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Lithium-ion Battery Materials and Engineering pp 31–62Cite as

Predicting Materials’ Performance

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Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

One of the most vital challenges in lithium-ion battery engineering and manufacturing is related to the accurate prediction of cell’s performance in various conditions (operating and storage temperature range, cycling rates, prolonged cycling, etc.). Macro-kinetic modeling of the processes occurring in the cell made tremendous progress during recent years. At the same time, substantial lack of data on intrinsic kinetic parameters, such as diffusion coefficients, exchange current, and their dependence upon lithium content in the solid materials restrains implementation of modeling. A practical approach to determining the proper form of the kinetic equations is presented in this chapter. This approach is based on interpretation of electrochemical measurements with respect to the structure of the electrode materials, and establishing the kinetic parameters, taking into account the connection between thermodynamic functions and kinetic parameters. The methodology refuses employing the concept of thermodynamic activity, but intensively uses empirical data of open circuit potentials (OCP) of the battery electrodes at varying degree of charge (DoC) measured at various temperatures. These data can also be useful for better understanding and prediction of most favorable voltage range for prolonged battery cycling life, and decrease the risk of catastrophic failures related to overtaxing the battery’s active materials. Several examples of practical accomplishments of this approach are included in this chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    That is, the active materials of the electrodes employed in a lithium-ion cell.

  2. 2.

    The application of concepts discussed in this chapter can be extended onto alloy electrodes where insertion processes can occur, to electrochemical alloys’ formation, etc.

  3. 3.

    Lithium electrode Li+ + e ⇆ Li in the discussed aprotic solutions is assumed to be at equilibrium state.

  4. 4.

    Such case is not fully consistent with the previously given definition of EASP. This inclusion is justified by simplicity and completeness of the system description.

  5. 5.

    The assumption of electrode materials’ conductivity is an intentional oversimplification. In reality, vast majority of lithium-ion electrode materials possess rather low conductivity and neglecting their resistance is incorrect in terms of the strictly mathematic approach to balancing the electrode equations. However, this simplified calculating approach is used for clarity in presentation of a novel concept. For the complete mathematics of transport phenomena pertaining to the simpler electrochemical systems, the reader is directed to J. Newman’s book [34].

  6. 6.

    For the same reasons, only plane diffusion is considered here.

  7. 7.

    The experiments with ultra-low scan rates (few microvolts per second) are beyond the scope of this paragraph but will be touched upon later, in Sect. 2.7.

  8. 8.

    This material has the metallic type of conductivity and extremely flexible crystalline lattice (the lattice can expand along the c axis, doubling the parameter), and can be easily pressed into pellets. The degree of lithium-ion reduction is about 0.7 (i.e., lithium in the crystal is present in 70 % as atoms and 30 % as ions). Thus, layered niobium diselenide is the perfect material for testing the proposed models. In order to eliminate the pores, pellets have been impregnated with molten paraffin-polyethylene alloy under vacuum in all cited works.

  9. 9.

    In the absolute reaction rate theory, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of activated complex, which is in equilibrium with reactants. Thus, the activated complex concentration can be calculated using the corresponding equilibrium constant and, consequently, the activities. This is the reason why the activity coefficients appear in kinetic equations.

  10. 10.

    Unless otherwise noted, the term “current” is equivalent to the “current density” in the following text.

  11. 11.

    The diffusion coefficients found in the Li x Na0.56WO3 bronzes are of the order of magnitude from 10−9 to 10−7 cm2 s−1. Such a high values of the DC would eliminate the rate-capability limitations of the cathode material. So far, however, the high-rate LIB with tungsten bronze-based anode has not been reported.

  12. 12.

    Mars rovers “Spirit” and “Opportunity” as well as other speciality battery consumers employ lithium-ion batteries with cathodes based on this material.

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Acknowledgments

The author is solely responsible for all errors, inconsistencies, misinterpretations, misconceptions, omissions, etc. The author expresses his greatest and warmest gratitude to his teachers: Prof. Adolph A. Ravdel and Prof. Konstantin I. Tikhonov, and to his friends and colleagues: (in alphabetic order) Dr. B.G. Karbassov, Dr. E.Yu. Nikolskaya, Dr. M.Yu. Pozin, Dr. S.I. Shustova, Dr. I.A. Srago, Dr. E.I. Toroshchina, Ms. S.A. Trebukhova, and Dr. E.G. Vinogradova-Volzhinskaya whose great contribution made this review possible.

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  1. Yardney Technical Products, Inc., 2000 South County Trail, East Greenwich, RI, 02818-1530, USA

    Boris Ravdel

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  1. Pawcatuck, Connecticut, USA

    Malgorzata K. Gulbinska

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Ravdel, B. (2014). Predicting Materials’ Performance. In: Gulbinska, M. (eds) Lithium-ion Battery Materials and Engineering. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6548-4_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6548-4_2

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