Skip to main content

Random Sets and Random Functions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling ((PTSM,volume 87))

Abstract

A random set is a multivalued measurable function defined on a probability space. If this multivalued function depends on the second argument (e.g., time or space), then random processes of sets (set-valued processes or random multivalued functions) appear. Important examples are provided by growth processes, multivalued martingales and solutions of stochastic differential inclusions. If time is discrete, one deals with sequences of random closed sets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. Abid, M. (1978). Un théorème ergodique pour des processes sous-additifs et sur-stationnaires. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 287, 149–152.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adams, D. R. (1998). Choquet integrals in potential theory. Publ. Math. 42, 3–66.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adamski, W. (1977). Capacitylike set functions and upper envelopes of measures. Math. Ann. 229, 237–244.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Adler, A., Rosalsky, A. and Taylor, R. L. (1991). A weak law for normed weighted sums of random elements in Rademacher type p Banach spaces. J. Multivariate Anal. 37, 259–268.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Adler, R. J. (1981). The Geometry of Random Fields. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Adler, R. J. (2000). On excursion sets, tube formulas and maxima of random fields. Ann. Appl. Probab. 10, 1–74.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Adler, R. J. and Taylor, J. E. (2007). Random Fields and Geometry. Springer, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Aldous, D. (1989). Probability Approximations via the Poisson Clumping Heuristic. Springer, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Aletti, G. and Bongiorno, E. G. (2013). A decomposition theorem for fuzzy set-valued random variables. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 219, 98–112.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aletti, G., Bongiorno, E. G. and Capasso, V. (2009). Statistical aspects of fuzzy monotone set-valued stochastic processes. Application to birth-and-growth processes. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 160, 3140–3151.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Aletti, G., Bongiorno, E. G. and Capasso, V. (2011). Integration in a dynamical stochastic geometric framework. ESAIM Probab. Stat. 15, 402–416.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Aliprantis, C. D. and Border, K. C. (2006). Infinite Dimensional Analysis. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Aliprantis, C. D. and Tourky, R. (2007). Cones and Duality. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Aló, R. A., de Korvin, A. and Roberts, C. (1979). The optional sampling theorem for convex set-valued martingales. J. Reine Angew. Math. 310, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ambrosio, L., Capasso, V. and Villa, E. (2009). On the approximation of mean densities of random closed sets. Bernoulli 15, 1222–1242.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ambrosio, L., Fusco, N. and Pallara, D. (2000). Functions of Bounded variation and Free Discontinuity Problems. Oxford Mathematical Monographs. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Anderson, T. W. (1955). The integral of a symmetric unimodal function over a symmetric convex set and some probability inequalities. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 6, 170–176.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Anger, B. (1977). Representation of capacities. Math. Ann. 229, 245–258.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Anger, B. and Lembcke, J. (1985). Infinitely divisible subadditive capacities as upper envelopes of measures. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 68, 403–414.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Anisimov, V. V. and Pflug, G. C. (2000). Z-theorems: limits of stochastic equations. Bernoulli 6, 917–938.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Anisimov, V. V. and Seilhamer, A. V. (1995). Asymptotic properties of extreme sets of random fields. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 51, 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ararat, Ç. and Rudloff, B. (2015). A characterization theorem for Aumann integrals. Set-Valued Var. Anal. 23, 305–318.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Araujo, A. and Giné, E. (1980). The Central Limit Theorem for Real and Banach Valued Random Variables. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Arrow, K. J. and Hahn, F. H. (1971). General Competitive Analysis. Holden-Day, San Francisco.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Artstein, Z. (1972). Set-valued measures. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 165, 103–125.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Artstein, Z. (1974). On the calculus of closed set-valued functions. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 24, 433–441.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Artstein, Z. (1976). Lyapounov convexity theorem and Riemann-type integrals. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 25, 717–724.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Artstein, Z. (1979). A note on Fatou’s lemma in several dimensions. J. Math. Econom. 6, 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Artstein, Z. (1980). Discrete and continuous bang-bang and facial spaces or: look for the extreme points. SIAM Rev. 22, 172–185.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Artstein, Z. (1983). Distributions of random sets and random selections. Israel J. Math. 46, 313–324.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Artstein, Z. (1984). Convergence of sums of random sets. In Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics, Stereology, edited by R. V. Ambartzumian and W. Weil, vol. 65 of Teubner Texte zur Mathematik, 34–42. Teubner, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Artstein, Z. (1984). Limit laws for multifunctions applied to an optimization problem. In Multifunctions and Integrands, edited by G. Salinetti, vol. 1091 of Lect. Notes Math., 66–79. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Artstein, Z. (1998). Relaxed multifunctions and Young measures. Set-Valued Anal. 6, 237–255.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Artstein, Z. and Burns, J. A. (1975). Integration of compact set-valued functions. Pacific J. Math. 58, 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Artstein, Z. and Hansen, J. C. (1985). Convexification in limit laws of random sets in Banach spaces. Ann. Probab. 13, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Artstein, Z. and Hart, S. (1981). Law of large numbers for random sets and allocation processes. Math. Oper. Res. 6, 485–492.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Artstein, Z. and Vitale, R. A. (1975). A strong law of large numbers for random compact sets. Ann. Probab. 3, 879–882.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Artstein, Z. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1988). Approximating the integral of a multifunction. J. Multivariate Anal. 24, 285–308.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Artstein, Z. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1995). Consistency of minimizers and the SLLN for stochastic programs. J. Convex Anal. 2, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Attouch, H. (1984). Variational Convergence for Functions and Operators. Pitman, Boston.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  41. Attouch, H. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1990). Epigraphical processes: law of large numbers for random LSC functions. Sém. Anal. Convexe 20 (Exp. No.13), 29 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Aubin, J.-P. (1993). Optima and Equilibria. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  43. Aubin, J.-P. (1999). Mutational and Morphological Analysis. Tools for Shape Evolution and Morphogenesis. Birkhäuser, Boston.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Aubin, J.-P. and Cellina, A. (1984). Differential Inclusions. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Aubin, J.-P. and Da Prato, G. (1995). Stochastic Nagumo’s viability theorem. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 13, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Aubin, J.-P. and Frankowska, H. (1990). Set-Valued Analysis. Birkhäuser, Boston.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Aumann, R. J. (1965). Integrals of set-valued functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 12, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Aumann, R. J. and Shapley, L. S. (1974). Values of Non-Atomic Games. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. Avgerinos, E. P. and Papageorgiou, N. S. (1999). Almost sure convergence and decomposition of multivalued random processes. Rocky Mountain J. Math. 29, 401–435.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ayala, G., Ferrándiz, J. and Montes, F. (1991). Random set and coverage measure. Adv. Appl. Probab. 23, 972–974.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ayala, G. and Montes, F. (1997). Random closed sets and random processes. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 50, 35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ayala, G. and Simó, A. (1998). Stochastic labelling of biological images. Statistica Neerlandica 52, 141–152.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Azéma, J. (1985). Sur les fermés aléatoires. In Séminaire de probabilités, XIX, 1983/84, vol. 1123 of Lecture Notes in Math., 397–495. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Azéma, J., Meyer, P.-A. and Yor, M. (1992). Martingales relatives. In Séminaire de Probabilités, XXVI, vol. 1526 of Lecture Notes in Math., 307–321. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Azéma, J. and Yor, M. (1992). Sur les zéros des martingales continues. In Séminaire de Probabilités, XXVI, vol. 1526 of Lecture Notes in Math., 248–306. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Azzimonti, D., Bect, J., Chevalier, C. and Ginsbourger, D. (2016). Quantifying uncertainties on excursion sets under a Gaussian random field prior. SIAM/ASA J. Uncertain. Quantif. 4, 850–874.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Baddeley, A. J. (1992). Errors in binary images and an L p version of the Hausdorff metric. Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde 10, 157–183.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Baddeley, A. J. and Molchanov, I. (1997). On the expected measure of a random set. In Advances in Theory and Applications of Random Sets, edited by D. Jeulin, 3–20, Singapore. Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Fontainebleau, France (9–11 October 1996), World Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Baddeley, A. J. and Molchanov, I. (1998). Averaging of random sets based on their distance functions. J. Math. Imaging and Vision 8, 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Bagchi, S. N. (1985). On a.s. convergence of multivalued asymptotic martingales. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 21, 313–321.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Balan, R. M. (2001). A strong Markov property for set-indexed processes. Statist. Probab. Lett. 53, 219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Balder, E. J. (1984). A unifying note on Fatou’s lemma in several dimensions. Math. Oper. Res. 9, 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Balder, E. J. (1988). Fatou’s lemma in infinite dimensions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 136, 450–465.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Balder, E. J. (1994). A unified approach to several results involving integrals of multifunctions. Set-Valued Anal. 2, 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Balder, E. J. and Hess, C. (1995). Fatou’s lemma for multifunctions with unbounded values. Math. Oper. Res. 20, 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Balder, E. J. and Hess, C. (1996). Two generalizations of Komlós theorem with lower-closure-type applications. J. Convex Anal. 3, 25–44.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Balkema, A. A. and Resnick, S. I. (1977). Max-infinite divisibility. J. Appl. Probab. 14, 309–319.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ballani, F. (2011). Multiple-point hit distribution functions and vague convergence of related measures. Math. Nachr. 284, 938–947.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ballani, F., Kabluchko, Z. and Schlather, M. (2012). Random marked sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 44, 603–616.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bandt, C. and Baraki, G. (1986). Metrically invariant measures on locally homogeneous spaces and hyperspaces. Pacific J. Math. 121, 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Banks, H. T. and Jacobs, M. Q. (1979). A differential calculus for multifunctions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 29, 246–272.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bárány, I. and Vu, V. (2007). Central limit theorem for Gaussian polytopes. Ann. Probab. 35, 1593–1621.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Barbati, A., Beer, G. and Hess, C. (1994). The Hausdorff metric topology, the Attouch-Wets topology, and the measurability of set-valued functions. J. Convex Anal. 1, 107–119.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Barbati, A. and Hess, C. (1998). The largest class of closed convex valued multifunctions for which Effros measurability and scalar measurability coincide. Set-Valued Anal. 6, 209–236.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Bárcenas, D. (2001). Weak compactness criteria for set valued integrals and Radon Nikodym theorem for vector valued multimeasures. Czechoslovak Math. J. 51(126), 493–504.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bárcenas, D. and Urbina, W. (1997). Measurable multifunctions in nonseparable Banach spaces. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 28, 1212–1226.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Barnett, V. (1976). The orderings of multivariate data. J. R. Statist. Soc. Ser. A 139, 318–354.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Bass, R. F. and Pyke, R. (1984). The existence of set-indexed Lévy processes. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 66, 157–172.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Bass, R. F. and Pyke, R. (1985). The space \(\mathcal{D}(A)\) and weak convergence of set-indexed processes. Ann. Probab. 13, 860–884.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Baudin, M. (1984). Multidimensional point processes and random closed sets. J. Appl. Probab. 21, 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Beddow, J. K. and Melloy, T. P. (1980). Testing and Characterization of Powder and Fine Particles. Heyden & Sons, London.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Bednarski, T. (1981). On solutions of minimax test problems for special capacities. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 58, 397–405.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Beer, G. (1993). Topologies on Closed and Closed Convex Sets. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  84. Beg, I. and Shahzad, N. (1995). Random extension theorems. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 196, 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Beg, I. and Shahzad, N. (1996). On random approximation and coincidence point theorems for multivalued operators. Nonlinear Anal. 26, 1035–1041.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Beg, I. and Shahzad, N. (1997). Measurable selections: in random approximations and fixed point theory. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 15, 19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Belloni, A. and Winkler, R. L. (2011). On multivariate quantiles under partial orders. Ann. Statist. 39, 1125–1179.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Beresteanu, A., Molchanov, I. and Molinari, F. (2011). Partial identification using random sets theory. J. of Econometrics 166, 17–32.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Beresteanu, A., Molchanov, I. and Molinari, F. (2011). Sharp identification regions in models with convex moment predictions. Econometrica 79, 1785–1821.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Beresteanu, A. and Molinari, F. (2008). Asymptotic properties for a class of partially identified models. Econometrica 76, 763–814.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Berg, C., Christensen, J. P. R. and Ressel, P. (1976). Positive definite functions on abelian semigroups. Math. Ann. 223, 253–272.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Berg, C., Christensen, J. P. R. and Ressel, P. (1984). Harmonic Analysis on Semigroups. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  93. Berger, J. and Berliner, L. M. (1986). Robust Bayes and empirical Bayes analysis with ε-contaminated priors. Ann. Statist. 14, 461–486.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Berger, J. O. (1984). The robust Bayesian viewpoint (with discussion). In Robustness of Bayesian Analyses, edited by J. Kadane, 63–144. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Berger, J. O. and Salinetti, G. (1995). Approximations of Bayes decision problems: the epigraphical approach. Ann. Oper. Res. 56, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Berkes, I. and Rosenthal, H. P. (1985). Almost exchangeable sequences of random variables. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 70, 473–507.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Bernig, A. (2012). Algebraic integral geometry. In Global Differential Geometry, 107–145. Springer, Heidelberg.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  98. Bertoin, J. (1996). Lévy Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  99. Bertoin, J. (1997). Renerative embedding of Markov sets. Probab. Theory Related Fields 108, 559–571.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bertoin, J. (1999). Intersection of independent regerative sets. Probab. Theory Related Fields 114, 97–121.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Bertoin, J. (1999). Subordinators: examples and applications. In Lectures on Probability Theory and Statistics, edited by P. Bernard, vol. 1717 of Lect. Notes Math., 1–91. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Bertoin, J. and Pitman, J. (2000). Two coalescents derived from the ranges of stable subordinators. Electron. J. Probab. 5, no. 7, 17 pp. (electronic).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Bhattacharya, R. and Lin, L. (2017). Omnibus CLTs for Fréchet means and nonparametric inference on non-Euclidean spaces. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 145, 413–428.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Bhattacharya, R. and Majumdar, M. (2007). Random Dynamical Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  105. Bhattacharya, R. and Patrangenaru, V. (2003). Large sample theory of intrinsic and extrinsic sample means on manifolds. Ann. Statist. 31, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Bhattacharya, R. and Patrangenaru, V. (2005). Large sample theory of intrinsic and extrinsic sample means on manifolds — II. Ann. Statist. 33, 1225–1259.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bickel, P. J. and Yahav, J. A. (1965). Renewal theory in the plane. Ann. Math. Statist. 36, 946–955.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Biermé, H. and Desolneux, A. (2016). On the perimeter of excursion sets of shot noise random fields. Ann. Probab. 44, 521–543.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Biermé, H. and Estrade, A. (2012). Covering the whole space with Poisson random balls. ALEA Lat. Am. J. Probab. Math. Stat. 9, 213–229.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Billingsley, P. (1968). Convergence of Probability Measures. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  111. Bingham, N. H., Goldie, C. M. and Teugels, J. L. (1987). Regular Variation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  112. Birgé, L. (1977). Tests minimax robustes. Asterisque 43–44, 87–133.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Blanco-Fernández, A., Colubi, A. and García-Bárzana, M. (2013). A set arithmetic-based linear regression model for modelling interval-valued responses through real-valued variables. Inform. Sci. 247, 109–122.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Blanco-Fernández, A., Colubi, A. and González-Rodríguez, G. (2012). Confidence sets in a linear regression model for interval data. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 142, 1320–1329.

    Google Scholar 

  115. de Blasi, F. S. and Tomassini, L. (2011). On the strong law of large numbers in spaces of compact sets. J. Convex Anal. 18, 285–300.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Błaszczyszyn, B. and Yogeshwaran, D. (2014). On comparison of clustering properties of point processes. Adv. in Appl. Probab. 46, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Blumenthal, R. M. and Getoor, R. K. (1968). Markov Processes and Potential Theory. Academic Press, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  118. Bobkov, S., Madiman, M. and Wang, L. (2011). Fractional generalizations of Young and Brunn-Minkowski inequalities. In Concentration, functional inequalities and isoperimetry, vol. 545 of Contemp. Math., 35–53. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  119. Bocşan, G. (1986). Random Sets and Related Topics. Universitatea din Timişoara, Timişoara.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  120. Böhm, S. and Schmidt, V. (2003). Palm representation and approximation of the covariance of random closed sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 35, 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Bolker, E. D. (1969). A class of convex bodies. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 145, 323–346.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bollobás, B. and Varopoulos, N. T. (1975). Representation of systems of measurable sets. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 78, 323–325.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Borell, C. (2009). Zonoids induced by Gauss measure with an application to risk aversion. ALEA Lat. Am. J. Probab. Math. Stat. 6, 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Bouchard, B. and Nutz, M. (2015). Arbitrage and duality in nondominated discrete-time models. Ann. Appl. Probab. 25, 823–859.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Breeden, D. T. and Litzenberger, R. H. (1978). Prices of state-contingent claims implicit in options prices. J. of Business 51, 621–651.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Bronowski, J. and Neyman, J. (1945). The variance of the measure of a two-dimensional random set. Ann. Math. Statist. 16, 330–341.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Brown, L. and Schreiber, B. M. (1989). Approximation and extension of random functions. Monatsh. Math. 107, 111–123.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Brown, L. D. and Purves, R. (1973). Measurable selections of extrema. Ann. Statist. 1, 902–912.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Brozius, H. (1989). Convergence in mean of some characteristics of the convex hull. Adv. Appl. Probab. 21, 526–542.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Brozius, H. and de Haan, L. (1987). On limiting laws for the convex hull of a sample. J. Appl. Probab. 24, 852–862.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Bru, B., Heinich, H. and Lootgieter, J.-C. (1993). Distances de Lévy et extensions des theoremes de la limite centrale et de Glivenko-Cantelli. Publ. Inst. Stat. Univ. Paris 37(3–4), 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Bücher, A., Segers, J. and Volgushev, S. (2014). When uniform weak convergence fails: empirical processes for dependence functions and residuals via epi- and hypographs. Ann. Statist. 42, 1598–1634.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Buja, A. (1986). On the Huber-Strassen theorem. Probab. Theory Related Fields 73, 149–152.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Buldygin, V. V. and Solntsev, S. A. (1997). Asymptotic Behaviour of Linearly Transformed Sums of Random Variables. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  135. Bulinskaya, E. V. (1961). On mean number of crossings of a level by a stationary Gaussian process. Theory Probab. Appl. 6, 474–478. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Byrne, C. L. (1978). Remarks on the set-valued integrals of Debreu and Aumann. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 62, 243–246.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Calka, P., Schreiber, T. and Yukich, J. E. (2013). Brownian limits, local limits and variance asymptotics for convex hulls in the ball. Ann. Probab. 41, 50–108.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Capasso, V. and Villa, E. (2006). On the continuity and absolute continuity of random closed sets. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 24, 381–397.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Capasso, V. and Villa, E. (2008). On the geometric densities of random closed sets. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 26, 784–808.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Carlier, G. and Dana, R. A. (2003). Core of convex distortions of a probability. J. Econ. Th. 113, 199–222.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Carnal, H. (1970). Die konvexe Hülle von n rotationssymmetrisch verteilten Punkten. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 15, 168–179.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Carr, P. and Lee, R. (2009). Put-call symmetry: extensions and applications. Math. Finance 19, 523–560.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Cascales, B., Kadets, V. and Rodríguez, J. (2007). The Pettis integral for multi-valued functions via single-valued ones. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 332, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Cascales, B., Kadets, V. and Rodríguez, J. (2009). Measurable selectors and set-valued Pettis integral in non-separable Banach spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 256, 673–699.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Cascales, B. and Rodríguez, J. (2004). Birkhoff integral for multi-valued functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 297, 540–560.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Cascos, I. (2007). The expected convex hull trimmed regions of a sample. Comput. Statist. 22, 557–569.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Cascos, I. (2010). Data depth: multivariate statistics and geometry. In New Perspectives in Stochastic Geometry, edited by W. S. Kendall and I. Molchanov, 398–426. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Cascos, I. and López-Díaz, M. (2008). On the proximity of a probability to a capacity functional: proximity functions. Stochastic Models 24, 264–287.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Cascos, I. and Molchanov, I. (2007). Multivariate risks and depth-trimmed regions. Finance and Stochastics 11, 373–397.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Cascos Fernández, I. and Molchanov, I. (2003). A stochastic order for random vectors and random sets based on the Aumann expectation. Statist. Probab. Lett. 63, 295–305.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Cassels, J. W. S. (1975). Measures of the non-convexity of sets and the Shapley-Folkman-Starr theorem. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 78, 433–436.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Castaing, C. (1967). Sur les multi-applications mesurables. Rev. Française Informat. Recherche Opérationnell 1, 91–126.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Castaing, C. and Ezzaki, F. (1997). SLLN for convex random sets and random lower semicontinuous integrands. Atti Sem. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena 45, 527–553.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Castaing, C., Ezzaki, F. and Hess, C. (1997). Convergence of conditional expectations for unbounded closed convex sets. Studia Math. 124, 133–148.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Castaing, C. and Raynaud de Fitte, P. (2013). Law of large numbers and ergodic theorem for convex weak star compact valued Gelfand-integrable mappings. In Advances in Mathematical Economics. Vol. 17, 1–37. Springer, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Castaing, C., Quang, N. V. and Giap, D. X. (2012). Various convergence results in strong law of large numbers for double array of random sets in Banach spaces. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 13, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Castaing, C., Quang, N. V. and Thuan, N. T. (2012). A new family of convex weakly compact valued random variables in Banach space and applications to laws of large numbers. Statist. Probab. Lett. 82, 84–95.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Castaing, C. and Valadier, M. (1977). Convex Analysis and Measurable Multifunctions, vol. 580 of Lect. Notes Math.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  159. Castaldo, A., Maccheroni, F. and Marinacci, M. (2004). Random correspondences as bundles of random variables. Sankhyā: The Indian J. of Statist. 66, 409–427.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Cerf, R. (1999). Large deviations for sums of i.i.d. random compact sets. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 127, 2431–2436.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Cerf, R. and Mariconda, C. (1994). Oriented measures and bang-bang principle. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 318, 629–631.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Cerreia-Vioglio, S., Maccheroni, F. and Marinacci, M. (2016). Ergodic theorems for lower probabilities. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 144(8), 3381–3396.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Cerreia-Vioglio, S., Maccheroni, F., Marinacci, M. and Montrucchio, L. (2012). Signed integral representations of comonotonic additive functionals. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 385, 895–912.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Chateauneuf, A. and Jaffray, J.-Y. (1989). Some characterizations of lower probabilities and other monotone capacities through the use of Möbius inversion. Math. Soc. Sciences 17, 263–283.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Chateauneuf, A., Kast, R. and Lapied, A. (1996). Choquet pricing for financial markets with frictions. Math. Finance 6, 323–330.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Chatterji, S. D. (1968). Martingale convergence and the Radon-Nikodym theorem in Banach spaces. Math. Scand. 22, 21–41.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Chevalier, C. (2013). Fast uncertainty reduction strategies relying on Gaussian process models. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bern, Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Chevalier, C., Ginsbourger, D., Bect, J. and Molchanov, I. (2013). Estimating and quantifying uncertainties on level sets using the Vorob’ev expectation and deviation with Gaussian process models. In mODa 10 – Advances in Model-Oriented Design and Analysis, edited by D. Ucinski, A. C. Atkinson and M. Patan, 35–43, Heidelberg. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Chiu, S. N., Stoyan, D., Kendall, W. S. and Mecke, J. (2013). Stochastic Geometry and its Applications. Wiley, Chichester, 3rd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Choirat, C., Hess, C. and Seri, R. (2003). A functional version of the Birkhoff ergodic theorem for a normal integrand: a variational approach. Ann. Probab. 31, 63–92.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Choirat, C. and Seri, R. (2014). Bootstrap confidence sets for the Aumann mean of a random closed set. Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 71, 803–817.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Choquet, G. (1954). Theory of capacities. Ann. Inst. Fourier 5, 131–295.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Choquet, G. (1957). Potentiels sur un ensemble de capacités nulles. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 244, 1707–1710.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Choukairi-Dini, A. (1989). M-convergence des martingales (asymptotique) multivoques. épi-martingales. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 309, 889–892.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Choukari-Dini, A. (1996). On almost sure convergence of vector valued pramarts and multivalued pramarts. J. Convex Anal. 3, 245–254.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Christensen, J. P. R. (1974). Topology and Borel Structure. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-London; American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Christiansen, T. and Sturm, K.-T. (2006). Expectations and martingales in metric spaces. Stochastics 80, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Clarke, F. H. (1983). Optimization and Nonsmooth Analysis. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  179. Collamore, J. F. (1996). Hitting probabilities and large deviations. Ann. Probab. 24, 2065–2078.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Collamore, J. F. (2002). Importance sampling techniques for the multidimensional ruin problem for general Markov additive sequences of random vectors. Ann. Appl. Probab. 12, 382–421.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Colubi, A., Domínguez-Menchero, J. S., López-Díaz, M. and Ralescu, D. (2002). A D E [0, 1] representation of random upper semicontinuous functions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 130, 3237–3242.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Colubi, A., López-Díaz, M., Domínguez-Menchero, J. S. and Gil, M. A. (1999). A generalized strong law of large numbers. Probab. Theory Related Fields 114, 401–417.

    Google Scholar 

  183. de Cooman, G. and Aeyels, D. (1999). Supremum preserving upper probabilities. Inform. Sci. 118, 173–212.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Costé, A. (1975). Sur les multimeasures à valeurs fermées bornées d’un espace de Banach. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 280, 567–570.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Coupier, D. and Davydov, Y. (2014). Random symmetrizations of convex bodies. Adv. in Appl. Probab. 46, 603–621.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Couso, I., Montes, S. and Gil, P. (2002). Stochastic convergence, uniform integrability and convergence in mean on fuzzy measure spaces. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 129, 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Couvreux, J. and Hess, C. (1999). A Lévy type martingale convergence theorem for random sets with unbounded values. J. Theoret. Probab. 12, 933–969.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Cramér, H. and Leadbetter, M. R. (1967). Stationary and Related Stochastic Processes. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  189. Crauel, H. (2002). Random Probability Measures on Polish Spaces. Taylor & Francis, London and New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  190. Cressie, N. A. C. (1979). A central limit theorem for random sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 49, 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Cressie, N. A. C. and Hulting, F. L. (1992). A spatial statistical analysis of tumor growth. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 87, 272–283.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Cross, R. (1998). Multivalued Linear Operators. Marcel Dekker, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  193. Cuevas, A. and Fraiman, R. (2010). Set estimation. In New Perspectives in Stochastic Geometry, edited by W. S. Kendall and I. Molchanov, 374–397. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  194. van Cutsem, B. (1969). Martingales de multiapplications à valeurs convexes compactes. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 269, 429–432.

    Google Scholar 

  195. van Cutsem, B. (1972). Martingales de convexes fermés aléatoires en dimension finie. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 8, 365–385.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Cuzzolin, F. (2017). The Geometry of Uncertainty. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Daffer, P. Z. and Taylor, R. L. (1982). Tighness and strong laws of large numbers in Banach spaces. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sinica 10, 252–263.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Dal Maso, G. (1993). An Introduction toΓ-Convergence. Birkhäuser, Boston.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  199. Daley, D. J. and Vere-Jones, D. (2003). An Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes. Vol. I: Elementary Theory and Methods. Springer, New York, 2nd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Daley, D. J. and Vere-Jones, D. (2008). An Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes. Vol. II: General Theory and Structure. Springer, New York, 2nd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Das, B. and Resnick, S. I. (2008). QQ plots, random sets and data from a heavy tailed distribution. Stochastic Models 24, 103–132.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Davis, R. A., Mulrow, E. and Resnick, S. I. (1987). The convex hull of a random sample in R 2. Stochastic Models 3(1), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Davis, R. A., Mulrow, E. and Resnick, S. I. (1988). Almost sure limit sets of random samples in R d. Adv. Appl. Probab. 20, 573–599.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Davydov, Y., Molchanov, I. and Zuyev, S. (2008). Strictly stable distributions on convex cones. Electron. J. Probab. 13, 259–321.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Davydov, Y., Molchanov, I. and Zuyev, S. (2011). Stability for random measures, point processes and discrete semigroups. Bernoulli 17, 1015–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Davydov, Y., Paulauskas, V. and Račkauskas, A. (2000). More on p-stable convex sets in Banach spaces. J. Theoret. Probab. 13, 39–64.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Davydov, Y. and Thilly, E. (1999). Réarrangements convexes de processus stochastiques. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 329, 1087–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Davydov, Y. and Tilli, E. (2002). Convex rearrangements of Gaussian processes. Theory Probab. Appl. 47, 209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Davydov, Y. and Tilli, E. (2007). Convex rearrangements of Lévy processes. ESAIM Probab. Stat. 11, 161–172.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Davydov, Y. and Vershik, A. M. (1998). Réarrangements convexes des marches aléatoires. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 34, 73–95.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Davydov, Y. and Zitikis, R. (2003). Generalized Lorenz curves and convexifications of stochastic processes. J. Appl. Probab. 40, 906–925.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Debreu, G. (1967). Integration of correspondences. In Proc. Fifth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. and Probability, vol. 2, 351–372. Univ. of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Debreu, G. and Schmeidler, D. (1972). The Radon-Nikodym derivative of a correspondence. In Proc. Sixth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. and Probability, vol. 2, 41–56. Univ. of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Delbaen, F. (1974). Convex games and extreme points. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 45, 210–233.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Delbaen, F. (2002). Coherent risk measures on general probability spaces. In Advances in Finance and Stochastics, edited by K. Sandmann and P. J. Schönbucher, 1–37. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Delbaen, F. (2012). Monetary Utility Functions. Osaka University Press, Osaka.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Delfour, M. C. and Zolésio, J.-P. (1994). Shape analysis via oriented distance functions. J. Funct. Anal. 123, 129–201.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Dellacherie, C. (1969). Ensembles aléatoires I, II. In Séminaire de Probabilités, III, edited by P. A. Meyer, vol. 88 of Lect. Notes Math., 97–136. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Dellacherie, C. (1971). Quelques commentaires sur les prolongement de capacités. In Séminair de Probabilités V, edited by M. Karoubi and P. A. Meyer, vol. 191 of Lect. Notes Math., 77–81. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Dellacherie, C. (1972). Capacités et Processus Stochastiques. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  221. Dellacherie, C. and Meyer, P.-A. (1978). Probabilities and Potential. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  222. Dempster, A. P. (1967). Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. Ann. Math. Statist. 38, 325–329.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Dempster, A. P. (1968). A generalization of Bayesian inference. J. R. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 30, 205–247.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Denneberg, D. (1994). Non-Additive Measure and Integral. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  225. Dentcheva, D. (1998). Differentiable selections and Castaing representations of multifunctions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 223, 371–396.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Dentcheva, D. (2001). On differentiability of metric projections onto moving convex sets. Ann. Oper. Res. 101, 283–298.

    Google Scholar 

  227. DeRobertis, L. and Hartigan, J. A. (1981). Bayesian inference using intervals of measures. Ann. Statist. 9, 235–244.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Dhaene, J., Denuit, M., Goovaerts, M. J., Kaas, R. and Vyncke, D. (2002). The concept of comonotonicity in actuarial science and finance: applications. Insurance Math. Econom. 31, 133–161.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Dhaene, J., Denuit, M., Goovaerts, M. J., Kaas, R. and Vyncke, D. (2002). The concept of comonotonicity in actuarial science and finance: theory. Insurance Math. Econom. 31, 3–33.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Diamond, P. (1990). Least square fitting of compact set-valued data. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 147, 351–362.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Diestel, J., Ruess, W. M. and Schachermayer, W. (1993). On weak compactness in L 1(μ, X). Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 118, 447–453.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Diestel, J. and Uhl, Jr., J. J. (1977). Vector Measures. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  233. Dolecki, S., Salinetti, G. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1983). Convergence of functions: equi-semicontinuity. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 276, 409–429.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Dong, W. and Wang, Z. P. (1998). On representation and regularity of continuous parameter multivalued martingales. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 126, 1799–1810.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Doob, J. L. (1953). Stochastic Processes. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  236. Doob, J. L. (1984). Classical Potential Theory and its Probabilistic Counterparts. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  237. Doss, S. (1949). Sur la moyenne d’un élément aléatoire dans un espace distancié. Bull. Sci. Math. 73, 48–72.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Doss, S. (1962). Moyennes conditionneles et martingales dans un espace métrique. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 254, 3630–3632.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Dougherty, E. R., ed. (1993). Mathematical Morphology in Image Processing. Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Dozzi, M., Merzbach, E. and Schmidt, V. (2001). Limit theorems for sums of random fuzzy sets. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 259, 554–565.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J. T. (1958). Linear Operators. Part I: General Theory. Interscience Publishers, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  242. Dupačová, J. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1988). Asymptotic behaviour of statistical estimators and of optimal solutions of stochastic optimization problems. Ann. Statist. 16, 1517–1549.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Durrett, R. and Liggett, T. M. (1981). The shape of limit set in Richardson’s growth model. Ann. Probab. 9, 186–193.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Dyckerhoff, R. and Mosler, K. (1993). Stochastic dominance with nonadditive probabilities. ZOR — Methods and Models of Operation Research 37, 231–256.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Dynkin, E. B. and Evstigneev, I. V. (1976). Regular conditional expectations of correspondences. Theory Probab. Appl. 21, 325–338.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Dynkin, E. B. and Fitzsimmons, P. J. (1987). Stochastic processes on random domains. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 23, 379–396.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Eddy, W. F. (1980). The distribution of the convex hull of a Gaussian sample. J. Appl. Probab. 17, 686–695.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Eddy, W. F. (1984). Set-valued orderings for bivariate data. In Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics, Stereology, edited by R. Ambartzumian and W. Weil, Teubner Texte zur Mathematik, B.65, 79–90, Leipzig. Teubner.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Eddy, W. F. and Gale, J. D. (1981). The convex hull of a spherically symmetric sample. Adv. Appl. Probab. 13, 751–763.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Edgar, G. and Sucheston, L. (1992). Stopping Times and Directed Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  251. Efron, B. (1965). The convex hull of a random set of points. Biometrika 52, 331–343.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Egghe, L. (1984). Stopping Time Techniques for Analysist and Probabilists, vol. 100 of London Math. Soc. Lect. Notes Ser.. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  253. El Amri, K. and Hess, C. (2000). On the Pettis integral of closed valued multifunctions. Set-Valued Anal. 8, 329–360.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Elalaoui-Talibi, H. and Peterson, L. D. (2008). Convergence in distribution of random compact sets in Polish spaces. Statist. Probab. Lett. 78, 736–738.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Eldan, R. (2014). Volumetric properties of the convex hull of an n-dimensional Brownian motion. Electron. J. Probab. 19, no. 45, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Emery, M. and Mokobodzki, G. (1991). Sur le barycentre d’une probabilité dans une variété. In Sèminaire de Probabilités XXV, edited by J. Azéma, P. A. Meyer and M. Yor, vol. 1485 of Lect. Notes Math., 220–233. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Engl, H. W. (1978). Random fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings. Pacific J. Math. 76, 351–360.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Etemadi, N. (1981). An elementary proof of the strong law of large numbers. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 55, 119–122.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Evans, S. N. and Molchanov, I. (2017). Polar decomposition of scale-homogeneous measures with application to Lévy measures of strictly stable laws. J. Theoret. Probab. To appear, Arxiv math:1509.09261.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Evans, S. N. and Peres, Y. (1998). Eventual intersection for sequences of Lévy processes. Electron. Commun. in Probab. 3, 21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Evstigneev, I. V. (1988). Stochastic extremal problems and the strong Markov property of random fields. Russian Math. Surveys 43(2), 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Falconer, K. J. (1990). Fractal Geometry. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  263. Faro, R., Navarro, J. A. and Sancho, J. (1995). On the concept of differential of a measure. Arch. Math. 64, 58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Federer, H. (1959). Curvature measures. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 93, 418–491.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Federer, H. (1969). Geometric Measure Theory. Springer, Heidelberg.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  266. Fedorchuk, V. and Filippov, V. (1988). General Topology. Basic Constructions. Moscow University, Moscow. In Russian.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  267. Fell, J. M. G. (1962). A Hausdorff topology for the closed subsets of a locally compact non-Hausdorff space. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 13, 472–476.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Feng, Y. (2001). Sums of independent fuzzy random variables. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 123, 11–18.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Feng, Y. (2004). Strong law of large numbers for stationary sequences of random upper semicontinuous functions. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 22, 1067–1084.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Fine, T. L. (1988). Lower probability models for uncertainty and nondeterministic processes. J. Statist. Plan. Inf. 20, 389–411.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Finkelstein, D., Kondratiev, Y. G. and Kutoviy, O. V. (2009). Individual based model with competition in spatial ecology. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 41, 297–317.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Firey, W. J. (1967). Some means of convex bodies. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 129, 181–217.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Raynaud de Fitte, P. (1997). Théoreme ergodique ponctuel et lois fortes des grands nombres pour des points aléatoires d‘un espace métrique à courbure négative. Ann. Probab. 25, 738–766.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Fitzsimmons, P. J. (1987). On the identification of Markov processes by the distribution of hitting times. In Seminar on Stochastic Processes (Cahrlottesville, 1986), edited by E. Çinlar, K. L. Chung, R. K. Getoor and J. Glover, 15–19. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  275. Fitzsimmons, P. J. (1999). Markov processes with equal capacities. J. Theoret. Probab. 12, 271–292.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Fitzsimmons, P. J., Fristedt, B. and Maisonneuve, B. (1985). Intersections and limits of regenerative sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 70, 157–173.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Fitzsimmons, P. J., Fristedt, B. and Shepp, L. A. (1985). The set of real numbers left uncovered by random covering intervals. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 70, 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Fitzsimmons, P. J. and Kanda, M. (1992). On Choquet’s dichotomy of capacity for Markov processes. Ann. Probab. 20, 342–349.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Fitzsimmons, P. J. and Taksar, M. (1988). Stationary regenerative sets and subordinators. Ann. Probab. 16, 1308–1332.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Föllmer, H. and Schied, A. (2004). Stochastic Finance. An Introduction in Discrete Time. De Gruyter, Berlin, 2nd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Fortet, R. and Kambouzia, M. (1975). Ensembles aléatoires induits par une répartition ponctuelle aléatoire. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 280, 1447–1450.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Foucart, C. and Uribe Bravo, G. (2014). Local extinction in continuous-state branching processes with immigration. Bernoulli 20, 1819–1844.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Fréchet, M. (1948). Les éléments aléatoires de nature quelconque dans un espace distancié. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 10, 235–310.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Friel, N. and Molchanov, I. (1998). A class of error metrics for grey-scale image comparison. In Mathematical Modelling and Estimation Techniques in Computer Vision, edited by J. L. D. F. Prêteux and E. R. Dougherty, vol. 3457 of Proceedings of SPIE, 194–201, San Diego, California. SPIE.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Friel, N. and Molchanov, I. (1999). A new thresholding technique based on random sets. Pattern Recognition 32, 1507–1517.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Fristedt, B. (1996). Intersections and limits of regenerative sets. In Random Discrete Structures, edited by D. Aldous and R. Pemantle, 121–151. Springer, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  287. Fuglede, B. (1971). Capacity as a sublinear functional generalizing an integral. Mat.-Fys. Medd. Danske Vid. Selsk. 38(7), 44.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Gähler, S. and Murphy, G. (1981). A metric characterization of normed linear spaces. Math. Nachr. 102, 297–309.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Galambos, J. (1978). The Asymptotic Theory of Extreme Order Statistics. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  290. Galerne, B. (2011). Computation of the perimeter of measurable sets via their covariogram. Applications to random sets. Image Anal. Stereol. 30, 39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Galerne, B. and Lachièze-Rey, R. (2015). Random measurable sets and covariogram realisability problems. Adv. Appl. Probab. 47, 611–639.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Galichon, A. and Henry, M. (2011). Set identification in models with multiple equilibria. Review of Economic Studies 78, 1264–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Gao, Y. and Zhang, W. X. (1994). Theory of selection operators on hyperspaces and multivalued stochastic processes. Sci. China Ser. A 37, 897–908.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Gardner, R. J., Hug, D. and Weil, W. (2013). Operations between sets in geometry. J. Eur. Math. Soc. 15, 2297–2352.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Gerritse, B. (1996). Varadhan’s theorem for capacities. Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. 37, 667–690.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Gerritse, G. (1986). Supremum self-decomposable random vectors. Probab. Theory Related Fields 72, 17–33.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Ghirardato, P. (1997). On independence for non-additive measures, with a Fubini theorem. J. Econom. Theory 73, 261–291.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Ghirardato, P., Klibanoff, P. and Marinacci, M. (1998). Additivity with multiple priors. J. Math. Econ. 30, 405–420.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Ghoussoub, N. and Steele, J. M. (1980). Vector valued subadditive processes and applications. Ann. Probab. 8, 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Gierz, G., Hofmann, K. H., Keimel, K., Lawson, J. D., Mislove, M. and Scott, D. S. (1980). A Compendium of Continuous Lattices. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  301. Gihman, I. I. and Skorohod, A. V. (1969). Introduction to the Theory of Stochastic Processes. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  302. Gilboa, I. and Lehrer, E. (1991). Global games. Intern J. Game Theory 20, 129–147.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Gilboa, I. and Schmeidler, D. (1993). Updating ambiguous beliefs. J. Econ. Th. 59, 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Gilboa, I. and Schmeidler, D. (1994). Additive representation of non-additive measures and the Choquet integral. Ann. Oper. Res. 52, 43–65.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Gilboa, I. and Schmeidler, D. (1995). Canonical representation of set functions. Math. Oper. Res. 20, 197–212.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Giné, E. and Hahn, M. G. (1985). Characterization and domains of attraction of p-stable compact sets. Ann. Probab. 13, 447–468.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Giné, E. and Hahn, M. G. (1985). The Lévy-Hinčin representation for random compact convex subsets which are infinitely divisible under Minkowski addition. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 70, 271–287.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Giné, E. and Hahn, M. G. (1985). M-infinitely divisible random compact convex sets. In Probability in Banach spaces, V (Medford, Mass., 1984), vol. 1153 of Lecture Notes in Math., 226–248. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Giné, E., Hahn, M. G. and Vatan, P. (1990). Max-infinitely divisible and max-stable sample continuous processes. Probab. Theory Related Fields 87, 139–165.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Giné, E., Hahn, M. G. and Zinn, J. (1983). Limit theorems for random sets: application of probability in Banach space results. In Probability in Banach spaces, IV (Oberwolfach, 1982), edited by A. Beck and K. Jacobs, vol. 990 of Lect. Notes Math., 112–135. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Ginestet, C. E., Simmons, A. and Kolaczyk, E. D. (2012). Weighted Frechet means as convex combinations in metric spaces: properties and generalized median inequalities. Statist. Probab. Lett. 82, 1859–1863.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Girotto, B. and Holzer, S. (2000). Weak convergence of bounded, motonote set functions in an abstract setting. Real Anal. Exchange 26, 157–176.

    Google Scholar 

  313. Glover, J. and Rao, M. (1996). Condenser potentials. Astérisque 236, 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Godet-Thobie, C. (1980). Some results about multimeasures and their selectors. In Measure Theory, edited by D. Kölzow, vol. 794 of Lect. Notes Math., 112–116. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Gol’dberg, A. A. (1964). The integral over a semi-additive measure and its application to the theory of entire functions. III. Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 65 (107), 414–453.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Goodey, P. and Weil, W. (1993). Zonoids and generalizations. In Handbook of Convex Geometry, edited by P. M. Gruber and J. M. Wills, 1299–1326. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Goodey, P. and Weil, W. (2012). A uniqueness result for mean section bodies. Adv. Math. 229, 596–601.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Goodey, P. and Weil, W. (2014). Sums of sections, surface area measures, and the general Minkowski problem. J. Differential Geom. 97, 477–514.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Goodman, I. R. and Nguyen, H. T. (1985). Uncertainty Models for Knowledge-Based Systems. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  320. Goubault-Larrecq, J. and Keimel, K. (2011). Choquet-Kendall-Matheron theorems for non-Hausdorff spaces. Math. Structures Comput. Sci. 21, 511–561.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Grabisch, M. (2016). Set Functions, Games and Capacities in Decision Making. Springer, Switzerland.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  322. Graf, S. (1980). A Radon-Nikodym theorem for capacities. J. Reine Angew. Math. 320, 192–214.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Graf, S. (1987). Statistically self-similar fractals. Probab. Theory Related Fields 74, 357–392.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Graf, S. (1995). On Bandt’s tangential distribution for self-similar measures. Monatsh. Math. 120, 223–246.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Graf, S., Mauldin, R. D. and Williams, S. C. (1988). The exact Hausdorff dimension in random recursive constructions. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 71(381), x+121.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Grenander, U. (1963). Probabilities on Algebraic Structures. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  327. Grigoriev, P. G. and Leitner, J. (2006). Dilatation monotone and comonotonic additive risk measures represented as Choquet integrals. Statist. Decisions 24, 27–44.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Grize, Y. L. and Fine, T. L. (1987). Continuous lower probability-based models for stationary processes with bounded and divergent time averages. Ann. Probab. 15, 783–803.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Gruber, P. M. (1993). Aspects of approximation of convex bodies. In Handbook of convex geometry, Vol. A, B, 319–345. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  330. Gruber, P. M. and Wills, J. M., eds. (1993). Handbook of Convex Geometry. Vol. A, B.. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Guan, L., Li, S. and Inoue, H. (2008). Strong laws of large numbers for weighted sums of set-valued random variables in Rademacher type p Banach space. Sci. Math. Jpn. 67, 377–392.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Günther, B. (2010). Random selection of Borel sets. Appl. Gen. Topol. 11, 135–158.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Guo, T. X. (1995). Extension theorems of continuous random linear operators on random domains. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 193, 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  334. de Haan, L. (1984). A spectral representation for max-stable processes. Ann. Probab. 12, 1194–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  335. de Haan, L. and Resnick, S. I. (1977). Limit theorems for multivariate sample extremes. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 40, 317–337.

    Google Scholar 

  336. de Haan, L. and Resnick, S. I. (1987). On regular variation of probability densities. Stochastic Process. Appl. 25, 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Haier, A., Molchanov, I. and Schmutz, M. (2016). Intragroup transfers, intragroup diversification and their risk assessment. Ann. Finance 12, 363–392.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Halmos, P. R. (1974). Measure Theory. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  339. Halmos, P. R. and Vaughan, H. E. (1950). The marriage problem. Am. J. of Math. 72, 214–215.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Hamel, A. H. and Heyde, F. (2010). Duality for set-valued measures of risk. SIAM J. Financial Math. 1, 66–95.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Hamel, A. H., Heyde, F., Löhne, A., Rudloff, B. and Schrage, C. (2015). Set optimization—a rather short introduction. In Set optimization and applications—the state of the art, 65–141. Springer, Heidelberg.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  342. Hamel, A. H., Rudloff, B. and Yankova, M. (2013). Set-valued average value at risk and its computation. Math. Finan. Economics 7, 229–246.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Hansel, G. and Troallic, J.-P. (1986). Sur le problème des marges. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 71, 357–366.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Hansen, J. C. and Hulse, P. (2000). Subadditive ergodic theorems for random sets in infinite dimensions. Statist. Probab. Lett. 50, 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Harding, J., Marinacci, M., Nguyen, N. T. and Wang, T. (1997). Local Radon-Nikodym derivatives of set functions. Int. J. Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 5, 379–394.

    Google Scholar 

  346. Harris, T. E. (1968). Counting measures, monotone random set functions. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 10, 102–119.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Harris, T. E. (1976). On a class of set-valued Markov processes. Ann. Probab. 4, 175–199.

    Google Scholar 

  348. Hart, S. and Kohlberg, E. (1974). Equally distributed correspondences. J. Math. Econ. 1, 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Hawkes, J. (1977). Intersections of Markov random sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 37, 243–251.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Hawkes, J. (1981). Trees generated by a simple branching process. J. London Math. Soc. 24, 373–384.

    Google Scholar 

  351. Hawkes, J. (1998). Exact capacity results for stable processes. Probab. Theory Related Fields 112, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Hazod, W. (1997). Remarks on convergence of types theorems on finite dimensional vector spaces. Publ. Math. Debrecen 50, 197–219.

    Google Scholar 

  353. He, R. and Leng, G. (2011). A strong law of large numbers on the harmonic p-combination. Geom. Dedicata 154, 103–116.

    Google Scholar 

  354. He, R. and Leng, G. (2012). A generalization of the Shapley–Folkman–Starr theorem. Sci. Sin. Math. 42, 681–688. In Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  355. Heijmans, H. J. A. M. (1994). Morphological Image Operators. Academic Press, Boston.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  356. Heijmans, H. J. A. M. and Molchanov, I. (1998). Morphology on convolution lattices with applications to the slope transform and random set theory. J. Math. Imaging and Vision 8, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Heilpern, S. (2002). Using Choquet integral in economics. Statist. Papers 43, 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Heinrich, L. and Molchanov, I. (1994). Some limit theorems for extremal and union shot-noise processes. Math. Nachr. 168, 139–159.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Heinrich, L. and Schmidt, V. (1985). Normal convergence of multidimensional shot noise and rates of this convergence. Adv. Appl. Probab. 17, 709–730.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Heinrich, P., Stoica, R. S. and Tran, V. C. (2012). Level sets estimation and Vorobev expectation of random compact sets. Spatial Statist. 2, 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Hengartner, W. and Theodorescu, R. (1973). Concentration Functions. Academic Press, New York, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  362. Henkin, G. M. and Shananin, A. A. (1990). Bernstein theorems and Radon transform. Application to the theory of production functions. In Mathematical Problems of Tomography, edited by I. M. Gel’fand and S. G. Gindikin, 189–223. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

    Google Scholar 

  363. Herer, W. (1991). Mathematical expectation and martingales of random subsets of a metric space. Probab. Math. Statist. 11, 291–304.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Herer, W. (1992). Mathematical expectation and strong law of large numbers for random variables with values in a metric space of negative curvature. Probab. Math. Statist. 13, 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Herer, W. (1997). Martingales of random subsets of a metric space of negative curvature. Set-Valued Anal. 5, 147–157.

    Google Scholar 

  366. Hess, C. (1979). Théorème ergodique et loi forte des grands nombres pour des ensembles aléatoires. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 288, 519–522.

    Google Scholar 

  367. Hess, C. (1983). Loi de probabilité des ensembles aléatoires à valeurs fermées dans un espace métrique séparable. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 296, 883–886.

    Google Scholar 

  368. Hess, C. (1985). Loi forte des grand nombres pour des ensembles aléatoires non bornés à valeurs dans un espace de Banach séparable. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 300, 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Hess, C. (1986). Quelques résultats sur la mesurabilité des multifonctions à valeurs dans un espace métrique séparable. Séminaire d’analyse convexe. Montpelier 16(Exp. No. 1), 43 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Hess, C. (1991). Convergence of conditional expectations for unbounded random sets, integrands and integral functionals. Math. Oper. Res. 16, 627–649.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Hess, C. (1991). On multivalued martingales whose values may be unbounded: martingale selectors and Mosco convergence. J. Multivariate Anal. 39, 175–201.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Hess, C. (1994). Multivalued strong laws of large numbers in the slice topology. Application to integrands. Set-Valued Anal. 2, 183–205.

    Google Scholar 

  373. Hess, C. (1995). On the measurability of the conjugate and the subdifferential of a normal integrand. J. Convex Anal. 2, 153–165.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Hess, C. (1996). Epi-convergence of sequences of normal integrands and strong consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator. Ann. Statist. 24, 1298–1315.

    Google Scholar 

  375. Hess, C. (1999). Conditional expectation and martingales of random sets. Pattern Recognition 32, 1543–1567.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Hess, C. (1999). The distribution of unbounded random sets and the multivalued strong law of large numbers in nonreflexive Banach spaces. J. Convex Anal. 6, 163–182.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Hess, C. (2002). Set-valued integration and set-valued probability theory: An overview. In Handbook of Measure Theory, edited by E. Pap, chap. 14, 617–673. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  378. Hess, C., Seri, R. and Choirat, C. (2014). Essential intersection and approximation results for robust optimization. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 15, 979–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  379. Hess, C. and Ziat, H. (2002). Théorème de Komlós pour des multifonctions intégrables au sens de Pettis et applications. Ann. Sci. Math. Québec 26, 181–198.

    Google Scholar 

  380. Hiai, F. (1978). Radon-Nikodym theorem for set-valued measures. J. Multivariate Anal. 8, 96–118.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Hiai, F. (1979). Representation of additive functionals on vector-valued normed Köthe spaces. Kodai Math. J. 2, 300–313.

    Google Scholar 

  382. Hiai, F. (1984). Strong laws of large numbers for multivalued random variables. In Multifunctions and Integrands, edited by G. Salinetti, vol. 1091 of Lect. Notes Math., 160–172. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Hiai, F. (1985). Convergence of conditional expectations and strong laws of large numbers for multivalued random variables. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 291, 613–627.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Hiai, F. (1985). Multivalued conditional expectations, multivalued Radon-Nikodym theorem, integral representation of additive operators, and multivalued strong laws of large numbers. Unpublished paper.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  385. Hiai, F. and Umegaki, H. (1977). Integrals, conditional expectations, and martingales of multivalued functions. J. Multivariate Anal. 7, 149–182.

    Google Scholar 

  386. Hildenbrand, W. and Mertens, J.-F. (1971). On Fatou’s lemma in several dimensions. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 17, 151–155.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Himmelberg, C. J. (1974). Measurable relations. Fund. Math. 87, 53–72.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Himmelberg, C. J., Van Vleck, F. S. and Prikry, K. (1985). The Hausdorff metric and measurable selections. Topology Appl. 20, 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Hiriart-Urruty, J.-B. and Lemaréchal, C. (1993). Convex Analysis and Minimization Algorithms, vol. 1 and 2. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  390. Hobolth, A. and Vedel Jensen, E. B. (2000). Modeling stochastic changes in curve shape, with application to cancer diagnostics. Adv. Appl. Probab. 32, 344–362.

    Google Scholar 

  391. Hoeffding, W. (1953). On the distribution of the expected values of the order statistics. Ann. Math. Statist. 24, 93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  392. Hoffman, C., Holroyd, A. E. and Peres, Y. (2006). A stable marriage of Poisson and Lebesgue. Ann. Probab. 34, 1241–1272.

    Google Scholar 

  393. Hoffman-Jèrgensen, J. (1969). Markov sets. Math. Scand. 24, 145–166.

    Google Scholar 

  394. Hoffman-Jèrgensen, J. (1994). Probability with a View towards Statistics, vol. 1 and 2. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  395. Hoffman-Jèrgensen, J. (1998). Convergence in law of random elements and random sets. In High Dimensional Probability, edited by E. Eberlein, M. Hahn and M. Talagrand, 151–189. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  396. Hoffmann, L. M. (2010). Measures on the space of convex bodies. Adv. Geom. 10, 477–486.

    Google Scholar 

  397. Hörmander, L. (1955). Sur la fonction d’appui des ensembles convexes dans un espace localement convexe. Ark. Mat. 3, 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  398. Horowitz, J. (1972). Semilinear Markov processes, subordinators and renewal theory. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 24, 167–193.

    Google Scholar 

  399. Horváth, Á. G. (2013). Normally distributed probability measure on the metric space of norms. Acta Math. Sci. Ser. B Engl. Ed. 33, 1231–1242.

    Google Scholar 

  400. Hu, F., Chen, Z. and Wu, P. (2016). A general strong law of large numbers for non- additive probabilities and its applications. Statistics 50, 733–749.

    Google Scholar 

  401. Hu, K. Y. (1988). A generalization of Kolmogorov’s extension theorem and an application to the construction of stochastic processes with random time domains. Ann. Probab. 16, 222–230.

    Google Scholar 

  402. Hu, S. and Papageorgiou, N. S. (1997). Handbook of Multivalued Analysis, vol. 1. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  403. Huber, P. J. (1981). Robust Statistics. Wiley, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  404. Huber, P. J. and Strassen, V. (1973). Minimax tests and the Neyman-Pearson lemma for capacities. Ann. Statist. 1, 2, 251–263, 223–224.

    Google Scholar 

  405. Hug, D. (2013). Random polytopes. In Stochastic Geometry, Spatial statistics and Random Fields, vol. 2068 of Lecture Notes in Math., 205–238. Springer, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  406. Hug, D., Last, G. and Weil, W. (2004). A local Steiner-type formula for general closed sets and applications. Math. Z. 246, 237–272.

    Google Scholar 

  407. Hult, H. and Lindskog, F. (2006). Regular variation for measures on metric spaces. Publ. Inst. Math. 80(94), 121–140.

    Google Scholar 

  408. Huneycutt, J. E. (1971). On an abstract Stieltjes measure. Ann. Inst. Fourier 21, 143–154.

    Google Scholar 

  409. Inoue, H. and Taylor, R. L. (2006). Laws of large numbers for exchangeable random sets in Kuratowski–Mosco sense. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 24, 263–275.

    Google Scholar 

  410. Ioffe, A. D. (1979). Single-valued representation of set-valued mappings. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 252, 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Ioffe, A. D. and Tihomirov, V. M. (1979). Theory of Extremal Problems. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  412. Itô, K. and McKean, H. P. (1965). Diffusion Processes and their Sample Paths. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  413. Itoh, S. (1979). Measurability of condensing multivalued mappings and random fixed point theorems. Kodai Math. J. 2, 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  414. Ivanoff, B. G. and Merzbach, E. (1995). Stopping and set-indexed local martingales. Stochastic Process. Appl. 57, 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Ivanoff, B. G. and Merzbach, E. (2004). Random clouds and an application to censoring in survival analysis. Stochastic Process. Appl. 111, 259–279.

    Google Scholar 

  416. Ivanoff, B. G., Merzbach, E. and Schiopu-Kratina, I. (1995). Lattices of random sets and progressivity. Statist. Probab. Lett. 22, 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  417. Jacobs, M. Q. (1969). On the approximation of integrals of multivalued functions. SIAM J. Control Optim. 7, 158–177.

    Google Scholar 

  418. Jaffray, J.-Y. (1992). Bayesian updating and belief functions. IEEE Trans Syst. Man Cybernetics 22, 1144–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  419. Jaffray, J.-Y. (1997). On the maximum of conditional entropy for upper/lower probabilities generated by random sets. In Applications and Theory of Random Sets, edited by J. Goutsias, R. Mahler and H. T. Nguyen, 107–127, Berlin. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  420. Jain, N. C. and Markus, M. B. (1975). Central limit theorems for C(S)-valued random variables. J. Funct. Anal. 19, 216–231.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Jang, L. C. and Kwon, J. S. (2000). On the representation of Choquet integrals of set-valued functions, and null sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 112, 233–239.

    Google Scholar 

  422. Jankowski, H. K. and Stanberry, L. I. (2010). Expectations of random sets and their boundaries using oriented distance functions. J. Math. Imaging and Vision 36, 291–303.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Jankowski, H. K. and Stanberry, L. I. (2012). Confidence regions for means of random sets using oriented distance functions. Scand. J. Statist. 39, 340–357.

    Google Scholar 

  424. Johnson, J. A. (1970). Banach spaces of Lipschitz functions and vector-valued Lipschitz functions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 148, 147–169.

    Google Scholar 

  425. Johnson, J. A. (1974). Extreme measurable selections. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 44, 107–112.

    Google Scholar 

  426. Johnson, R. A. and Rogers, C. A. (1982). Hausdorff measure and local measure. J. London Math. Soc. 25, 99–114.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Jonasson, J. (1998). Infinite divisibility of random objects in locally compact positive convex cones. J. Multivariate Anal. 65, 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  428. Jonasson, J. (1998). On positive random objects. J. Theoret. Probab. 11, 81–125.

    Google Scholar 

  429. Jung, E. J. and Kim, J. H. (2003). On set-valued stochastic integrals. Set-Valued Anal. 21, 401–418.

    Google Scholar 

  430. Jurek, Z. J. and Mason, J. D. (1993). Operator-Limit Distributions in Probability Theory. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  431. Kabanov, Y. and Lépinette, E. (2013). Essential supremum with respect to a random partial order. J. Math. Econom. 49(6), 478–487.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Kabanov, Y. and Stricker, C. (2008). On martingale selectors of cone-valued processes. In Séminaire de Probabilités XLI, edited by C. Donati-Martin, M. Émery, A. Rouault and C. Stricker, vol. 1934 of Lect. Notes Math., 439–442. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  433. Kabanov, Y. M. and Safarian, M. (2009). Markets with Transaction Costs. Mathematical Theory. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  434. Kabluchko, Z. and Zaporozhets, D. (2013). Roots of random polynomials whose coefficients have logarithmic tails. Ann. Probab. 41, 3542–3581.

    Google Scholar 

  435. Kabluchko, Z. and Zaporozhets, D. (2014). Asymptotic distribution of complex zeros of random analytic functions. Ann. Probab. 42, 1374–1395.

    Google Scholar 

  436. Kadane, J. B. and Wasserman, L. (1996). Symmetric, coherent, Choquet capacities. Ann. Statist. 24, 1250–1264.

    Google Scholar 

  437. Kahane, J. P. (1985). Some Random Series of Functions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  438. Kaina, M. and Rüschendorf, L. (2009). On convex risk measures on L p-spaces. Math. Meth. Oper. Res. 69, 475–495.

    Google Scholar 

  439. Kallenberg, O. (1973). Characterization and convergence of random measures and point processes. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 27, 9–21.

    Google Scholar 

  440. Kallenberg, O. (1983). Random Measures. Akademie-Verlag/Academic Press, Berlin/New York, 3rd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  441. Kallenberg, O. (1996). Improved criteria for distributional convergence of point processes. Stochastic Process. Appl. 64, 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Kallenberg, O. (2001). Local hitting and conditioning in symmetric interval partitions. Stochastic Process. Appl. 94, 241–270.

    Google Scholar 

  443. Kallenberg, O. (2002). Foundations of Modern Probability. Springer, New York, 2nd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  444. Kallenberg, O. (2017). Random Measures, Theory and Applications. Springer.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  445. Kamae, T., Krengel, U. and O’Brien, G. L. (1977). Stochastic inequalitites on partially ordered spaces. Ann. Probab. 5, 899–912.

    Google Scholar 

  446. Kampf, J. (2012). The parallel volume at large distances. Geom. Dedicata 160, 47–70.

    Google Scholar 

  447. Kampf, J., Last, G. and Molchanov, I. (2012). On the convex hull of symmetric stable processes. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 140, 2527–2535.

    Google Scholar 

  448. Kandilakis, D. A. and Papageorgiou, N. S. (1990). Properties of measurable multifunctions with stochastic domain and their applications. Math. Jap. 35, 629–643.

    Google Scholar 

  449. Kaniovski, Y. M., King, A. J. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1995). Probabilistic bounds (via large deviations) for the solutions of stochastic programming problems. Ann. Oper. Res. 56, 189–208.

    Google Scholar 

  450. Karłowska-Pik, J. and Schreiber, T. (2008). Association criteria for M-infinitely-divisible and U-infinitely-divisible random sets. Probab. Math. Statist. 28, 169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  451. Kechris, A. S. (1995). Classical Descriptive Set Theory. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  452. Kendall, D. G. (1968). Delphic semigroups, infinitely divisible regenerative phenomena, and the arithmetic of p-functions. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 9, 163–195.

    Google Scholar 

  453. Kendall, D. G. (1973). On the non-occurrence of a regenerative phenomenon in given interval. In Stochastic Analysis, edited by E. F. Harding and D. G. Kendall, 294–308. Wiley, Chichester etc.

    Google Scholar 

  454. Kendall, D. G. (1974). Foundations of a theory of random sets. In Stochastic Geometry, edited by E. F. Harding and D. G. Kendall, 322–376. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  455. Kendall, D. G., Barden, D., Carne, T. K. and Le, H. (1999). Shape and shape theory. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  456. Kendall, M. G. and Moran, P. A. P. (1963). Geometrical Probability. Charles Griffin, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  457. Kendall, W. S. (2000). Stationary countable dense random sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 32, 86–100.

    Google Scholar 

  458. Kendall, W. S. and Le, H. (2011). Limit theorems for empirical Fréchet means of independent and non-identically distributed manifold-valued random variables. Braz. J. Probab. Stat. 25, 323–352.

    Google Scholar 

  459. Kerkvliet, T. and Meester, R. (2015). Quantifying knowledge with a new calculus for belief functions - a generalization of probability theory. Tech. rep., VU Amsterdam. Arxiv math:1512.01249.

    Google Scholar 

  460. Kesten, H. (1969). Hitting Probabilities of Single Points for Processes with Stationary Independent Increments, vol. 93 of Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  461. Khan, M. A. and Majumdar, M. (1986). Weak sequential convergence in L 1(μ, X) and an approximate version of Fatou’s lemma. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 114, 569–573.

    Google Scholar 

  462. Khan, M. A. and Rath, K. P. (2013). The Shapley-Folkman theorem and the range of a bounded measure: an elementary and unified treatment. Positivity 17, 381–394.

    Google Scholar 

  463. Khan, M. A. and Sun, Y. (1996). Integrals of set-valued functions with a countable range. Math. Oper. Res. 21, 946–954.

    Google Scholar 

  464. Khoshnevisan, D. (2003). Intersections of Brownian motions. Expos. Math. 21, 97–114.

    Google Scholar 

  465. Kim, B. K. and Kim, J. H. (1999). Stochastic integrals of set-valued processes and fuzzy processes. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 236, 480–502.

    Google Scholar 

  466. Kim, Y. K. (2001). Compactness and convexity on the space of fuzzy sets. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 264, 122–132.

    Google Scholar 

  467. Kinateder, K. K. J. (2000). Strong Markov properties for Markov random fields. J. Theoret. Probab. 13, 1101–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  468. Kindler, J. (1986). A Mazur-Orlicz type theorem for submodular set functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 120, 533–546.

    Google Scholar 

  469. Kindler, J. (1989). The sigma-core of convex games and the problem of measure extension. Maniscripta Math. 66, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  470. King, A. J. (1989). Generalized delta theorems for multivalued mappings and measurable selections. Math. Oper. Res. 14, 720–736.

    Google Scholar 

  471. King, A. J. and Rockafellar, R. T. (1993). Asymptotic theory for solutions in statistical estimation and stochastic programming. Math. Oper. Res. 18, 148–162.

    Google Scholar 

  472. King, A. J. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1991). Epi-consistency of convex stochastic programs. Stochastics Stoch. Rep. 34, 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  473. Kingman, J. F. C. (1964). The stochastic theory of regenerative events. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 2, 180–224.

    Google Scholar 

  474. Kingman, J. F. C. (1972). Regenerative Phenomena. Wiley, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  475. Kingman, J. F. C. (1973). Homecomings of Markov processes. Adv. Appl. Probab. 5, 66–102.

    Google Scholar 

  476. Kingman, J. F. C. (1973). An intrinsic description of local time. Bull. London Math. Soc. 6, 725–731.

    Google Scholar 

  477. Kingman, J. F. C. (1973). Subadditive ergodic theory. Ann. Probab. 1, 883–909.

    Google Scholar 

  478. Kingman, J. F. C. (2004). Powers and products of regenerative phenomena. Austral. N. Z. J. Statist. 46, 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  479. Kinoshita, K. and Resnick, S. I. (1991). Convergence of random samples in R d. Ann. Probab. 19(4), 1640–1663.

    Google Scholar 

  480. Kisielewicz, M. (1997). Set-valued stochastic integrals and stochastic inclusions. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 15, 783–800.

    Google Scholar 

  481. Kisielewicz, M. (2012). Some properties of set-valued stochastic integrals. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 388, 984–995.

    Google Scholar 

  482. Kisielewicz, M. (2013). Stochastic Differential Inclusions and Applications. Springer, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  483. Kisielewicz, M. (2014). Martingale representation theorem for set-valued martingales. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 409, 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  484. Kisielewicz, M. and Sosulski, W. (1995). Set-valued stochastic integrals over martingale measures and stochastic inclusions. Discuss. Math. Algebra Stochastic Methods 15, 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  485. Kisynski, J. (1990). Metrization of D E [0, 1] by Hausdorff distances between graphs. Ann. Pol. Math. 51, 195–203.

    Google Scholar 

  486. Klei, H.-A. (1988). A compactness criterion in L 1(E) and Radon–Nikodym theorems for multimeasures. Bull. Sci. Math. 112, 305–324.

    Google Scholar 

  487. Klein, E. and Thompson, A. C. (1984). Theory of Correspondences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  488. Klement, E. P., Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1986). Limit theorems for fuzzy random variables. Proc. R. Soc. London A 407, 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  489. Kloeden, P. E. and Lorenz, T. (2011). Stochastic morphological evolution equations. J. Differential Equations 251, 2950–2979.

    Google Scholar 

  490. Knight, F. B. (1981). Characterization of the Levy measures of inverse local times of gap diffusion. In Seminar on Stochastic Processes, 1981 (Evanston, Ill., 1981), 53–78. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  491. Koch, K., Ohser, J. and Schladitz, K. (2003). Spectral theory for random closed sets and estimating the covariance via frequency space. Adv. Appl. Probab. 35, 603–613.

    Google Scholar 

  492. Koldobsky, A. (1992). Generalized Lévy representation of norms and isometric embeddings into L p -spaces. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 28, 335–353.

    Google Scholar 

  493. Kolmogorov, A. N. (1950). Foundations of the Theory of Probability. Chelsea, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  494. Kolmogorov, A. N. and Leontovitch, M. A. (1992). On computing the mean Brownian area. In Selected works of A. N. Kolmogorov, Volume II: Probability and mathematical statistics, edited by A. N. Shiryaev, 128–138. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  495. Komlós, J. (1967). A generalisation of a problem by Steinhaus. Acta Math. Hungar. 18, 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  496. König, H. (1997). Measure and Integration: An Advanced Course in Basic Procedures and Applications. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  497. König, H. (2003). The (sub/super)additivity assertion of Choquet. Studia Math. 157, 171–197.

    Google Scholar 

  498. Kopp, C. and Molchanov, I. (2014). Large deviations for heavy-tailed random elements in convex cones. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 411, 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  499. Korf, L. A. and Wets, R. J.-B. (2001). Random LSC functions: an ergodic theorem. Math. Oper. Res. 26, 421–445.

    Google Scholar 

  500. de Korvin, A. and Kleyle, B. (1984). Goal uncertainty in a generalised information system: convergence properties of the estimated expected utilities. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 2, 437–457.

    Google Scholar 

  501. de Korvin, A. and Kleyle, B. (1985). A convergence theorem for convex set valued supermartingales. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 3, 433–445.

    Google Scholar 

  502. Koshevoy, G. A. and Mosler, K. (1998). Lift zonoids, random convex hulls and the variability of random vectors. Bernoulli 4, 377–399.

    Google Scholar 

  503. Köthe, G. (1969). Topological Vector Spaces. I. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  504. Kovyazin, S. A. (1986). On the limit behavior of a class of empirical means of a random set. Theory Probab. Appl. 30, 814–820.

    Google Scholar 

  505. Kramosil, I. (1999). Measure-theoretic approach to the inversion problem for belief functions. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 102, 363–369.

    Google Scholar 

  506. Krätschmer, V. (2003). When fuzzy measures are upper envelopes of probability measures. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 138, 455–468.

    Google Scholar 

  507. Kratz, M. and Nagel, W. (2016). On the capacity functional of excursion sets of Gaussian random fields on \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\). Adv. in Appl. Probab. 48, 712–725.

    Google Scholar 

  508. Kree, P. (1982). Diffusion equations for multivalued stochastic differential equations. J. Funct. Anal. 49, 73–90.

    Google Scholar 

  509. Krupa, G. (1998). Limit Theorems for Random Sets. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  510. Krupa, G. (2003). Snell’s optimization problem for sequences of convex compact valued random sets. Probab. Math. Statist. 23, 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  511. Kruse, R. (1987). On the variance of random sets. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 122, 469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  512. Krylov, N. V. and Yushkevitch, A. A. (1964). Markov random sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 9, 738–743. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  513. Kudo, H. (1954). Dependent experiments and sufficient statistics. Nat. Sci. Rep. Ochanomizu Univ. 4, 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

  514. Kuratowski, K. (1966). Topology I. Academic Press, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  515. Kuratowski, K. (1968). Topology II. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  516. Kuratowski, K. and Ryll-Nardzewski, C. (1965). A general theorem on selectors. Bull. Polon. Sci. Sér. Sci. Math. Astronom. Phys. 13, 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  517. Kurtz, T. G. (1974). Point processes and completely monotone set functions. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 31, 57–67.

    Google Scholar 

  518. Kurtz, T. G. (1980). The optional sampling theorem for martingales indexed by directed sets. Ann. Probab. 8, 675–681.

    Google Scholar 

  519. Kusuoka, S. (2001). On law invariant coherent risk measures. Adv. Math. Econ. 3, 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  520. Lachièze-Rey, R. (2015). Realisability conditions for second-order marginals of biphased media. Random Structures Algorithms 47, 588–604.

    Google Scholar 

  521. Lachièze-Rey, R. and Davydov, Y. (2011). Rearrangements of Gaussian fields. Stochastic Process. Appl. 121, 2606–2628.

    Google Scholar 

  522. Lachièze-Rey, R. and Molchanov, I. (2015). Regularity conditions in the realisability problem in applications to point processes and random closed sets. Ann. Appl. Probab. 25, 116–149.

    Google Scholar 

  523. Lachout, P. (1995). On multifunction transforms of probability measures. Ann. Oper. Res. 56, 241–249.

    Google Scholar 

  524. Landkof, N. S. (1972). Foundations of Modern Potential Theory. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  525. Lantuéjoul, C. (2002). Geostatistical Simulation. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  526. Last, G. and Penrose, M. (2017). Lectures on the Poisson Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  527. Le Jan, Y. (1983). Quasi-continuous functions and Hunt processes. J. Math. Soc. Japan 35, 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  528. Leadbetter, M. R., Lindgren, G. and Rootzen, H. (1986). Extremes and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes. Springer, Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  529. Lechicki, A. and Levi, S. (1987). Wijsman convergence in the hyperspace of a metric space. Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. B (7) 1, 439–451.

    Google Scholar 

  530. Ledoux, M. and Talagrand, M. (1991). Probability in Banach Spaces. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  531. Leichtweiss, K. (1980). Konvexe Mengen. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  532. Lépinette, E. and Molchanov, I. (2015). Geometrical aspects of financial market models with friction. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  533. Lévy, P. (1992). Processus Stochastiques et Mouvement Brownien. Édition Jacques Gabay, Sceaux. Reprint of the second (1965) edition.

    Google Scholar 

  534. Lewis, T., Owens, R. and Baddeley, A. J. (1999). Averaging feature maps. Pattern Recognition 32, 1615–1630.

    Google Scholar 

  535. Li, H., Xu, S. H. and Kuo, W. (2014). Asymptotic analysis of simultaneous damages in spatial Boolean models. Ann. Oper. Res. 212, 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  536. Li, Q. D. and Lee, E. S. (1995). On random α-cuts. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 190, 546–558.

    Google Scholar 

  537. Li, S., Li, J. and Li, X. (2010). Stochastic integral with respect to set-valued square integrable martingales. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 370, 659–671.

    Google Scholar 

  538. Li, S. and Ogura, Y. (1998). Convergence of set valued sub- and supermartingales in the Kuratowski–Mosco sense. Ann. Probab. 26, 1384–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  539. Li, S. and Ogura, Y. (1999). Convergence of set valued and fuzzy-valued martingales. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 101, 453–461.

    Google Scholar 

  540. Li, S., Ogura, Y. and Kreinovich, V. (2002). Limit Theorems and Applications of Set-Valued and Fuzzy Set-Valued Random Variables. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  541. Li, S., Ogura, Y., Proske, F. N. and Puri, M. L. (2003). Central limit theorem for generalized set-valued random variables. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 285, 250–263.

    Google Scholar 

  542. Li, S. and Ren, A. (2007). Representation theorems, set-valued and fuzzy set-valued Ito integral. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 158, 949–962.

    Google Scholar 

  543. van Lieshout, M. N. M. (2016). Non-parametric indices of dependence between types for inhomogeneous multivariate random closed sets. Tech. rep., CWI, Amsterdam. arXiv:1604/02302.

    Google Scholar 

  544. Liggett, T. M. (1985). An improved subadditive ergodic theorem. Ann. Probab. 13, 1279–1285.

    Google Scholar 

  545. Liggett, T. M. (1985). Interacting Particle Systems. Springer, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  546. Lin, X. (2000). On the independence of correspondences. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 129, 1329–1334.

    Google Scholar 

  547. Linde, W. (1986). Probability in Banach Spaces — Stable and Infinitely Divisible Distributions. J. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  548. Lindvall, T. (1973). Weak convergence of probability measures and random functions on the \(\mathcal{D}[0,\infty )\). J. Appl. Probab. 10, 109–121.

    Google Scholar 

  549. Loeb, P. A. and Sun, Y. (2007). A general Fatou lemma. Adv. Math. 213, 741–762.

    Google Scholar 

  550. Löhne, A. (2011). Vector Optimization with Infimum and Supremum. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  551. López-Díaz, M. and Gil, M. A. (1998). Reversing the order of integration in iterated expectations of fuzzy random variables, and statistical applications. J. Statist. Plan. Inf. 74, 11–29.

    Google Scholar 

  552. Louis, A. K., Riplinger, M., Spiess, M. and Spodarev, E. (2011). Inversion algorithms for the spherical Radon and cosine transform. Inverse Problems 27, 035015, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  553. Lucchetti, R. and Torre, A. (1994). Classical set convergences and topologies. Set-Valued Anal. 2, 219–240.

    Google Scholar 

  554. Luu, D. Q. (1984). Applications of set-valued Radon–Nikodym theorems to convergence of multivalued \(L^{1}\)-amarts. Math. Scand. 54, 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  555. Luu, D. Q. (1985). Quelques résultats de représentation des amarts uniformes multivoques dans les espaces de Banach. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. I 300, 63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  556. Luu, D. Q. (1986). Representation theorem for multivalued (regular) L 1-amarts. Math. Scand. 58, 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  557. Lyashenko, N. N. (1982). Limit theorems for sums of independent compact random subsets of Euclidean space. J. Soviet Math. 20, 2187–2196.

    Google Scholar 

  558. Lyashenko, N. N. (1983). Geometric convergence of random processes and statistics of random sets. Soviet Math. 27(11), 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  559. Lyashenko, N. N. (1983). Statistics of random compacta in Euclidean space. J. Soviet Math. 21, 76–92.

    Google Scholar 

  560. Lyashenko, N. N. (1983). Weak convergence of step processes in a space of closed sets. Zapiski Nauch. Seminarov LOMI 130, 122–129. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  561. Lyashenko, N. N. (1987). Graphs of random processes as random sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 31, 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  562. Lyashenko, N. N. (1989). Geometric limits for noises with arbitrary elementary components. In Statistics and Control of Random Processes, edited by A. N. Shiryaev, 121–135. Nauka, Moscow. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  563. Lyons, R. (2013). Distance covariance in metric spaces. Ann. Probab. 41, 3284–3305.

    Google Scholar 

  564. Maccheroni, F. and Marinacci, M. (2005). A strong law of large numbers for capacities. Ann. Probab. 33, 1171–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  565. Mahler, R. P. S. (1997). Random sets in information fusion. an overview. In Applications and Theory of Random Sets, edited by J. Goutsias, R. Mahler and H. T. Nguyen, 129–164, Berlin. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  566. Maillard, P. (2013). A note on stable point processes occurring in branching Brownian motion. Electron. Commun. Probab. 18, no. 5, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  567. Maisonneuve, B. (1974). Systèmes Régénératifs, vol. 15 of Astérisque. Société Mathématique de France.

    Google Scholar 

  568. Maisonneuve, B. (1983). Ensembles régénératifs de la droite. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 63, 501–510.

    Google Scholar 

  569. Maisonneuve, B. and Meyer, P. A. (1974). Ensembles aléatoires markoviens homogènes. In Séminaire de Probabilités VIII, edited by C. Dellacherie, P. A. Meyer and M. Weil, vol. 381 of Lect. Notes Math., 172–261. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  570. Malinowski, M. T. (2013). On a new set-valued stochastic integral with respect to semimartingales and its applications. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 408, 669–680.

    Google Scholar 

  571. Malinowski, M. T. and Michta, M. (2012). Set-valued stochastic integral equations driven by martingales. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 394, 30–47.

    Google Scholar 

  572. Mancham, A. and Molchanov, I. (1996). Stochastic models of randomly perturbed images and related estimation problems. In Image Fusion and Shape Variability Techniques, edited by K. V. Mardia and C. A. Gill, 44–49, Leeds. Leeds University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  573. Mandelbrot, B. B. (1972). Renewal sets and random cutouts. Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verw. Gebiete 22, 145–157.

    Google Scholar 

  574. Maragos, P. and Schafer, R. W. (1987). Morphological filters – part II: Their relations to median, order-statistics, and stack filters. IEEE Trans. Acoustic, Speech and Signal Proc. 35, 1170–1184.

    Google Scholar 

  575. Marchal, P. (2015). A class of special subordinators with nested ranges. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 51, 533–544.

    Google Scholar 

  576. Marckert, J.-F. and Renault, D. (2014). Compact convex sets of the plane and probability theory. ESAIM Probab. Stat. 18, 854–880.

    Google Scholar 

  577. Marinacci, M. (1999). Limit laws for non-additive probabilities and their frequentist interpretation. J. Econ. Th. 84, 145–195.

    Google Scholar 

  578. Marinacci, M. (1999). Upper probabilities and additivity. Sankhyā: The Indian J. of Statist. Ser. A 61, 358–361.

    Google Scholar 

  579. Martellotti, A. and Sambucini, A. R. (2001). On the comparison of Aumann and Bochner integrals. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 260, 6–17.

    Google Scholar 

  580. Mase, S. (1979). Random compact sets which are infinitely divisible with respect to Minkowski addition. Adv. Appl. Probab. 11, 834–850.

    Google Scholar 

  581. Matheron, G. (1975). Random Sets and Integral Geometry. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  582. Mattila, P. (1995). Geometry of Sets and Measures in Euclidean Spaces. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  583. Mattila, P. (1995). Tangent measures, densities, and singular integrals. In Fractal Geometry and Stochastics, edited by C. Bandt, S. Graf and M. Zähle, 43–52. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  584. McBeth, D. and Resnick, S. J. (1994). Stability of random sets generated by multivariate samples. Stochastic Models 10, 549–574.

    Google Scholar 

  585. Meaya, K. (1997). Caractérisation d’ensembles aléatoires gaussiens. Afrika Mat. 8, 39–59.

    Google Scholar 

  586. Meester, R. and Roy, R. (1996). Continuum Percolation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  587. Meschenmoser, D. and Shashkin, A. (2013). Functional central limit theorem for the measures of level surfaces of the Gaussian random field. Theory Probab. Appl. 57, 162–172.

    Google Scholar 

  588. Meyer, P.-A. (1966). Probability and Potentials. Waltman, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  589. Meyer, P.-A. (1970). Ensembles régénératifs, d’après Hoffman-Jørgensen. In Séminaire de Probabilités IV, vol. 124 of Lect. Notes Math., 133–150. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  590. Michael, E. (1951). Topologies on spaces of subsets. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 71, 152–182.

    Google Scholar 

  591. Michael, E. (1956). Continuous selections. I. Ann. of Math. (2) 63, 361–382.

    Google Scholar 

  592. Mikosch, T., Pawlas, Z. and Samorodnitsky, G. (2011). A large deviation principle for Minkowski sums of heavy-tailed random compact convex sets with finite expectation. J. Appl. Probab. 48A, 133–144.

    Google Scholar 

  593. Mikosch, T., Pawlas, Z. and Samorodnitsky, G. (2011). Large deviations for Minkowski sums of heavy-tailed generally non-convex random compact sets. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Seriia 1. Matematika, mekhanika, astronomiia. 70–78.

    Google Scholar 

  594. Miranda, E., Couso, I. and Gil, P. (2005). Random sets as imprecise random variables. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 307, 32–47.

    Google Scholar 

  595. Miranda, E., Couso, I. and Gil, P. (2010). Approximation of upper and lower probabilities by measurable selections. Inform. Sci. 180, 1407–1417.

    Google Scholar 

  596. Miranda, E. and Montes, I. (2015). Coherent updating of non-additive measures. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 56, 159–177.

    Google Scholar 

  597. Molchanov, I. (1984). A generalization of the Choquet theorem for random sets with a given class of realizations. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 28, 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  598. Molchanov, I. (1984). Labelled random sets. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 29, 113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  599. Molchanov, I. (1985). The structure of strict Markov labelled random closed sets. Ukrainian Math. J. 37, 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  600. Molchanov, I. (1987). Uniform laws of large numbers for empirical associated functionals of random closed sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 32, 556–559.

    Google Scholar 

  601. Molchanov, I. (1989). On convergence of empirical accompanying functionals of stationary random sets. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 38, 107–109.

    Google Scholar 

  602. Molchanov, I. (1990). Empirical estimation of distribution quantiles of random closed sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 35, 594–600.

    Google Scholar 

  603. Molchanov, I. (1993). Characterization of random closed sets stable with respect to union. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 46, 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  604. Molchanov, I. (1993). Intersections and shift functions of strong Markov random closed sets. Probab. Math. Statist. 14(2), 265–279.

    Google Scholar 

  605. Molchanov, I. (1993). Limit theorems for convex hulls of random sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 25, 395–414.

    Google Scholar 

  606. Molchanov, I. (1993). Limit Theorems for Unions of Random Closed Sets, vol. 1561 of Lect. Notes Math.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  607. Molchanov, I. (1993). Limit theorems for unions of random sets with multiplicative normalization. Theory Probab. Appl. 38(3), 541–547.

    Google Scholar 

  608. Molchanov, I. (1993). On distributions of random closed sets and expected convex hulls. Statist. Probab. Lett. 17, 253–257.

    Google Scholar 

  609. Molchanov, I. (1993). On regularly varying multivalued functions. In Stability Problems for Stochastic Models, edited by V. V. Kalashnikov and V. M. Zolotarev, vol. 1546 of Lect. Notes Math., 121–129. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  610. Molchanov, I. (1993). Strong law of large numbers for unions of random closed sets. Stochastic Process. Appl. 46(2), 199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  611. Molchanov, I. (1994). On probability metrics in the space of distributions of random closed sets. J. of Math. Sciences 72, 2934–2940.

    Google Scholar 

  612. Molchanov, I. (1995). On the convergence of random processes generated by polyhedral approximations of compact convex sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 40, 383–390.

    Google Scholar 

  613. Molchanov, I. (1997). Statistical problems for random sets. In Applications and Theory of Random Sets, edited by J. Goutsias, R. Mahler and H. T. Nguyen, 27–45, Berlin. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  614. Molchanov, I. (1997). Statistics of the Boolean Model for Practitioners and Mathematicians. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  615. Molchanov, I. (1998). Grey-scale images and random sets. In Mathematical Morphology and its Applications to Image and Signal Processing, edited by H. J. A. M. Heijmans and J. B. T. M. Roerdink, 247–257. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  616. Molchanov, I. (1998). Random sets in view of image filtering applications. In Nonlinear Filters for Image Processing, edited by E. R. Dougherty and J. Astola, chap. 10, 419–447. SPIE, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  617. Molchanov, I. (1999). On strong laws of large numbers for random upper semicontinuous functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 235, 349–355.

    Google Scholar 

  618. Molchanov, I. (2008). Convex geometry of max-stable distributions. Extremes 11, 235–259.

    Google Scholar 

  619. Molchanov, I. (2009). Convex and star shaped sets associated with multivariate stable distributions. I. Moments and densities. J. Multivariate Anal. 100, 2195–2213.

    Google Scholar 

  620. Molchanov, I. (2015). Continued fractions built from convex sets and convex functions. Comm. Contemp. Math. 17, 1550003.

    Google Scholar 

  621. Molchanov, I. and Cascos, I. (2016). Multivariate risk measures: a constructive approach based on selections. Math. Finance 26, 867–900.

    Google Scholar 

  622. Molchanov, I. and Molinari, F. (2014). Applications of random set theory in econometrics. Annu. Rev. Econ. 6, 229–251.

    Google Scholar 

  623. Molchanov, I. and Molinari, F. (2017). Random Sets in Econometrics. Econometric Society Monographs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  624. Molchanov, I., Omey, E. and Kozarovitzky, E. (1995). An elementary renewal theorem for random convex compact sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 27, 931–942.

    Google Scholar 

  625. Molchanov, I. and Scherbakov, V. (2003). Coverage of the whole space. Adv. Appl. Probab. 35, 898–912.

    Google Scholar 

  626. Molchanov, I. and Schmutz, M. (2010). Multivariate extensions of put-call symmetry. SIAM J. Financial Math. 1, 396–426.

    Google Scholar 

  627. Molchanov, I. and Schmutz, M. (2011). Exchangeability type properties of asset prices. Adv. Appl. Probab. 43, 666–687.

    Google Scholar 

  628. Molchanov, I., Schmutz, M. and Stucki, K. (2014). Invariance properties of random vectors and stochastic processes based on the zonoid concept. Bernoulli 20, 1210–1233.

    Google Scholar 

  629. Molchanov, I. and Stoyan, D. (1996). Statistical models of random polyhedra. Stochastic Models 12, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  630. Molchanov, I. and Strokorb, K. (2016). Max-stable random sup-measures with comonotonic tail dependence. Stochastic Process. Appl. 126, 2835–2859.

    Google Scholar 

  631. Molchanov, I. and Terán, P. (2003). Distance transforms for real-valued functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 278, 472–484.

    Google Scholar 

  632. Molchanov, I. and Wespi, F. (2016). Convex hulls of Lévy processes. Electron. Commun. in Probab. 21(69), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  633. Mönch, G. (1971). Verallgemeinerung eines Satzes von A. Rényi. Studia Sci. Math. Hungar. 6, 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  634. Moore, M. (1984). On the estimation of a convex set. Ann. Statist. 12, 1090–1099.

    Google Scholar 

  635. Mori, S. (1997). Random sets in data fusion. multi-object state-estimation as a foundation of data fusion theory. In Applications and Theory of Random Sets, edited by J. Goutsias, R. Mahler and H. T. Nguyen, 185–207, Berlin. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  636. Mörters, P. and Peres, Y. (2010). Brownian motion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  637. Mosler, K. (2002). Multivariate Dispersion, Central Regions and Depth. The Lift Zonoid Approach, vol. 165 of Lect. Notes Statist.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  638. Mourier, E. (1955). L-random elements and L -random elements in Banach spaces. In Proc. Third Berekeley Symp. Math. Statist. and Probability, vol. 2, 231–242. Univ. of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  639. Mühlemann, A. (2016). Sublinear expectations for random vectors and random sets. Master’s thesis, University of Bern, Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  640. Müller, A. (1997). Integral probability metrics and their generating classes of functions. Adv. Appl. Probab. 29, 429–443.

    Google Scholar 

  641. Müller, A. and Stoyan, D. (2002). Comparison Methods for Stochastic Models and Risks. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  642. Murofushi, T. (2003). A note on upper and lower Sugeno integrals. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 138, 551–558.

    Google Scholar 

  643. Murofushi, T. and Sugeno, M. (1991). A theory of fuzzy measures: representations, the Choquet integral, and null sets. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 159, 532–549.

    Google Scholar 

  644. Nagel, W. and Weiss, V. (2003). Limits of sequences of stationary planar tessellations. Adv. Appl. Probab. 35, 123–138.

    Google Scholar 

  645. Näther, W. (2000). On random fuzzy variables of second order and their application to linear statistical inference with fuzzy data. Metrika 51, 201–222.

    Google Scholar 

  646. von Neumann, J. (1949). On rings of operators. Reduction theory. Ann. Math. 50, 401–485.

    Google Scholar 

  647. Neveu, J. (1965). Mathematical Foundations of the Calculus of Probability. Holden-Day Inc., San Francisco, Calif.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  648. Neveu, J. (1972). Convergence presque sûre de martingales multivoques. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 8, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  649. Nguyen, H. T. (1978). On random sets and belief functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 65, 531–542.

    Google Scholar 

  650. Nguyen, H. T. (1979). Some mathematical tools for linguistic probabilities. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2, 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  651. Nguyen, H. T. (2006). An introduction to random sets. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  652. Nguyen, H. T. and Nguyen, N. T. (1998). A negative version of Choquet theorem for Polish spaces. East-West J. Math. 1, 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  653. Norberg, T. (1984). Convergence and existence of random set distributions. Ann. Probab. 12, 726–732.

    Google Scholar 

  654. Norberg, T. (1986). Random capacities and their distributions. Probab. Theory Related Fields 73, 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  655. Norberg, T. (1987). Semicontinuous processes in multi-dimensional extreme-value theory. Stochastic Process. Appl. 25, 27–55.

    Google Scholar 

  656. Norberg, T. (1989). Existence theorems for measures on continuous posets, with applications to random set theory. Math. Scand. 64, 15–51.

    Google Scholar 

  657. Norberg, T. (1992). On the existence of ordered couplings of random sets — with applications. Israel J. Math. 77, 241–264.

    Google Scholar 

  658. Norberg, T. (1997). On the convergence of probability measures on continuous posets. In Probability and Lattices, edited by W. Vervaat and H. Holwerda, 57–92. CWI, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  659. Norberg, T. and Vervaat, W. (1997). Capacities on non-Hausdorff spaces. In Probability and Lattices, edited by W. Vervaat and H. Holwerda, 133–150. CWI, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  660. Norkin, V. I. and Wets, R. J.-B. (2013). On a strong graphical law of large numbers for random semicontinuous mappings. Vestnik St. Petersburg Univ. Appl. Math. Ser. 10 3, 102–111.

    Google Scholar 

  661. Nott, D. J. and Wilson, R. J. (1997). Parameter estimation for excursion set texture models. Signal Processing 63, 199–201.

    Google Scholar 

  662. Nott, D. J. and Wilson, R. J. (2000). Multi-phase image modelling with excursion sets. Signal Processing 80, 125–139.

    Google Scholar 

  663. Nowak, A. (1986). Applications of random fixed point theorems in the theory of generalised random differential equations. Bull. Acad. Sci. Pol. Sci. Ser. Math. 34, 487–494.

    Google Scholar 

  664. Nutz, M. (2016). Utility maximization under model uncertainty in discrete time. Math. Finance 26, 252–268.

    Google Scholar 

  665. Nykyforchyn, O. R. (1997). Semiconvex compacta. Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. 38, 761–774.

    Google Scholar 

  666. O’Brien, G. L., Torfs, P. J. J. F. and Vervaat, W. (1990). Stationary self-similar extremal processes. Probab. Theory Related Fields 87, 97–119.

    Google Scholar 

  667. O’Brien, G. L. and Watson, S. (1998). Relative compactness for capacities, measures, upper semicontinuous functions and closed sets. J. Theoret. Probab. 11, 577–588.

    Google Scholar 

  668. Ogura, Y., Li, S. and Wang, X. (2010). Large and moderate deviations of random upper semicontinuous functions. Stoch. Anal. Appl. 28, 350–376.

    Google Scholar 

  669. Pancheva, E. (1988). Max-stability. Theory Probab. Appl. 33, 167–170.

    Google Scholar 

  670. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1985). On the efficiency and optimality of allocations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 105, 113–135.

    Google Scholar 

  671. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1985). On the theory of Banach space valued multifunctions I, II. J. Multivariate Anal. 17, 185–206, 207–227.

    Google Scholar 

  672. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1986). Nonsmooth analysis on partially ordered vector spaces: the subdifferential theory. Nonlinear Anal. 10, 615–637.

    Google Scholar 

  673. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1986). On the efficiency and optimality of allocations II. SIAM J. Control Optim. 24, 452–479.

    Google Scholar 

  674. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1987). Contributions to the theory of set-valued functions and set-valued measures. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 304, 245–265.

    Google Scholar 

  675. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1987). A convergence theorem for set-valued supermartingales with values in a separable Banach space. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 5, 405–422.

    Google Scholar 

  676. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1988). On measurable multifunctions with stochastic domains. J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A 45, 204–216.

    Google Scholar 

  677. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1991). Convergence and representation theorem for set-valued random processes. Probab. Math. Statist. 11, 253–269.

    Google Scholar 

  678. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1992). Convergence theorems for set-valued martingales and semimartingales. Anal. Math. 18, 283–293.

    Google Scholar 

  679. Papageorgiou, N. S. (1995). On the conditional expectation and convergence properties of random sets. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 347, 2495–2515.

    Google Scholar 

  680. Papamarcou, A. and Fine, T. L. (1986). A note on undominated lower probabilities. Ann. Probab. 14, 710–723.

    Google Scholar 

  681. Papamarcou, A. and Fine, T. L. (1991). Stationarity and almost sure divergence of time averages in interval-valued probability. J. Theoret. Probab. 4, 239–260.

    Google Scholar 

  682. Parker, J. M. (1991). The sigma-core of a cooperative game. Manuscripta Math. 70, 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  683. Pemantle, R., Peres, Y. and Shapiro, J. W. (1996). The trace of spatial Brownian motion is capacity-equivalent to the unit square. Probab. Theory Related Fields 106, 379–399.

    Google Scholar 

  684. Pennanen, T. and Penner, I. (2010). Hedging of claims with physical delivery under convex transaction costs. SIAM J. Financial Math. 1, 158–178.

    Google Scholar 

  685. Penrose, M. D. (1992). Semi-min-stable processes. Ann. Probab. 20, 1450–1463.

    Google Scholar 

  686. Peres, Y. (1996). Intersection-equivalence of Brownian paths and certain branching processes. Comm. Math. Phys. 177, 417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  687. Peres, Y. (1996). Remarks on intersection-equivalence and capacity-equivalence. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 64, 339–347.

    Google Scholar 

  688. Philippe, F., Debs, G. and Jaffray, J.-Y. (1999). Decision making with monotone lower probabilities of infinite order. Math. Oper. Res. 24, 767–784.

    Google Scholar 

  689. Picard, J. (1994). Barycentres et martingales sur une varété. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 30, 647–702.

    Google Scholar 

  690. Pick, R. (1987). Expectation in metric spaces. Studia Sci. Math. Hungar. 22, 347–350.

    Google Scholar 

  691. Pitman, J. and Yor, M. (1996). Random discrete distributions derived from self-similar random sets. Electron. J. Probab. 1, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  692. Poncet, P. (2013). How regular can maxitive measures be? Topology Appl. 160, 606–619.

    Google Scholar 

  693. Proske, F. N. and Puri, M. L. (2002). Central limit theorem for Banach space valued fuzzy random variables. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 130, 1493–1501.

    Google Scholar 

  694. Proske, F. N. and Puri, M. L. (2002). Strong law of large numbers for Banach space valued fuzzy random variables. J. Theoret. Probab. 15, 543–551.

    Google Scholar 

  695. Pucci, P. and Vitilaro, G. (1984). A representation theorem for Aumann integrals. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 102, 86–101.

    Google Scholar 

  696. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1983). Differentials of fuzzy functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 91, 552–558.

    Google Scholar 

  697. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1983). Strong law of large numbers for Banach space-valued random sets. Ann. Probab. 11, 222–224.

    Google Scholar 

  698. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1985). The concept of normality for fuzzy random variables. Ann. Probab. 13, 1373–1379.

    Google Scholar 

  699. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1985). Limit theorems for random compact sets in Banach space. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 97, 151–158.

    Google Scholar 

  700. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1986). Fuzzy random variables. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 114, 409–422.

    Google Scholar 

  701. Puri, M. L. and Ralescu, D. A. (1991). Convergence theorem for fuzzy martingales. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 160, 107–122.

    Google Scholar 

  702. Puri, M. L., Ralescu, D. A. and Ralescu, S. S. (1987). Gaussian random sets in Banach space. Theory Probab. Appl. 31, 598–601.

    Google Scholar 

  703. Pyke, R. (1983). The Haar-function construction of Brownian motion indexed by sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 64, 523–539.

    Google Scholar 

  704. Quang, N. V. and Giap, D. X. (2013). Mosco convergence of SLLN for triangular arrays of rowwise independent random sets. Statist. Probab. Lett. 83, 1117–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  705. Quang, N. V. and Thuan, N. T. (2012). On the strong laws of large numbers for double arrays of random variables in convex combination spaces. Acta Math. Hungar. 134, 543–564.

    Google Scholar 

  706. Quintanilla, J. A. (2008). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the two-point probability function of two-phase random media. Proc. R. Soc. A 464, 1761–1779.

    Google Scholar 

  707. Rachev, S. T. (1986). Lévy-Prokhorov distance in a space of semicontinuous set functions. J. Soviet Math. 34, 112–118.

    Google Scholar 

  708. Rachev, S. T. (1991). Probability Metrics and the Stability of Stochastic Models. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  709. Radchenko, A. N. (1985). Measurability of a geometric measure of a level set of a random function. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 31, 131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  710. Rȧdström, H. (1952). An embedding theorem for spaces of convex sets. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 3, 165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  711. Ralescu, D. and Adams, G. (1980). The fuzzy integral. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 75, 562–570.

    Google Scholar 

  712. Ransford, T. J. (1990). Holomorphic, subharmonic and subholomorphic processes. Proc. London Math. Soc.(3) 61, 138–188.

    Google Scholar 

  713. Ransford, T. J. (1990). Predictable sets and set-valued processes. Lect. Notes Math. 1426, 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  714. Rataj, J. (2004). On set covariance and three-point sets. Czechoslovak Math. J. 54, 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  715. Rataj, J. (2015). Random sets of finite perimeter. Math. Nachr. 288, 1047–1056.

    Google Scholar 

  716. Rataj, J., Schmidt, V. and Spodarev, E. (2009). On the expected surface area of the Wiener sausage. Math. Nachr. 282, 591–603.

    Google Scholar 

  717. Ratschek, H. and Schröder, G. (1977). Representation of semigroups as systems of compact convex sets. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 65, 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  718. Rébillé, Y. (2009). Laws of large numbers for continuous belief measures on compact spaces. Internat. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowledge-Based Systems 17, 685–704.

    Google Scholar 

  719. Rébillé, Y. (2015). Integral representation of belief measures on compact spaces. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 60, 37–56.

    Google Scholar 

  720. Reiss, R.-D. (1989). Approximate Distributions of Order Statistics. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  721. Reitzner, M. (2010). Random polytopes. In New Perspectives in Stochastic Geometry, edited by W. S. Kendall and I. Molchanov, 45–76. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  722. Reitzner, M. and Schulte, M. (2013). Central limit theorems for U-statistics of Poisson point processes. Ann. Probab. 41, 3879–3909.

    Google Scholar 

  723. Ren, J., Xu, S. and Zhang, X. (2010). Large deviations for multivalued stochastic differential equations. J. Theoret. Probab. 23, 1142–1156.

    Google Scholar 

  724. Rényi, A. and Sulanke, R. (1963). Über die konvexe Hülle von n zufällig gewällten Punkten. I. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 2, 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  725. Repovš, D. and Semenov, P. V. (1998). Continuous Selections of Multivalued Mappings. Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  726. Resnick, S. I. (1986). Point processes, regular variation and weak convergence. Adv. Appl. Probab. 18, 66–138.

    Google Scholar 

  727. Resnick, S. I. (1987). Extreme Values, Regular Variation and Point Processes. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  728. Resnick, S. I. (1988). Association and multivariate extreme value distributions. Austral. N. Z. J. Statist. 30, 261–271.

    Google Scholar 

  729. Resnick, S. I. (2007). Heavy-Tail Phenomena. Springer, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  730. Resnick, S. I. (2008). Multivariate regular variation on cones: application to extreme values, hidden regular variation and conditional limit laws. Stochastics 80, 269–298.

    Google Scholar 

  731. Resnick, S. I. and Roy, R. (1994). Super-extremal processes and the argmax process. J. Appl. Probab. 31, 958–978.

    Google Scholar 

  732. Resnick, S. I. and Roy, R. (1994). Superextremal processes, max-stability and dynamic continuous choice. Ann. Appl. Probab. 4, 791–811.

    Google Scholar 

  733. Resnick, S. I. and Tomkins, R. (1973). Almost sure stability of maxima. J. Appl. Probab. 10, 387–401.

    Google Scholar 

  734. Réti, T. and Czinege, I. (1989). Shape characterization of particles via generalised Fourier analysis. J. Microscopy 156, 15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  735. Revuz, A. (1956). Fonctions croissantes et mesures sur les espaces topologiques ordonnés. Ann. Inst. Fourier 6, 187–269.

    Google Scholar 

  736. Rice, S. O. (1945). Mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell Syst. Techn. J. 24, 46–156.

    Google Scholar 

  737. Richter, H. (1963). Verallgemeinerung eines in der Statistik benötigten Satzes der Maßtheorie. Math. Ann. 150, 85–90 and 440–441.

    Google Scholar 

  738. Rieder, H. (1977). Least favourable pairs for special capacities. Ann. Statist. 5, 909–921.

    Google Scholar 

  739. Ripley, B. D. (1976). The foundations of stochastic geometry. Ann. Probab. 4, 995–998.

    Google Scholar 

  740. Ripley, B. D. (1976). Locally finite random sets: foundations for point process theory. Ann. Probab. 4, 983–994.

    Google Scholar 

  741. Ripley, B. D. (1981). Spatial Statistics. Wiley, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  742. Ripley, B. D. and Rasson, J.-P. (1977). Finding the edge of a Poisson forest. J. Appl. Probab. 14, 483–491.

    Google Scholar 

  743. Robbins, H. E. (1944). On the measure of a random set. I. Ann. Math. Statist. 15, 70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  744. Robbins, H. E. (1945). On the measure of a random set. II. Ann. Math. Statist. 16, 342–347.

    Google Scholar 

  745. Rockafellar, R. T. (1969). Measurable dependence of convex sets and functions on parameters. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 28, 4–25.

    Google Scholar 

  746. Rockafellar, R. T. (1976). Integral functionals, normal integrands and measurable selections. In Nonlinear Operators and the Calaculus of Variations, edited by J. P. Gossez, E. J. Lami Dozo, J. Mawhin and L. Waelbroeck, vol. 543 of Lect. Notes Math., 157–207, Berlin. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  747. Rockafellar, R. T. (1980). Generalized directional derivatives and sugradients of nonconvex functions. Canad. J. Math. 32, 331–355.

    Google Scholar 

  748. Rockafellar, R. T. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1984). Variational systems, an introduction. In Multifunctions and Integrands, edited by G. Salinetti, vol. 1091 of Lect. Notes Math., 1–54. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  749. Rockafellar, R. T. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1998). Variational Analysis. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  750. Rosenfeld, A. and Pfalz, J. L. (1968). Distance functions on digital pictures. Pattern Recognition 1, 33–61.

    Google Scholar 

  751. Rosenmuller, J. (1971). On core and value. Meth. Oper. Res. 9, 84–104.

    Google Scholar 

  752. Ross, D. (1986). Random sets without separability. Ann. Probab. 14, 1064–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  753. Ross, D. (1990). Selectionable distributions for a random set. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 108, 405–408.

    Google Scholar 

  754. Roth, W. (1996). Integral type linear functional on ordered cones. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 348, 5065–5085.

    Google Scholar 

  755. Roth, W. (2000). Hahn-Banach type theorems for locally convex cones. J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A 68, 104–125.

    Google Scholar 

  756. Rozanov, Y. A. (1982). Markov Random Fields. Springer, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  757. Rubin, R. H. and Vitale, R. A. (1980). Asymptotic distribution of symmetric statistic. Ann. Statist. 8, 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  758. Rubinov, A. M. and Akhundov, I. S. (1992). Difference of compact sets in the sense of Demyanov and its application to nonsmooth analysis. Optimization 23, 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  759. Rupp, W. (1979). Riesz-presentation of additive and σ-additive set-valued measures. Pacific J. Math. 84, 445–453.

    Google Scholar 

  760. Sabourin, A. and Segers, J. (2016). Marginal standardization of upper semicontinuous processes. with application to max-stable processes. Tech. rep., arXiv math:1603.04194.

    Google Scholar 

  761. Sainte-Beuve, M.-F. (1974). On the extension of von Neumann-Aumann’s theorem. J. Functional Analysis 17, 112–129.

    Google Scholar 

  762. Sainte-Beuve, M.-F. (1978). Some topological properties of vector measures with bounded variation and its applications. Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 116, 317–379.

    Google Scholar 

  763. Salinetti, G. (1987). Stochastic optimization and stochastic processes: the epigraphical approach. Math. Res. 35, 344–354.

    Google Scholar 

  764. Salinetti, G., Vervaat, W. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1986). On the convergence in probability of random sets (measurable multifunctions). Math. Oper. Res. 11, 420–422.

    Google Scholar 

  765. Salinetti, G. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1981). On the convergence of closed-valued measurable multifunctions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 266, 275–289.

    Google Scholar 

  766. Salinetti, G. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1986). On the convergence in distribution of measurable multifunctions (random sets), normal integrands, stochastic processes and stochastic infima. Math. Oper. Res. 11, 385–419.

    Google Scholar 

  767. Salinetti, G. and Wets, R. J.-B. (1990). Random semicontinuous functions. In Lectures in Applied Mathematics and Informatics, 330–353. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  768. Samorodnitsky, G. and Taqqu, M. S. (1994). Stable non-Gaussian Random Processes. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  769. Schachermayer, W. (2004). The fundamental theorem of asset pricing under proportional transaction costs in finite discrete time. Math. Finance 14, 19–48.

    Google Scholar 

  770. Schilling, R. L., Song, R. and Vondraček, Z. (2010). Bernstein Functions. Theory and Applications. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  771. Schlather, M. (2002). Models for stationary max-stable random fields. Extremes 5, 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  772. Schmeidler, D. (1970). Fatou’s lemma in several dimensions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 24, 300–306.

    Google Scholar 

  773. Schmeidler, D. (1972). Cores of exact games, I. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 40, 214–225.

    Google Scholar 

  774. Schmeidler, D. (1986). Integral representation without additivity. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 97, 255–261.

    Google Scholar 

  775. Schmeidler, D. (1989). Subjective probability and expected utility without additivity. Econometrica 57, 571–587.

    Google Scholar 

  776. Schmidt, K. D. (1986). Embedding theorems for classes of convex sets. Acta Appl. Math. 5, 209–237.

    Google Scholar 

  777. Schmitt, M. and Mattioli, J. (1993). Morphologie Mathématique. Masson, Paris.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  778. Schneider, R. (2014). Convex Bodies. The Brunn–Minkowski Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edn.

    Google Scholar 

  779. Schneider, R. and Weil, W. (1983). Zonoids and related topics. In Convexity and its Applications, edited by P. M. Gruber and J. M. Wills, 296–317. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  780. Schneider, R. and Weil, W. (2008). Stochastic and Integral Geometry. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  781. Schreiber, T. (2000). Large deviation principle for set-valued unions process. Probab. Math. Statist. 20, 273–285.

    Google Scholar 

  782. Schreiber, T. (2000). Statistical inference from set-valued observations. Probab. Math. Statist. 20, 223–235.

    Google Scholar 

  783. Schreiber, T. (2002). Variance asymptotics and central limit theorems for volumes of unions of random closed sets. Adv. Appl. Probab. 34, 520–539.

    Google Scholar 

  784. Schreiber, T. (2003). Limit theorems for certain functionals of unions of random closed sets. Theory Probab. Appl. 47, 79–90.

    Google Scholar 

  785. Schultz, R. (2000). Some aspects of stability in stochastic programming. Ann. Oper. Res. 100, 55–84.

    Google Scholar 

  786. Schürger, K. (1983). Ergodic theorems for subadditive superstationary families of convex compact random sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 62, 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  787. Schwartz, L. (1973). Radon Measures on Arbitrary Topological Spaces and Cylindrical Measures. Oxford University Press, Bombay.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  788. Seneta, E. (1976). Regularly Varying Functions, vol. 508 of Lect. Notes Math.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  789. Serfling, R. (1980). Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics. Wiley, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  790. Serra, J. (1982). Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology. Academic Press, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  791. Shafer, G. (1976). A Mathematical Theory of Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  792. Shafer, G. (1979). Allocations of probability. Ann. Probab. 7, 827–839.

    Google Scholar 

  793. Shapiro, A. (1991). Asymptotic analysis of stochastic programs. Ann. Oper. Res. 30, 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  794. Shapiro, A. and Xu, H. (2007). Uniform laws of large numbers for set-valued mappings and subdifferentials of random functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 325, 1390–1399.

    Google Scholar 

  795. Shapley, L. S. (1971). Cores of convex games. Internat. J. Game Theory 1, 12–26.

    Google Scholar 

  796. Shephard, G. C. (1974). Combinatorial properties of associated zonotopes. Canad. J. Math. 26, 302–321.

    Google Scholar 

  797. Shepp, L. A. (1967). Covariances of unit processes. In Proc. Working Conf. Stochastic Processes, 205–218, Santa Barbara, California.

    Google Scholar 

  798. Shepp, L. A. (1972). Covering the line with random intervals. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 23, 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  799. Shilkret, N. (1971). Maxitive measure and integration. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser. A 74 = Indag. Math. 33, 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  800. Skorohod, A. V. (1956). Limit theorems for stochastic processes. Theory Probab. Appl. 1, 261–290.

    Google Scholar 

  801. Small, C. G. (1990). A survey on multidimensional medians. Internat. Statist. Rev. 58, 263–277.

    Google Scholar 

  802. Sonntag, Y. and Zǎlinescu, C. (1994). Set convergences: A survey and a classification. Set-Valued Anal. 2, 329–356.

    Google Scholar 

  803. Stam, A. J. (1984). Expectation and variance of the volume covered by a large number of independent random sets. Comp. Math. 52, 57–83.

    Google Scholar 

  804. Staněk, J., Šedivý, O. and Beneš, V. (2014). On random marked sets with a smaller integer dimension. Meth. Comp. Appl. Prob. 16, 397–410.

    Google Scholar 

  805. Stanley, H. E. and Ostrowsky, N., eds. (1986). On Growth and Form. Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  806. Stich, W. J. A. (1988). An integral for nonmeasurable correspondence and the Shapley-integral. Maniscripta Math. 61, 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  807. Stoev, S. and Taqqu, M. S. (2005). Extremal stochastic integrals: a parallel between max-stable processes and α-stable processes. Extremes 8, 237–266.

    Google Scholar 

  808. Stojaković, M. (1994). Fuzzy random variables, expectations, and martingales. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 184, 594–606.

    Google Scholar 

  809. Stoyan, D. and Lippmann, G. (1993). Models of stochastic geometry — a survey. Z. Oper. Res. 38, 235–260.

    Google Scholar 

  810. Stoyan, D. and Molchanov, I. (1997). Set-valued means of random particles. J. Math. Imaging and Vision 7, 111–121.

    Google Scholar 

  811. Stoyan, D. and Stoyan, H. (1980). On some partial orderings of random closed sets. Math. Operationsforsch. Statist. Ser. Optimization 11, 145–154.

    Google Scholar 

  812. Stoyan, D. and Stoyan, H. (1994). Fractals, Random Shapes and Point Fields. Wiley, Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  813. Straka, F. and Štěpán, J. (1989). Random sets in [0,1]. In Information Theory, Statistical Decision Functions, Random Processes, Trans. 10th Prague Conf., Prague / Czech., 1986, Vol. B, 349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  814. Strassen, V. (1964). Messfehler und Information. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 2, 273–305.

    Google Scholar 

  815. Strassen, V. (1965). The existence of probability measures with given marginals. Ann. Math. Statist. 36, 423–439.

    Google Scholar 

  816. Strokorb, K. and Schlather, M. (2015). An exceptional max-stable process fully parametrized by its extremal coefficients. Bernoulli 21, 276–302.

    Google Scholar 

  817. Sturm, K.-T. (2002). Nonlinear martingale theory for processes with values in metric spaces of nonpositive curvature. Ann. Probab. 30, 1195–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  818. Sugeno, M. (1974). Theory of Fuzzy Integrals and its Applications. Ph.D. thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  819. Sugeno, M., Narukawa, Y. and Murofushi, T. (1998). Choquet integral and fuzzy measures on locally compact space. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 99, 205–211.

    Google Scholar 

  820. Sun, Y. (1997). Integration of correspondences on Loeb spaces. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 349, 129–153.

    Google Scholar 

  821. Sverdrup-Thygeson, H. (1981). Strong law of large numbers for measures of central tendency and dispersion of random variables in compact metric spaces. Ann. Statist. 9, 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  822. Taksar, M. I. (1980). Regenerative sets on real line. In Seminar on Probability, XIV, edited by J. Azéma and M. Yor, vol. 784 of Lect. Notes Math., 437–474. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  823. Taksar, M. I. (1987). Stationary Markov sets. In Séminaire de Probabilités, XXI, edited by J. Azéma, P.-A. Meyer and M. Yor, vol. 1247 of Lect. Notes Math., 303–340. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  824. Talagrand, M. (1978). Capacités invariantes extrémales. Ann. Inst. Fourier 28, 79–146.

    Google Scholar 

  825. Tarafdar, E., Watson, P. and Yuan, X.-Z. (1997). The measurability of Carathéodory set-valued mappings and random fixed point theorems. Acta Math. Hungar. 74, 309–319.

    Google Scholar 

  826. Taraldsen, G. (1996). Measurability of intersections of measurable multifunctions. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 45, 459–472.

    Google Scholar 

  827. Taylor, R. L. (1978). Stochastic Convergence of Weighted Sums of Random Elements in Linear Spaces, vol. 672 of Lect. Notes Math.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  828. Taylor, R. L. and Inoue, H. (1985). Convergence of weighted sums of random sets. Stochastic Anal. Appl. 3, 379–396.

    Google Scholar 

  829. Taylor, R. L. and Inoue, H. (1985). A strong law of large numbers for random sets in Banach spaces. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sinica 13, 403–409.

    Google Scholar 

  830. Taylor, R. L. and Inoue, H. (1997). Laws of large numbers for random sets. In Random Sets: Theory and Applications, edited by J. Goutsias, R. P. S. Mahler and H. T. Nguyen, 347–360. Springer, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  831. Taylor, S. J. (1986). The measure theory of random fractals. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 100, 383–406.

    Google Scholar 

  832. Terán, P. (2003). A strong law of large numbers for random upper semicontinuous functions under exchangeability conditions. Statist. Probab. Lett. 65, 251–258.

    Google Scholar 

  833. Terán, P. (2006). A large deviation principle for random upper semicontinuous functions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 134, 571–580.

    Google Scholar 

  834. Terán, P. (2008). A continuity theorem for cores of random closed sets. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 136, 4417–4426.

    Google Scholar 

  835. Terán, P. (2008). On a uniform law of large numbers for random sets and subdifferentials of random functions. Statist. Probab. Lett. 78, 42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  836. Terán, P. (2008). On the equivalence of Aumann and Herer expectations of random sets. TEST 17, 505–514.

    Google Scholar 

  837. Terán, P. (2014). Distributions of random closed sets via containment functionals. J. Nonlinear Convex Anal. 15(5), 907–917.

    Google Scholar 

  838. Terán, P. (2014). Expectations of random sets in Banach spaces. J. Convex Anal. 21, 1085–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  839. Terán, P. (2014). Jensen’s inequality for random elements in metric spaces and some applications. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 414(2), 756–766.

    Google Scholar 

  840. Terán, P. (2014). Laws of large numbers without additivity. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 366, 5431–5451.

    Google Scholar 

  841. Terán, P. (2016). A multivalued strong law of large numbers. J. Theoret. Probab. 29, 349–358.

    Google Scholar 

  842. Terán, P. and Molchanov, I. (2006). The law of large numbers in a metric space with a convex combination operation. J. Theoret. Probab. 19, 875–898.

    Google Scholar 

  843. Thoma, H. M. (1991). Belief function computation. In Conditional Logic in Expert Systems, edited by I. R. Goodman, M. M. Gupta, H. T. Nguyen and G. S. Rogers, 269–308. Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  844. Thuan, N. T. (2016). Approach for a metric space with a convex combination operation and applications. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 435, 440–460.

    Google Scholar 

  845. Torquato, S. (2002). Random Heterogeneous Materials. Springer, New York.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  846. Trader, D. A. (1981). Infinitely Divisible Random Sets. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  847. Troffaes, M. C. M. and de Cooman, G. (2014). Lower previsions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  848. Tsirelson, B. (2006). Brownian local minima, random dense countable sets and random equivalence classes. Electron. J. Probab. 11, no. 7, 162–198 (electronic).

    Google Scholar 

  849. Uemura, T. (1993). A law of large numbers for random sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 59, 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  850. Uhl, Jr., J. J. (1969). The range of a vector-valued measure. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 23, 158–163.

    Google Scholar 

  851. Ülger, A. (1991). Weak compactness in L 1(μ, X). Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 113, 143–149.

    Google Scholar 

  852. Vakhaniya, N. N., Tarieladze, V. I. and Chobanyan, S. A. (1987). Probability Distributions on Banach Spaces. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  853. Valadier, M. (1971). Multi-applications mesurables à valeurs convexex compactes. J. Math. Pures Appl. 50, 265–292.

    Google Scholar 

  854. Valadier, M. (1980). On conditional expectation of random sets. Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 126, 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  855. Valadier, M. (1980). Sur l’espérance conditionelle multivoque non convexe. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, Sect. B, Prob. et Stat. 16, 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  856. Vervaat, W. (1997). Random upper semicontinuous functions and extremal processes. In Probability and Lattices, edited by W. Vervaat and H. Holwerda, 1–56. CWI, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  857. Vervaat, W. and Holwerda, H., eds. (1997). Probability and Lattices. CWI, Amsterdam.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  858. Vicsek, T. (1989). Fractal Growth Phenomena. World Scientific, Singapore.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  859. Vilkov, B. N. (1995). Asymptotics of random convex broken lines. Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (POMI) 223, 263–279. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  860. Vitale, R. A. (1983). Some developments in the theory of random sets. Bull. Inst. Intern. Statist. 50, 863–871.

    Google Scholar 

  861. Vitale, R. A. (1984). On Gaussian random sets. In Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics, Stereology, edited by R. V. Ambartzumian and W. Weil, vol. 65 of Teubner Texte zur Mathematik, 222–224. Teubner, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  862. Vitale, R. A. (1985). L p metrics for compact, convex sets. J. Approx. Theory 45, 280–287.

    Google Scholar 

  863. Vitale, R. A. (1985). The Steiner point in infinite dimensions. Israel J. Math. 52, 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  864. Vitale, R. A. (1987). Expected convex hulls, order statistics, and Banach space probabilities. Acta Appl. Math. 9, 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  865. Vitale, R. A. (1987). Symmetric statistics and random shape. In Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of the Bernoulli Society. Vol.1. Probability theory and applications, edited by Y. A. Prohorov and V. V. Sazonov, 595–600, Utrecht. VNU Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  866. Vitale, R. A. (1988). An alternate formulation of mean value for random geometric figures. J. Microscopy 151, 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  867. Vitale, R. A. (1990). The Brunn–Minkowski inequality for random sets. J. Multivariate Anal. 33, 286–293.

    Google Scholar 

  868. Vitale, R. A. (1991). Expected absolute random determinants and zonoids. Ann. Appl. Probab. 1, 293–300.

    Google Scholar 

  869. Vitale, R. A. (1991). The translative expectation of a random set. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 160, 556–562.

    Google Scholar 

  870. Vitale, R. A. (1994). Stochastic smoothing of convex bodies: two examples. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 35, 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  871. Vitale, R. A. (1996). A stochastic argument for the uniqueness of the Steiner point. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 41(Suppl.), 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  872. Vogel, S. (2006). Semiconvergence in distribution of random closed sets with application to random optimization problems. Ann. Oper. Res. 142, 269–282.

    Google Scholar 

  873. Vorob’ev, O. Y. (1984). Srednemernoje Modelirovanie (Mean-Measure Modelling). Nauka, Moscow. In Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  874. Vorob’ev, O. Y. (1996). Random set models of fire spread. Fire Technology 32, 137–173.

    Google Scholar 

  875. Vysotsky, V. and Zaporozhets, D. (2015). Convex hulls of multidimensional random walks. arXiv:1506.07827.

    Google Scholar 

  876. Wade, A. R. and Xu, C. (2015). Convex hulls of random walks and their scaling limits. Stochastic Process. Appl. 125, 4300–4320.

    Google Scholar 

  877. Wagner, D. H. (1975). Integral of a convex-hull-valued function. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 50, 548–559.

    Google Scholar 

  878. Wagner, D. H. (1976). Integral of a set-valued function with semi-closed values. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 55, 616–633.

    Google Scholar 

  879. Wagner, D. H. (1977). Semi-compactness with respect to a Euclidean cone. Canad. J. Math. 29, 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  880. Wagner, D. H. (1977). Survey of measurable selection theorem. SIAM J. Control Optim. 15, 859–903.

    Google Scholar 

  881. Wagner, D. H. (1979). Survey of measurable selection theorem: an update. In Measure Theory, edited by D. Kölzow, vol. 794 of Lect. Notes Math., 176–219. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  882. Walley, P. (1987). Belief function representations of statistical evidence. Ann. Statist. 15, 1439–1465.

    Google Scholar 

  883. Walley, P. (1991). Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  884. Walley, P. and Moral, S. (1999). Upper probabilities based only on the likelihood function. J. R. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 61, 831–847.

    Google Scholar 

  885. Wang, G. and Li, X. (2000). On the weak convergence of sequences of fuzzy measures and metric of fuzzy measures. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 112, 217–222.

    Google Scholar 

  886. Wang, H. and Li, S. (2013). Some properties and convergence theorems of set-valued Choquet integrals. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 219, 81–97.

    Google Scholar 

  887. Wang, R. (1998). Some properties of sums of independent random sets. Northeast. Math. J. 14, 203–210.

    Google Scholar 

  888. Wang, R. (2001). Essential (convex) closure of a family of random sets and its applications. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 262, 667–687.

    Google Scholar 

  889. Wang, R. and Wang, Z. (1997). Set-valued stationary processes. J. Multivariate Anal. 63, 180–198.

    Google Scholar 

  890. Wang, X. (2013). Large and moderate deviations for random sets and upper semicontinuous functions. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 54, 378–392.

    Google Scholar 

  891. Wang, X., Zhang, Z. and Li, S. (2016). Set-valued and interval-valued stationary time series. J. Multivariate Anal. 145, 208–223.

    Google Scholar 

  892. Wang, Z. P. and Xue, X. H. (1994). On convergence and closedness of multivalued martingales. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 341, 807–827.

    Google Scholar 

  893. Wasserman, L. A. (1990). Belief functions and statistical inference. Canad. J. Statist. 18, 183–196.

    Google Scholar 

  894. Wasserman, L. A. (1990). Prior envelopes based on belief functions. Ann. Statist. 18(1), 454–464.

    Google Scholar 

  895. Wasserman, L. A. and Kadane, J. B. (1990). Bayes’ theorem for Choquet capacities. Ann. Statist. 18, 1328–1339.

    Google Scholar 

  896. Wasserman, L. A. and Kadane, J. B. (1992). Symmetric upper probabilities. Ann. Statist. 20, 1720–1736.

    Google Scholar 

  897. Weil, W. (1982). An application of the central limit theorem for Banach-space-valued random variables to the theory of random sets. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Gebiete 60, 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  898. Weil, W. (1983). Stereology: A survey for geometers. In Convexity and Its Applications, edited by P. M. Gruber and J. M. Wills, 360–412. Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  899. Weil, W. (1995). The estimation of mean shape and mean particle number in overlapping particle systems in the plane. Adv. Appl. Probab. 27, 102–119.

    Google Scholar 

  900. Weil, W. (1997). On the mean shape of particle processes. Adv. Appl. Probab. 29, 890–908.

    Google Scholar 

  901. Weil, W. and Wieacker, J. A. (1984). Densities for stationary random sets and point processes. Adv. Appl. Probab. 16, 324–346.

    Google Scholar 

  902. Weil, W. and Wieacker, J. A. (1987). A representation theorem for random sets. Probab. Math. Statist. 6, 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  903. Wendt, P. D., Coyle, E. J. and Callagher, N. C. (1986). Stack filters. IEEE Trans. Acoustic, Speech and Signal Proc. 34, 898–911.

    Google Scholar 

  904. Whitt, W. (2002). Stochastic-Process Limits. Springer, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  905. Wichura, M. (1970). On the construction of almost uniformly convergent random variables with given weakly convergent image laws. Ann. Math. Statist. 41, 284–291.

    Google Scholar 

  906. Wolfenson, M. and Fine, T. L. (1982). Bayes-like decision making with upper and lower probabilities. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 77, 80–88.

    Google Scholar 

  907. Worsley, K. J. (1995). Boundary corrections for the expected Euler characteristic of excursion sets of random fields, with an application to astrophysics. Adv. Appl. Probab. 27, 943–959.

    Google Scholar 

  908. Worsley, K. J. (1995). Estimating the number of peaks in a random field using the Hadwiger characteristic of excursion sets, with applications to medical images. Ann. Statist. 23, 640–669.

    Google Scholar 

  909. Worsley, K. J. (1995). Local maxima and the expected Euler characteristic of excursion sets of \(\chi ^{2}\), F and t fields. Adv. Appl. Probab. 26, 13–42.

    Google Scholar 

  910. Wschebor, M. (1985). Surface Aléatoires, vol. 1147 of Lect. Notes Math.. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  911. Xu, M. (1996). Set-valued Markov processes and their representation theorem. Northeast. Math. J. 12, 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  912. Yakymiv, A. L. (1981). Multidimensional Tauberian theorems and their application to Bellman-Harris branching processes. Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 115(157)(3), 463–477, 496.

    Google Scholar 

  913. Yannelis, N. C. (1988). Fatou’s lemma in infinite-dimensional spaces. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 102, 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  914. Yosida, K. (1965). Functional Analysis. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  915. Yurachkivsky, A. P. (2003). A functional central limit theorem for the measure of a domain covered by a flow of random sets. Theory Probab. Math. Statist. 67, 169–179.

    Google Scholar 

  916. Zadeh, L. A. (1987). Fuzzy Sets and Applications: Selected Papers. Wiley, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  917. Zadeh, L. A. (1999). Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 100, 9–34.

    Google Scholar 

  918. Zähle, M. (1982). Random processes of Hausdorff rectifiable closed sets. Math. Nachr. 108, 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  919. Zähle, M. (1986). Curvature measures and random sets, II. Probab. Theory Related Fields 71, 37–58.

    Google Scholar 

  920. Zähle, U. (1984). Random fractals generated by random cutouts. Math. Nachr. 116, 27–52.

    Google Scholar 

  921. Zervos, M. (1999). On the epiconvergence of stochastic optimization problems. Math. Oper. Res. 24, 495–508.

    Google Scholar 

  922. Zhang, D., Guo, C. and Liu, D. (2004). Set-valued Choquet integrals revisited. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 147, 475–485.

    Google Scholar 

  923. Zhang, W.-X., Wang, P.-W. and Gao, Y. (1996). Set-Valued Stochastic Processes. Science Publ. Co., Bejing. In Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  924. Zhdanok, T. A. (1983). Extension by continuity of a random function on a random set. Theory of Random Processes 11, 39–41. in Russian.

    Google Scholar 

  925. Zhou, L. (1998). Integral representation of continuous comonotonically additive functionals. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 350, 1811–1822.

    Google Scholar 

  926. Ziat, H. (1997). Martingales renversées et loi forte des grand nombres multivoque pour la topologie de Wijsman. Ann. Sci. Math. Québec 21, 191–201.

    Google Scholar 

  927. Ziegel, J. F., Nyengaard, J. R. and Vedel Jensen, E. B. (2015). Estimating particle shape and orientation using volume tensors. Scand. J. Stat. 42, 813–831.

    Google Scholar 

  928. Ziezold, H. (1977). On expected figures and a strong law of large numbers for random elements in quasi-metric spaces. In Trans. 7th Prague Conf. Inf. Th., Statist. Dec. Func., Random Processes (Prague, 1974)., vol. A, 591–602, Dordrecht. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  929. Zohry, M. (2006). Characterization of set-valued conditional expectation. Math. Nachr. 279, 1376–1382.

    Google Scholar 

  930. Zolotarev, V. M. (1979). Ideal metrics in the problems of probability theory. Austral. N. Z. J. Statist. 21, 193–208.

    Google Scholar 

  931. Zolotarev, V. M. (1997). Modern Theory of Summation of Independent Random Variables. VSP, Utrecht.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  932. Zuyev, S. (1999). Stopping sets: Gamma-type results and hitting properties. Adv. Appl. Probab. 31, 355–366.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag London Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Molchanov, I. (2017). Random Sets and Random Functions. In: Theory of Random Sets. Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling, vol 87. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7349-6_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics