Abstract
“Nonmechanical closed-globe injuries of the inner coatings (the ciliary body, the choroid and the retina) of the globe” has not been defined in the classifications of both BETT (Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology) (Kuhn et al. 2008) and OTCS (Ocular Trauma Classification System) (Pieramici et al. 1997) clearly, and, besides, those can be categorized as follows.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bessette FM, Nguyen LC. Laser light: its nature and its action on the eye. CMAJ. 1989;141:1141–8.
Biro Z, Pamer Z. Electrical cataract and optic neuropathy. Int Ophthalmol. 1994;18:43–7.
Boozalis GT, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, et al. Ocular changes from electrical burn injuries. A literature review and report of cases. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1991;12:458–62.
Buyukyildiz HZ. [Toxic retinopathies and phototoxicity]. Tıbbi Retina, Türk Oftalmoloji Derneği Eğitim Yayınları. 2009;10:461–70.
Cade F, Paschalis EI, Regatieri CV, et al. Alkali burn to the eye: protection using TNF-α inhibition. Cornea. 2014;33:382–9.
Chandra P, Azad R, Pal N, et al. Valsalva and Purtscher’s retinopathy with optic neuropathy in compressive thoracic injury. Eye (Lond). 2005;19:914–5.
Chavanne H. Pseudo hole in the macula due to electric shock. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1958;3:271–5.
Chen KC, Jung JJ, Aizman A. High definition spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in three patients with solar retinopathy and review of the literature. Open Ophthalmol J. 2012;6:29–35.
Chronopoulos A, Lipski A, Jonescu-Cuypers CP, Thumann G. Unusual bilateral traumatic maculopathy following whiplash injury. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;20:2014.
Clarke C, Duff J. Mountain sickness, retinal haemorrhages, and acclimatisation on Mount Everest in 1975. Br Med J. 1976;2:495–7.
Clarkson JG, Flynn HW, Daily MJ. Vitrectomy in Terson’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90:549–52.
Colby K. Ocular burns. In: Porter RS, editor. The Merck and Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. 19th edn.
Curtin TL, Boyden DG. Reflected laser beam causing accidental bum of retina. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;65:188–9.
De Maeyer K, Van Ginderdeuren R, Postelmans L, et al. Sub-inner limiting membrane haemorrhage: causes and treatment with vitrectomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:869–72.
Driscoll CMH, Whillock MJ. The measurement and hazard assessment of sources of incoherent optical radiation. J Radiol Prot. 1990;10:271–8.
Duane TD. Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy. Trans Am Opth Soc. 1972;70:298–313.
Finger PT. Radiation retinopathy is treatable with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab (Avastin). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:974–7.
Frayser R, Houston CS, Bryan AC, et al. Retinal hemorrhage at high altitude. N Engl J Med. 1970;282(21):1183–4.
Garcia-Fernandez M, Castro Navarro J, Gonzalez Castano C. Long-term evaluation of Valsalva Retinopathy: a case series. J Med Case. 2012;6:346.
Garfinkle AM, Danys IR, Nicolle DA, et al. Terson’s syndrome: a reversible cause of blindness following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:766–71.
Glickman RD. Ultraviolet phototoxicity to the retina. Eye Contact Lens. 2011;37:196–205.
Goswani BL. High altitude retinal haemorrhage. Indian J Ophtalmol. 1984;32:321–4.
Hammes S, Augustin A, Raulin C, et al. Pupil damage after periorbital laser treatment of a port wine stain. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:392–4.
Hossein M, Bonyadi J, Soheilian R, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography features of mild and severe acute solar retinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2011;42:e84–6.
Hönemann C, Brandt L. Valsalva retinopathy: a rare complication after general anesthesia. A A Case Rep. 2015;15:231–3.
Hykin PG, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. The efficacy of focal laser therapy in radiation-induced macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1425–9.
Inagaki K, Okhoshi K, Ohde S, et al. Subthreshold micropulse photocoagulation for persistent macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion including best-corrected visual acuity greater than 20/40. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:251–7.
Jayaprakasam A, Matthew R, Toma M et al. Valsalva retinopathy in pregnancy: SD-OCT features during and after Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2011;42 Online:e26-8.
Kelley JS. Whiplash maculopathy. Arch Opht. 1978;96:834–5.
Kirwan RP, Cahill MT. Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy for Valsalva pre-macular haemorrhage. Ir J Med Sci. 2011;80:749–52.
Kourkoumelis N, Tzaphlidou M. Eye safety related to near infrared radiation exposure to biometric devices. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:520–8.
Kuhn F, Morris R, Mester V, et al. Terminology of mechanical injuries: the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT). In: Kuhn F, editor. Ocular traumatology. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer; 2008. p. 1–11.
Ladjimi A, Zaouali S, Messaoud R, et al. Valsalva retinopathy induced by labour. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12:336–8.
Lim ME, Suelzer J, Moorthy RS, et al. Thermal macular injury from a 154 mW green laser pointer. J AAPOS. 2014;18(6):612–4.
McCannel MA. OCT III, imaging of whiplash maculopathy. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(4):531–2.
Markovits AS. Sudden visual loss associated with sexual activity. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:106.
Mehdi Nili Ahmadabadi R, Karkhaneh A, et al. Premacular hemorrhage in Valsalva retinopathy: a study of 21 cases. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2009;21:11–6.
Merriam GR, Szechter A, Focht EF. The effects of ionizing radiations on the eye. Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1972;6:346–85.
Muller PJ, Deck JH. Intraocular and optic nerve sheath hemorrhage in cases of sudden intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 1974;41(2):160–6.
Park SW, Seo MS. Subhyaloid hemorrhage treated with SF6 gas injection. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2004;35:335–7.
Parsons MA, Talbot JF, Mudhar HS, Rutty GN. The pathology of whiplash maculopathy and retinopathy. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2005;1:19–25.
Penha FM, Aggio FB, Bonomo PP. Severe retinal thermal injury after indocyanine green-mediated photothrombosis for central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:887–9.
Pieramici DJ, Sternberg Jr P, Aaberg Sr TM, et al. A system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye (globe). The Ocular Trauma Classification Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:820–31.
Pruett RC, Carvalho AC, Trempe CL. Microhaemorrhagic maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(3):425–32.
Rajagopal J, Shetty SB, Kamath AG, et al. Macular hole following electrical shock injury. Can J Ophthalmol. 2010;45:187–8.
Rathkey AS. Accidental laser burn of the macula. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965;74:346–8.
Sabella P, Bottoni F, Staurenghi G. Spectral-domain OCT evaluation of Nd: YAG laser treatment for Valsalva retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:599–601.
Savar F, Yenice Ö, Kazokoğlu H, et al. [Radiation optic neuropathy]. Turk J Ophtalmol. 2008;38:533–7.
Schultz PN, Sobol WM, Weingiest TA. Long term visual outcome in Terson syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1814–9.
Schumacher GA, Petajan JH. High altitude stress and retinal hemorrhage: relation to vascular headache mechanisms. Arch Environ Health. 1975;30(5):217–21.
Sharifipour F, Baradaran-Rafii A, Idani E, et al. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:823–8.
Sharma RC. Ocular manifestations of high altitude. Indian J Ophthlamol. 1981;29:261–2.
Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T, et al. Thermal injury caused by chandelier fiber probe. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:167–9.
Singh I, Khanna PK, Srivastava MC, et al. Acute mountain sickness. N Engl J Med. 1969;280(4):175–84.
Sliney DH, Wolbarsht ML. Safety with lasers and other optical sources: a comprehensive handbook. New York: Plenum Press; 1980.
Spelsberg H, Hering P, Reinhard T, et al. Bilateral scleral thermal injury: complication after skin laser resurfacing. Arch Ophtlmol. 2000;118:848–50.
Sueke H. Valsalva retinopathy induced by vigorous nightclub dancing. Med J Aust. 2009;190:333.
Stock RA, Savaris SL, de Lima Filho EC, et al. Solar retinopathy without abnormal exposure: case report. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2013;76:118–20.
Tandon M, Aqarwal A, Gupta V, et al. Peripapillary retinal thermal coagulation following electrical injury. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61(5):240–2.
Thapa R, Poudyal G, Crandall AS, et al. Vitreo-retinal disorders at high altitude in Nepal. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2013;5:57–62.
Tirhis H, Caglar C, Yılmazbas P, et al. Argon green laser for Valsalva retinopathy treatment and long-term follow-up of the internal limiting membrane changes in optical coherence tomography. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29:437–8.
Uebbing C, Miller J, Arnold C, Walsh M. Soccer player whiplash maculopathy. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(1):120.
Velikay M, Datlinger P, Stolba U, et al. Retinal detachment with severe vitreoretinopathy in Terson syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(1):35–7.
Voke J. Radiation effects on the eye, part 1: infrared radiation effects on ocular tissue. Optom Today. 1999;9:22–8.
Weinstein GW, Rylander HG. Photocoagulation of the fovea. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1978;76:278–95.
Williams DF, Mieler WF, Williams GA. Posterior segment manifestations of ocular trauma. Retina. 1990;10:35–44.
Yannuzzi LA, Fisher YL, Krueger A, et al. Solar retinopathy: a photobiological and geophysical analysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1987;85:120–58.
Zigman S. Ocular light damage. Photochem Photobiol. 1993;57:1060–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Unal, M., Cakır, A. (2016). Current Concepts and Management of Severely Traumatized Tissues in the Inner Coatings (The Posterior Segment: The Ciliary Body, the Choroid and the Retina) of the Globe: Nonmechanical Injuries. In: Sobacı, G. (eds) Current Concepts and Management of Eye Injuries. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7302-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7302-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-7300-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-7302-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)