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Advanced Transport Systems: Future Concepts

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Abstract

This chapter describes five concepts of future advanced transport systems: (i) PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) systems; (ii) UFT (Underground Freight Transport) systems; (iii) ETT (Evacuated Tube Transport) system; (iv) advanced ATC (Air Traffic Control) technologies and procedures for increasing airport runway capacity; and (v) advanced STA (Supersonic Transport Aircraft).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The supersonic speed is greater than the speed of sound, which depends on the air ambient temperature. For example, at the sea level with standard temperature of 15 °C, it is 1,225 km/h; at the cruising altitudes of most commercial jets and supersonic aircraft of 11,000–20,000 m with temperature of −57 °C, it is 1,062 km/h.

  2. 2.

    The information is collected from different sources including websites, which are not particularly cited.

  3. 3.

    In general, the internal pressure can be estimated as: σ = zγ, where γ is the average specific weight and z is the depth of the soil. This implies that the internal pressure increases linearly with increasing of the depth of soil. For example, if the average specific weight of soil is: γ = 20 kN/m3 and the depth: z = 30 m, the resulting vertical pressure on the upper wall of a pipe/tunnel located there will be: σ = 20 × 30 = 600 N/m2 (Pa). In addition, the weight of surface constructions (pavements, tracks, buildings, etc.,) need to be added. The other is the lateral pressure component by the surrounding soil at a given depth.

  4. 4.

    ‘Vacuum’ is defined as an air-free or almost the air-free space.

  5. 5.

    At present, these are designed pilotless aircraft, but due to transmitted electronic means and/or their autonomous on-board flight management control system, they do not need active intervention by a pilot-flight controller.

  6. 6.

    Generally, for the period (2011–2030/31), both Boeing and Airbus predict annual APT growth in terms of RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilometers) of about 5 % (Airbus 2012; Boeing 2012).

  7. 7.

    Economic viability implies the system’s ability to cover its costs. Environmental acceptability implies at least not additionally contributing to impacts on environment and society. Safety means operating without incidents and accidents due to known reasons.

  8. 8.

    The base for estimating GDP in Europe and North America during the period 2030–2051 has been GDP in 2011 (CIA 2012). The average annual growth rate of GDP in both areas is assumed to be 3 % over the 2011–2051 period.

  9. 9.

    The earliest, De Havilland DHC-6 and DHC-8, were certified as STOL (Short Take-Off and Landing) aircraft. Later, regional aircraft Cessna Citation, BAe RJ 85/100, Fokker 50, Dornier 328, Embraer ERJ 135/170, and recently the larger Airbus A318 were certified for the steeper GS angle of 5.50 (EC 2005; TC 2004).

  10. 10.

    Concorde commercially operated during the 1976–2003 period and TY144D during the 1977–1983 period (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144).

  11. 11.

    The specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of a given material/substance by 1 °C. This capacity of air for temperatures (−50–400 °C) ranges from 1.005 to 1.068 kJ/kg°K).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Transport and Planning Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Milan Janić

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Janić, M. (2014). Advanced Transport Systems: Future Concepts. In: Advanced Transport Systems. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6287-2_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6287-2_6

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