Abstract
Cardiac muscle sarcomeres are complex structures composed of numerous proteins organized in an exquisitely precise manner. Studies using cultured myocytes combined with analysis of myofibril assembly in the developing heart in vivo have yielded a model for assembly that provides a framework for future experiments. The stage is now set for mechanistic and functional analyses in differentiating cardiac myocytes. These types of experiments will require developmental systems in which precardiac cells are targeted with function altering proteins or antibodies, or in which expression of specific myofibrillar constituents is ablated or foreign genes introduced. Explants from precardiac regions of avian embryos are accessible to experimental manipulation and may offer one avenue for approaching these questions. Mouse embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into beating cardiac myocytes in culture, and this system provides another potentially powerful approach for defining the function of proteins and protein domains during myofibrillogenesis. Importantly, the rapid technologic advances in imaging techniques at the light microscopic level, including confocal, deconvolution, and two (multi-) photon microscopy, is predicted to have a significant impact on this field, allowing for the generation of three-dimensional images of the spatial relationships of myofibrillar constituents during assembly. In particular, the ability to monitor the expression and assembly of sarcomeric proteins [e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged] in individual differentiating cardiac myocytes in real time will allow us to address questions that cannot be answered from static images. The combination of improved imaging methods, new developmental models, and gene ablation and modification technologies promise to enable detailed analyses of the mechanisms involved in myofibril assembly including important protein interactions regulating thick and thin filament length specification, and the potential role of titin as a molecular scaffold in the assembly process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andrée, B., Duprez, D., Vorbusch, B., Arnold, H.-H., and Brand, T. (1998). BMP-2 induces ectopic expression of cardiac lineage markers and interferes with somite formation in chicken embryos.Mech Dev70:119–131.
Antin, P.B., Taylor, R.G., and Yatskievych, T.A. (1994). Precardiac mesoderm is specified during gastrulation in quail.Dev Dyn200:144–153.
Auerbach, D., Bantle, S., Keller, S., et al. (1999). Different domains of the M-band protein myomesin are involved in myosin binding and M-band targeting.Mol Biol Cell10:1297–1308.
Bishop S.P., Anderson, P.G., and Tucker, D.C. (1990). Morphological development of therat heart growing in oculo in the absence of hemodynamic work load.Cire Res66:84–102.
Blanchard, E.M., Lizuka, K., Christe, M., et al. (1997). Targeted ablation of the murinealpha-tropomyosin gene.Circ Res81:1005–1010.
Bonne, G., Carrier, L., Richard, P., Hainque, B., and Schwartz, K. (1998). Familial hypertrophie cardiomyopathy: from mutations to functional defects.Circ Res83:580593.
Bottinelli, R., Coviello, D.A., Redwood, C.S., et al. (1998). A mutant tropomyosin that causes hypertrophie cardiomyopathy is expressed in vivo and associated with an increased calcium sensitivity.Circ Res82:106–115.
Brand, T., Andree, B., Schneider, A., Buchberger, A., and Arnold, H.H. (1997). Chicken Nkx2–8, a novel homeobox gene expressed during early heart and foregut development.Mech Dev64:53–59.
Brook, W.H., Connell, S., Cannata, J., Maloney, J.E., and Walker, A.M. (1983). Ultrastructure of the myocardium during development from early fetal life to adult life in sheep.J Anat137:729–741.
Carlier, M.-F. (1998). Control of actin dynamics. CurrOpin Cell Biol10:45–51.
Clark, C.E., Henry, W.L., and Epstein, S.E. (1973). Familial prevalence and genetic trans-mission of idiopathic hypertrophie subaortic stenosis.N Eng J Med289:709–714.
Cuda, G., Fananapazir, L., Zhu, W.S., Sellers, J.R., and Epstein, N.D. (1993). Skeletal muscle expression and abnormal function of beta-myosin in hypertrophie cardiomyopathy.ClinInvest91:2861–2865.
Dabiri, G.A., Turnacioglu, K.K., Sanger, J.M., and Sanger, J.W. (1997). Myofibrillogenesis visualized in living embryonic cardiomyocytes.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA19:9493–9498.
Davis, L.A., and Lemanski, L.F. (1987). Induction of myofibrillogenesis in cardiac lethal mutant axolotl hearts rescued by RNA derived from normal endoderm.Development99:145–154.
DeHaan, R.L. (1963). Migration patterns of the precardiac mesoderm in the early chick embryo.Exp Cell Res29:544–560.
Dlugosz, A.A., Antin, P.B., Nachmias, V.T., and Holtzer, H. (1984). The relation between stress fiber-like structures and nascent myofibrils in cultured cardiac myocytes.J Cell Biol99:2268–2278.
Durocher, D., Charron, F.R.W., Schwartz, R., and Nemer, M. (1997). The cardiactran-scription factors Nkx2–5 and GATA-4 are mutual cofactors.EMBO J16:5687–5696.
Ehler, E., Rothen, B.M., Hämmerle, S.P., Komiyama, M., and Perriard, J.-C. (1999). Myofibrillogenesis in the developing chicken heart: assembly of Z-disk, M-line and the thick filaments.J Cell Sci112:1529–1539.
Epstein, H.F., and Bernstein, S.I. (1992). Genetic approaches to understanding muscle development.Dry Biol154:231–344.
Epstein, H.F., and Fischman, D.A. (1991). Molecular analysis of protein assembly in muscle development.Science251:1039–1044.
Fewell, J.G., Hewett, T.E., Sanbe, A., et al. (1998). Functional signficance of cardiac myosin essential light chain isoform switching in transgenic mice.J Clin Invest101:2630–2639.
Fowler, V.M. (1996). Regulation of actin filament length in erythrocytes and striated muscle. CurrOpin Cell Biol8:86–96.
Furst, D.O., Osborn, M., and Weber, K. (1989). Myogenesis in the mouse embryo: differential onset of expression of myogenic proteins and the involvement of titin in myofibril assembly.J Cell Biol109:517–527.
Gannon, M., and Bader, D. (1995). Initiation of cardiac differentiation occurs in the absence of anterior endoderm.Development121:2439–2450.
Garcia-Martinez, V., and Schoenwolf, G.C. (1993). Primitive streak origin of the cardiovascular system in avian embryos.Dev Biol159:706–719.
Gautel, M., Goulding, D., Bullard, B., Weber, K., and Fürst, D.O. (1996). The central Z-disk region of thin is assembled from a novel repeat in variable copy numbers.J Cell Sci109:2747–2754.
Geisterfer-Lowrance, A.A., Christe, M., Conner, D.A., et al. (1996). A mouse model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Science272:731–734.
Gilbert, R., Kelly, M.G., Mikawa, T., and Fischman, D.A. (1996). The carboxyl terminus of myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C, C-protein) specifies incorporation into the A-band of striated muscle.J Cell Sci109:101–111.
Gregorio, C.C. (1997). Models of thin filament assembly in cardiac and skeletal muscle.Cell Struct Funct22:191–195.
Gregorio, C.C., and Fowler, V.M. (1995). Mechanisms of thin filament assembly in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes: tropomodulin requires tropomyosin for assembly.J Cell Biol129:683–695.
Gregorio, C.C., Granzier, H., Sorimachi, H., and Labeit S. (1999). Muscle assembly: a titanic achievement? CurrOpin Cell Biol11:18–25.
Gregorio, C.C., Trombitás, K., Centner, T., et al. (1998). The NH, terminus of titin spans the Z disc: its interaction with a novel 19 kD ligand (T-cap) is required for sarcomeric integrity.J Cell Biol143:1013–1027.
Gregorio, C.C., Weber, A., Bondad, M., Pennise, C.R., and Fowler, V.M. (1995). Requirement of pointed-end capping by tropomodulin to maintain actin filament length in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes.Nature377:83–86.
Hamburger, V., and Hamilton, H.L. (1951). A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.J Morphol88:49–92.
Han, Y., Dennis, J.E., Cohen-Gould, L., Bader, D.M., and Fischman, D.A. (1992). Expression of sarcomeric myosin in the presumptive myocardium of chicken embryos occurs within six hours of commitment.Der; Dyn193:257–265.
Handel, S.E., Greaser, M.L., Schultz, E., et al. (1991). Chicken cardiac myofibrillogenesis studied with antibodies specific for titin and the muscle and nonmuscle isoforms of actin and tropomyosin.Cell Tissue Res263:419–430.
Helmes, M, Trombitas, K., Centner, T., et al. (1999). Mechanically driven contour-length adjustment in rat cardiac titin’s unique N2B sequence: titin is an adjustable spring.Circ Res84:1339–1352.
Hill, C.S., and Lemanski, L.F. (1985). Immunoelectron microscopic localization of alpha actinin and actin in embryonic hamster heart cells.Eur J Cell Biol39:300–312.
Hiruma, T., and Hirakow, R. (1985). An ultrastructural topographical study on myofibrillogenesis in the heart of the chick embryo during pulsation onset period.Dev Dyn196:291–299.
Holtzer, H., Hijikata, T., Lin, Z.X., et al. (1997). Independent assembly of 1.4tm long bipolar MHC filaments and I-Z-I bodies.Cell Struct Funct22:83–93.
Huang, X., Pi, Y., Lee, K.J., et al. (1999). Cardiac troponin I gene knockout: a mouse model of myocardial troponin I deficiency.Circ Res84:1–8.
Huxley, H.E. (1960). Muscle cells. In: Brachet, J., and Mirsky, A.E., eds.The Cell (Biochemistry Physiology Morphology).Academic, New York, pp. 365–481.
Huxley, H.E. (1963). Electron microscope studies on the strucure of natural and synthetic proteins from striated muscle.J Mol Biol7:281–308.
Imanaka-Yoshida, K. (1997). Myofibrillogensis in precardiac mesoderm explant culture.Cell Struct Funct22:45–49.
Jacobson, A.G., and Sater, A.K. (1988). Features of embryonic induction.Development104:341–359.
Jones, W.K., Grupp, I.L., Doetschman, T., et al. (1996). Ablation of the murine alpha myosin heavy chain gene leads to dosage effects and functional deficits in the heart.J Clin Invest98:1906–1917.
Kolmerer, B., Olivieri, N., Witt, C.C., Herrmann, B.G., and Labeit, S. (1996). Genomic organization of the M-line titin and its tissue-specific expression in two distinct isoforms.J Mol Biol256:556–563.
Komiyama, M., Kouchi, K., Maruyama, K., and Shimada, Y. (1993). Dynamics of actin and assembly of connectin (titin) during myofibrillogenesis in embryonic chick cardiac muscle cells in vitro.Dev Dyn196:291–299.
Komiyama, M., Soldati, T., von Arx, P., and Perriard, J.-C. (1996). The intracompartmenal sorting of myosin alkali light chain isoproteins reflects the sequence of developmental expression as determined by double epitope-tagging competition.J Cell Sci109:2089–2099.
Kumar, A., Crawford, K., Close, L., et al. (1997). Rescue of cardiac alpha-actin deficient mice by enteric smooth muscle gamma-actin.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA94:4406–4411.
Labeit, S., and Kolmerer, B. (1995). Titins, giant proteins in charge of muscle ultrastructure and elasticity.Science270:293–296.
Labeit, S., Kolmerer, B., and Linke, W.A. (1997). The giant protein titin. Emerging roles in physiology and pathophysiology.Circ Res80:290–294.
LaFrance, S.M., Fransen, M.D., Ergenel-Unaltuna, N., et al. (1993). RNA from normal anterior endoderm/mesoderm-conditioned medium stimulates myofibrillogenesis in developing mutant axolotl hearts.Cell Mol Biol Res39:547–560.
Lankford, E.B., Epstein, N.D., Fananapazi, R.L., and Sweeney, H.L. (1995). Abnormal contractile properties of muscle fibers expressing beta-myosin heavy chain gene mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Clin Invest95:1409–1144.
Lawson, K.A., Meneses, J.J., and Pedersen, R.A. (1991). Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formaton in the mouse embryo.Development113:891–911.
Legato, M.J. (1972). Ultrastructural characteristics of the rat ventricular cell grown in tissue culture with special reference to sarcomerogenesis.J Mol Cell Cardiol4:299–317.
Lin, D., Bobkova, A., Homsher, E., and Tobacman, L.S. (1996). Altered cardiac troponin T in vitro function in the presence of a mutation implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.J Clin Invest97:2842–2848.
Lin, Z., Holtzer, S., Schultheiss, T., et al. (1989). Polygons and adhesion plaques and the disassembly and assembly of myofibrils in cardiac myocytes.J Cell Biol10:2355–2367.
Linask, K.K., and Gui, Y-H. (1995). Inhibitory effects of ouabain on early heart develop-ment and cardiomyogenesis in the chick embryo.Dev Dyn203:93–105.
Linke, W.A., Rudy, D.R., Centner, T., et al. (1999). I-band titin in cardiac muscle is a three-element molecular spring and is critical for maintaining thin filament structure.J Cell Biol146:631–644.
Littlefield, R., and Fowler, V.M. (1998). Defining actin filament length in striated muscle: rulers and caps or dynamic stability?Annu Rev Dev Biol14:487–525.
Lough, J.W., Bolender, D.L., and Markwald, R.R. (1990). A culture model for cardiac morphogenesis.Ann NY Acad Sci588:421–424.
Lowey, S., Slayter, H.S., Weeds, A.G., and Baker, H. (1969). Substructure of the myosin molecule. I. Subfragments of myosin by enzymic degradation.J Mol Biol42:1–29.
Manasek, F.J. (1968). Embryonic development of the heart. I. A light and electron microscopic study of myocardial development in the early chick embryo.J Morphol125:329–365.
Markwald, R.R. (1973). Distribution and relationship of precursor Z material to organizing myofibrillar bundles in embryonic rat and hamster ventricular myocytes.J Mol Cell Cardiol5:341–350.
McGrew, M.J., Xavier-Neto, J., Pourquie, O., and Rosenthal, N. (1999). Molecular genetics of skeletal muscle development. In: Harvey, R.P., and Rosenthal, N., eds.Heart Development.Academic Press, New York, pp. 493–512.
Moolman, J.C., Corfield, V.A., Posen, B., et al. (1997). Sudden death due to troponin T mutations.JAmColl Cardiol29:49–55.
Moos, C., Offer, G., Starr, R., and Bennett, P. (1975). Interaction of C-protein with myosin, myosin rod and light meromyosin.J Mol Biol97:1–9.
Ng, W.A., Doetschman, T.J.R., and Lessard, J.L. (1997). Muscle isoactin expression during in vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells.Pediatr Res41:285–292.
Obermann, W.M., van der Ven, P.F.M., Steiner, E, Weber, K., and Fürst, D.O. (1998). Mapping of a myosin-binding doman and a regulatory phosphorylation site in M-protein, a structural protein of the sarcomeric M band.Mol Biol Cell9:829–840.
Olson, E.N., and Srivastava, D. (1996). Molecular pathways controlling heart development.Science272:671–676.
Oosawa, F., and Asakura, S. (1975). Thermodynamics of the polymerization of protein. In: Horecker, B., Kaplan, N.O., Marmur, J., and Scheraga, H.A., eds. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–194.
Patterson, K.D., Cleaver, O., Gerber, WV., Grow, M.W., Newman, C.S., and Krieg, P.A. (1998). Homeobox genes in cardiovascular development.Curr Top Dev Biol40:1–44.
Pawloski-Dahm, C.M., Song, G., Kirkpatrick, D.L., et al. (1998). Effects of total replacement of atrial myosin light chain-2 with the ventricular isoform in atrial myocytes of transgenic mice.Circulation97:1508–1513.
Peckham, M., Young, P., and Gautel, M. (1997). Constitutive and variable regions of Z-disk titin/connectin in myofibril formation: a dominant-negative screen.Cell Struct Funct22:95–101.
Poetter, K., Jiang, H., Hassanzadeh, S., et al. (1996). Mutations in either the essential or regulatory light chains of myosin are associated with a rare myopathy in human heart and skeletal muscle.Nat Genet13:63–69.
Reecy, J.M., Xuyang, L., Yamada, M., et al. (1999). Identification of upstream regulatory regions in the heart-expressed homeobox gene Nkx2–5.Development126:839–849.
Rethinasamy, P., Muthuchamy, M., Hewett, T., et al. (1998). Molecular and physiological effects of alpha-tropomyosin ablation in the mouse.Circ Res82:116–123.
Rhee, D., Sanger, J.M., and Sanger, J.W. (1994). The premyofibril: evidence for its role in myofibrillogenesis.Cell Motil Cytol28:1–24.
Robbins, J., Doetschman, T., Jones, W.K., and Sanchez, A. (1992). Embryonic stem cells as a model for cardiogenesis.Trends Cardiovasc Med2:44–50.
Robbins, J., Gulick, J., Sanchez, A., Howles, P., and Doetschman, T. (1990). Mouse embryonic stem cells express the cardiac myosin heavy chain genes during development in vitro.J Biol Chem265:11905–11909.
Robinson, T.F., and Winegrad, S. (1979). The measurement and dynamic implications of thin filament lengths in heart muscle.J Physiol286:617–619.
Sata, M., and Ikebe, M. (1996). Functional analysis of the mutations in the human cardiac beta-myosin that are responsible for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Implication for the clinical outcome.J Clin Invest98:2866–2873.
Schafer, D.A., and Cooper, J.A. (1995). Control of actin assembly at filament ends.Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol11:497–518.
Schafer, D.A., Hug, C., and Cooper, J.A. (1995). Inhibition of CapZ during myofibrillogenesis alters assembly of actin filaments.J Cell Biol128:61–70.
Schiaffino, S., and Reggiani, C. (1996). Molecular diversity of myofibrillar proteins: gene regulation and functional signficance.Physiol Rev76:371–423.
Schultheiss, T.M., Burch, J., and Lassar, A. (1997). A role for bone morphogenetic proteins in the induction of cardiac myogenesis.Genes Dev11:451–462.
Schultheiss, T., Choi, J., Lin, Z., Cohen-Gould, L., Fischman, D., and Holtzer, H. (1992). A sarcomeric a-actinin truncated at the carboxyl end induces the breakdown of stress fibers in PtK2 cell and the formation of nemaline-like bodies and breakdown of myofibrils in myotubes.Proc Natl Acad Sri USA89:9282–9286.
Schultheiss, T.M., and Lassar, A.B. (1999). Heart formation and the heart field in amphibian embryos. In: Harvey, R.P., and Rosenthal, N., eds.Heart Development.Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 37–47.
Schultheiss, T., Lin, Z., Lu, M.-H., et al. (1990). Differential distribution of subsets of myofibrillar proteins in cardiac nonstriated and striated myofibrils.J Cell Biol110:1159–1172.
Seiler, S.H., Fischman, D.A., and Leinwand, L.A. (1996). Modulation of myosin filament organization by C-protein family members.Mol Biol Cell7:113–127.
Shiraishi, I., Simpson, D.G., Carver, W, et al. (1997). Vinculin is an essential component for normal myofibrillar arrangment in fetal mouse cardiac myocytes.J Mol Cell Cardiol29:2041–2052.
Shiraishi, I., Takamatsu, T., and Fujita, S. (1993). 3-D observation of N-cadherin expression during cardiac myofibrillogenesis of the chick embryo using a confocal laser scanning microscope.Anat Embryol187:115–120.
Shiraishi, I., Takamatsu, T., and Fujita, S. (1995). Three-dimensional observation with a con-focal scanning laser microscope of fibronectin immunolabeling during cardiac looping in the chick embryo.Anat Embryol191:183–189.
Shiraishi, I., Takamatsu, T., Minamikawa, T., and Fujita, S. (1992). 3-D observation of ctin filaments during cardiac myofibrillogenesis in chick embryo using a confocal laser scanning microscope.Anat Embryol185:401–408.
Simpson, D.G., Decker, M.L., Clark, W.A., and Decker, R.S. (1993). Contractile activity and cell-cell contact regulate myofibrillar organization in cultured cardiac myocytes.J Cell Biol123:323–336.
Sohn, R.L., Vikstrom, K.L., Strauss, M., Cohen, C., Szent-Gyorgyi, A.G., and Leinwand, L.A. (1997). A 29 residue region of the sarcomeric myosin rod is necessary for filament formation.J Mol Biol21:317–330.
Soldati, T., and Perriard, J.-C. (1991). Intracompartmental sorting of essential myosin light chains: molecular dissection and in vitro monitoring by epitope tagging.Cell66:277–289.
Solomon, S.D., Wolff, S., Watkins, H., et al. (1993). Left ventricular hypertrophy and morphology in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with mutations of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene.Am Coll Cardiol22:498–505.
Sorimachi, H., Freiburg, A., Kolmerer, B., et al. (1997). Tissue-specific expression and aactinin binding properties of the Z-disc titin. Implications for the nature of vertebrate Z-discs.J Mol Biol270:688–695.
Sosa, H., Popp, D., Ouyang, G., and Huxley, H.E. (1994). Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibers studied by a plunge quick freezing method: myofilament lengths.Biophys J67:283292.
Squire, J.M. (1997). Architecture and function in the muscle sarcomere.Curr Opin Struct Biol7:247–257.
Srivastava, D., Thomsas, T., Lin, Q., Kirby, M.L., Brown, D., and Olson, E.N. (1997). Regulation of cardiac mesodermal and nerual crest development by the bHLH trnscription factor, dHAND.Nat Genet16:154–160.
Sussman, M.A., Baquè, U.C.-S., Daniels, M.P., et al. (1998). Altered expression of tropomodulin in cardiomyocytes disrupts the sarcomeric structure of myofibrils.Circ Res82:94–105.
Sweeney, H.L., Feng, H.S., Yang, Z., and Watkins, H. (1998). Functional analyses of troponin T mutations that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights into disease pathogenesis and troponin function.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95:14406–14410.
Sweeney, H.L., Straceski, A.J., Leinwand, L.A., Tikunov, B.A., and Faust, L. (1994). Heterologous expression of a cardiomyopathic myosin that is defective in its actin interaction.J Biol Chem269:1603–1605.
Szent-Gyorgyi, A.G., Cohen, C., and Philpott, D.E. (1960). Light meromyosin fraction I: a helical molecule from myosin.J Mol Biol2:133–142.
Tam, P.P.L., Parameswaran, M., Kinder, S.J., and Weinberger, R.P. (1997). The allocation of epiblast cells to the embryonic heart and other mesodermal lineages: the role of ingression and tissue movement during gastrulation.Development124:1631–1642.
Tardiff, J.C., Factor, S.M., Tompkins, B.D., et al. (1998). A truncated cardiac troponin T molecule in transgenic mice suggests multiple cellular mechanisms for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.J Clin Invest101:2800–2811.
Thierfelder, L., Watkins, H., MacRae, C., et al. (1994). Beta-tropomyosin and cardiac troponin T mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a disease of the sarcomere.Cell77:701–712.
Tokuyasu, K.T. (1989). Immunocytochemical studies of cardiac myofibrillogenesis in early chick embryos. III. Generation of fasciae adherents and costameres.J Cell Biol108:4353.
Tokuyasu, K.T., and Maher, P.A. (1987a). Immunocytochemical studies of cardiac myofibrillogenesis in early chick embryos. I. Presence of immunofluorescent titin spots in premyofibrillar stages.J Cell Biol105:2781–2793.
Tokuyasu, K.T., and Maher, P.A. (1987b). Immunocytochemical studies of cardiac myofibrillogenesis in early chick embryos. II. Generation of alpha-actinin dots within titin spots at the time of the first myofibril formation.J Cell Biol105:2795–2801.
Trinick, J. (1994). Titin and nebulin protein rulers in muscle?Trends Biochem Sci19:405–408.
Trinick, J. (1996). Cytoskeleton: titin as a scaffold and spring.Curr Biol6:258–260.
Turnacioglu, K.K., Mittal, B., Dabiri, G.A., Sanger, J.M., and Sanger, J.W. (1997). An N-terminal fragment of titin coupled to green fluorescent protein localizes to the Z-bands in living muscle cells: overexpression leads to myofibril disassembly.Mol Biol Cell8:705–717.
Vigoreaux, J.O. (1994). The muscle Z-band: lessons in stress management.JMuscle Res Cell Motil15:237–255.
Vikstrom, K.L., Factor, S.M., and Leinwand, L.A. (1996). Mice expressing mutant myosin heavy chains are a model for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Mol Med5:556–567.
Vikstrom, K.L., and Leinwand, L.A. (1996). Contractile protein mutations and heart disease.Curr Opin Cell Biol8:97–105.
Vikstrom, K.L., Rovner, A.S., Bravo-Zehnder, M., Saez, C.G., Straceski, A.J., and Leinwand, L.A. (1993). Sarcomeric myosin heavy chain expressed in nonmuscle cells forms thick filaments in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of light chains.Cell Motil Cytoskeleton26:192–204.
Vikstrom, K.L., Seiler, S.H., Sohn, R.L., et al. (1997). The vertebrate myosin heavy chaingenetics and assembly properties.Cell Struct Funct22:123–129.
Wang, S.-M., Greaser, M.L., Schultz, E., Bulinski, J.C., Lin, J.J.-C., and Lessard, J.L.(1988).Studies on cardiac myofibrillogenesis with antibodies to titin, actin, tropomyosin and myosin.J Cell Biol 107:1075–1083.
Wang, G.F., and Stockdale, F.E.(1999).Chamber-specific gene expression and regulation during heart development. In: Harvey, R.P., and Rosenthal, N., eds.Heart Development.Academic Press, San Diego, pp.357–372.
Watkins, H., McKenna, W.J., Thierfelder, L., et al.(1995).Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.N Engl J Med 332:1058–1064.
Watkins, H., Seidman, C.E., Seidman, J.G., Feng, H.S., and Sweeney, H.L.(1996).Expression and functional assessment of a truncated cardiac troponin T that causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evidence for a dominant negative action.J Clin Invest 98:2456–2461.
Weber, A.(1999).Actin binding proteins that change extent and rate of actin monomer-polymer distribution by different mechanisms.Mol Cell Biochem 190:67–74.
Westfall, M.V., Pasyk, K.A., Yule, D.I., Samuelson, L.C., and Metzger, J.M.(1997).Ultra-structure and cell-cell coupling of cardiac myocytes differentiating in embryonic stem cell cultures.Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 36:43–54.
Wobus, A.M., Kaomei, G., Shan, J., et al.(1997).Retinoic acid accelerates embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac differentiation and enhances development of ventricular cardiomyocytes.J Mol Cell Cardiol 29:1525–1539.
Yang, Q., Sanbe, A., Osinska, H., Hewett, T.E., Klevitsky, R., and Robbins, J.(1998).A mouse model of myosin binding protein C human familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.J Clin Invest 102:1292–1300.
Yatskievych, T.A., Ladd, A.N., and Antin, P.B.(1997).Induction of cardiac myogenesis in avian pregastrula epiblast: the role of the hypoblast and activin.Development 124:2561–2570.
Yutzey, K.E., Gannon, M., and Bader, D.(1995).Diversification of cardiomyogenic cell lineages in vitro.Dev Biol 170:531–541.
Zajdel, R.W., McLean, M.D., Lemanski, S.L., et al.(1998).Ectopic expression of tropomyosin promotes myofibrillogenesis in mutant axolotl hearts.Dev Dyn 213:412–420.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gregorio, C.C., Antin, P.B. (2001). Myofibrillogenesis in the Heart. In: Tomanek, R.J., Runyan, R.B. (eds) Formation of the Heart and Its Regulation. Cardiovascular Molecular Morphogenesis. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0207-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0207-3_2
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6662-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0207-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive