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Neurodevelopment Alterations, Neurodegeneration, and Immunoinflammatory Patterns in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

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Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Abstract

Schizophrenia is a highly disabling syndrome, with frequent onset in the first half of adult life. As for other major psychoses, the etiology of schizophrenia is supposed to involve a gene–environment interaction. In terms of pathophysiology, however, immune alterations have been repeatedly reported in schizophrenic patients, involving both the unspecific and specific pathways of the immune system and suggesting that infectious/autoimmune processes play an important role in the development of the disorder. In such perspective, it seems that schizophrenia may be associated with an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines. Alterations in the inflammatory and immune systems, moreover, seem to be already present in the early stages of schizophrenia, likely connected to specific neurodevelopmental abnormalities, which identify the roots of the disorder during brain development with consequences that do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. At the same time, neuropathological studies and longitudinal observation in schizophrenia, showing progressive losses of gray matter in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, also support a neurodegenerative hypothesis, and, more recently, a novel mixed hypothesis, integrating the aforementioned models, has been put forward.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy

    Bernardo Dell’Osso MD, Gregorio Spagnolin MD, Neva E. Suardi MD & A. Carlo Altamura MD

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  1. Bernardo Dell’Osso MD
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  2. Gregorio Spagnolin MD
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  3. Neva E. Suardi MD
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  4. A. Carlo Altamura MD
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Correspondence to Bernardo Dell’Osso MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology Unit, Alzheimer Center, Neurology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy

    Daniela Galimberti

  2. Neurology Unit, Alzheimer Center, Neurology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy

    Elio Scarpini

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Dell’Osso, B., Spagnolin, G., Suardi, N.E., Altamura, A.C. (2014). Neurodevelopment Alterations, Neurodegeneration, and Immunoinflammatory Patterns in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. In: Galimberti, D., Scarpini, E. (eds) Neurodegenerative Diseases. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_13

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