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Low Density Facilities

  • Chapter
Advances in Hypersonics

Abstract

Space vehicles mowing through the high atmosphere are usually exposed to a hypersonic rarefied flow. In addition to the flow field rarefaction the high flight velocities impose severe problems on the flow field development and on the necessary simulation facilities. Vehicles, which strong influence of rarefaction effects on flight performance or on their design are

  • Satellites in low orbit

  • Aeroassisted orbit transfer vehicles (AOTV)

  • Reentry vehicles.

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Abbreviations

A:

reference area

Cp :

pressure coefficient

D:

diameter

D:

drag

Ė:

energy flux

h:

specific enthalpy

hd :

specific enthalpy for dissociation

Kn:

Knudsen number

Kr :

rate constant for specific reaction

l:

body length

lchar :

characteristic flow field length

lr :

reaction length

L:

nozzle length

M:

molecular mass (kg/K mol)

Ma:

Mach number

m:

mass flow

n:

number density of molecules

p:

pressure

q:

dynamic pressure

q:

heat flux

Q:

heat flow

r:

recovery factor

r:

radius of curvature

Re:

Reynolds number

Rs :

similarity parameter for a chemical reaction

S:

molecular speed ratio

T:

temperature

V:

magnitude of celocity vector

v:

volume flow (equal suction speed S)

u,v,w,:

velocity components

x,y,z:

local rectangular coordinates

δ:

boundary layer thickness

ө:

nozzle half angle

κ:

ratio of specific heats

λ:

molecular mean free path

μ:

viscosity

v :

molecular collision frequency

c:

continuum

FM:

free molecular

i:

incident molecules

n:

mormal component to surface

r:

reflected molecules

s:

stagnation point on a body

t:

total conditions with isentropic compression

w:

wall

O:

stagnation chamber conditions

s:

stagnation point on a body

1:

test section conditions, free stream

2:

condition behind a normal shock wave

∞:

free stream

*:

distance from nozzle throat

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hyperschall Technologie Göttingen HTG, Labor Lindau, Max Planck Str. 1, 3411, Lindau/Harz Göttingen, Germany

    Georg Koppenwallner

Authors
  1. Georg Koppenwallner
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87111, USA

    John J. Bertin

  2. Dept. of Aerodynamic Theory, Avions Marcel Dassault-Brequet Aviation, 92214, Saint Cloud, France

    Jacques Periaux

  3. Lehr-Und Forschungsbiet für Mechanik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen, Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Templergraben 64, Germany

    Josef Ballmann

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© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Koppenwallner, G. (1992). Low Density Facilities. In: Bertin, J.J., Periaux, J., Ballmann, J. (eds) Advances in Hypersonics. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0379-7_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0379-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6734-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0379-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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