volicier, L., Green, I., and Sinex, F. M. (1985) Epinephrine-induced cyclic AMP production in skin fibroblasts from patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and controls. Neurobiol. Aging 6, 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. L. and Brodde, O-E. (1985) Identification of a homogenous class of beta-2 adrenoceptors in human platelets by (-)-[125I]iodopinolol binding. J. Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphor. Res. 10(5), 439–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, T.C. and Meldrum, M.J. (1985) Alterations in the release of norepinephrine at the vascular neuroeffector junction in hypertension. Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol. 25, 621–641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitsett, J., A., Noguchi, A., and Moore, J. J.,(1982)Developmental aspects of alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors.Semin. Perinatol. 6,125–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widdicombe, J., H. (1986) Cystic fibrosis and beta-adrenergic response of airway epithelial cell cultures. Am. J. Physiol. 251, R818–R822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. T., Synderman, R., and Lefkowitz, R.J.,(1976) Identification of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes by (-)[3H]alprenolol binding.J. Clin. Invest. 57,149–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. S., Guthrow, L. E., and Lefkowitz, R. J.(1979) Beta-adrenergic receptors of human lymphocytes are unaltered by hyperthyroidism.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48,503–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winther, K., Klysner, R., Geisler, A., and Anderson, P. H. (1985) Characterization of human platelet beta-adrenoceptors.Thromb. Res. 40, 757–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A.J. J.,(1983) Beta-blocker withdrawal.Drugs 25, (Suppl. 2), 318–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, K., Whiting, K., and Coppen, A. (1986) Lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density of patient with recurrent affective illness.J. Affective Disord 10, 3–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A. F., Crichton, D. N., Loudon J. B., MortenJ.,E. N., and Steel, C. M. (1984) Beta-adrenoceptor binding defects in cell lines from families with manicdepressive disorder.Annu. Human Genetic 48,201–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ZoharJ.,BonnetJ., Drummer, D., Fisch, R., Epstein, R. P., and Belmaker, R. H. (1983) The response of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors to chronic propranolol treatment in depressed patients, schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Biol. Psychiatry 18, 553–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zucchelli, P., Sturani, A., Zuccala, A., Santoro, A., Degli Eposti, E., and Chiarini C. (1985) Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in patients with end-stage renal failure.Contrib. Nephrol. 45, 69–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Insel, P.A. (1991). Beta-Adrenergic Receptors in Pathophysiologic States and in Clinical Medicine. In: Perkins, J.P. (eds) The Beta-Adrenergic Receptors. The Receptors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0463-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0463-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6772-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0463-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics