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Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: Advancement and Applications in Regenerative Medicine

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Abstract

Stem cell research has been hailed for its potential to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine with the ability to regenerate damaged and diseased organs. In addition to offering unprecedented hope in treating many debilitating diseases, stem cells have advanced our understanding of basic biological processes. Intense study on stem cells in the past decade has kindled worthy knowledge about developmental, morphological, and physiological processes that form the basis of tissue and organ formation, maintenance, repair, and regeneration. Today’s medicine generally tries to support or treat injured tissues and organs, but stem cells simply replace them. Stem cell research is complicated and rapidly changing. The correlation of stem cell technology with tissue repair still has a long way to go. Since embryonic stem cells are a thorn inside when it comes to the ethics of therapeutics, stem cells isolated from adult tissues sidestep this issue entirely and have become a potent contemporary source of stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration. Conceptually and from a practical standpoint, the bone marrow has been the most influential source of stem cells that offers a possibility of being used in a wide range of therapeutics. Clinical situations frequently demand stem cells with dependable quality and quantity to treat disorders of cellular degeneration. Challenges to bring advances to the clinical mount have expanded rapidly, engendering new perspectives concerning the identity, origin, and full therapeutic potential of various tissue-specific stem cells.

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Abbreviations

ADAS:

Adipose-derived adult stem cells

AdMSCs:

Adipose mesenchymal stem cells

AIT:

Autologous islet transplantation

ASCs:

Adipose-derived stem cells

AutoHS:

Autologous human serum

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

BM:

Bone marrow

BMI:

Body mass index

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BMSC:

Bone marrow stem cell

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CAL:

Cell-assisted lipotransfer

CAM:

Cell adhesion molecule

CCl4:

Carbon tetrachloride

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CNS:

Central nervous system

DEX:

Dexamethasone

DMD:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

DMEM-HG:

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium–high glucose

DMEML-G:

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium–low glucose

EBP:

Enhancer-binding protein

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FGFs:

Fibroblast growth factors

GGF:

Glial growth factor

GPDH:

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GVHD:

Graft-versus-host disease

HA-TCP:

Hydroxyapatite/ tricalcium phosphate

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

hMADS:

Multipotent adipose-derived stem cells

IBMX:

3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

IFATS:

International Fat Applied Technology Society

IFN:

Interferon

ISCT:

International Society for Cellular Therapy

MEM:

Minimal essential media

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PLA:

Processed lipoaspirate

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PPARγ, LPL:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, lipoprotein lipase

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

SF:

Subcutaneous fat

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SVF:

Stromal vascular fraction

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TTR:

Transthyretin

UCP1:

Uncoupling protein 1

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

vWF:

von Willebrand factor

WAT:

White adipose tissue

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Stem cells, National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500007, India

    Somasundaram Indumathi PhD

  2. Lifeline RIGID Hospitals, Kilpauk, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600010, India

    Somasundaram Indumathi PhD, Rashmi Mishra M.Tech, Radhakrishnan Harikrishnan B.Tech & Marappagounder Dhanasekaran PhD

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany

    Rashmi Mishra M.Tech

  4. Translational Oncology of Solid Tumours, Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, AG Stein, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch, Berlin, 13125, Germany

    Radhakrishnan Harikrishnan B.Tech

  5. Stemcell Banking and Therapeutics, Ree Laboratories Private Limited, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400053, India

    Marappagounder Dhanasekaran PhD

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  1. Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India

    Niranjan Bhattacharya

  2. Boston University School of Medicine, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA

    Phillip George Stubblefield

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Indumathi, S., Mishra, R., Harikrishnan, R., Dhanasekaran, M. (2015). Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: Advancement and Applications in Regenerative Medicine. In: Bhattacharya, N., Stubblefield, P. (eds) Regenerative Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_10

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