Skip to main content

Chronic Pain: An Overview of Causes and Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlas of Operative Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery

Abstract

The aetiology of posttraumatic chronic facial pain and headache is varied. It may have its origins because of the initial injury or as a result of the management that came after. Not all cases should therefore be managed by the prescription of analgesia alone. Causes of pain and headache can be considered as inflammatory, musculoskeletal, neuropathic and vascular. The underlying mechanisms (and therefore treatments) are varied and include various lesions to both the peripheral and central nervous system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Reading

  • Cheng N-C, Lai D-M, Hsie M-H, Liao S-L, Chen Y-B. Intraosseous hemangiomas of the facial bone. Plastic Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:2366–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conover LG, Grammond JR. Tympanic plate fracture from mandibular trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985;43:292–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ. Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:1–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Carpentier JP, Flanagan P, Hargreaves SP, Timms MS. An unusual cause of facial pain. J Laryngol. 1996;110(8):796–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dellon AL. Resection: nerve repairs most neglected technique. Plast Surg Techn. 1995;1:191–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellon AL, Mackinnon S. Treatment of the painful neuroma by neuroma resection and muscle implantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:427–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dellon AL, Maloney CT Jr. Denervation of the painful temporomandibular joint. J Craniofac Surg. 2006;17:828–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eljamel MS, Foy PM. Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection. Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4:381–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogaca WC, Fereirra MC, Dellon AL. Infraorbital nerve injury associated with zygoma fractures: documentation with neurosensory testing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:834–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez J, Raju S, Riley J, Boulis M. Introduction to neuropathic pain syndromes. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2014;25(4):639–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakim SG, Bruecker CWR, Jacobsen H, Hermes D, Lauer I, Eckerle S, Froehlich A, Sieg P. The value of FDG-PET and bone scintigraphy with SPECT in the primary diagnosis and follow-up of patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35(9):809–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(9):1267–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug RH, Assael LA. Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59(4):370–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalgia. 2013;33(9):629–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heir GM, Park RC, Singer SR. Orofacial pain due to rare interosseous hemangioma first diagnosed as secondary to trauma. Quintessence Int. 2016;47(8):669–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Classification of chronic pain. 2nd ed. 2011. Available at: http://www.iasp-pain.org/PublicationsNews/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1673.

  • Janetta PJ. Arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1967;26:159–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koudstaal MJ, van der Wal KG, Bijvoet HW. Post-trauma mucocele formation in the frontal sinus: a rationale of follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:751–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar R, Younis R, Long T. Functional endonasal sinus surgery in adults and children. Laryngoscope. 1993;103:1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loh F, Tan K. Auditory canal haemorrhage following mandibular condylar fracture. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;29:12–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J, Worthington HV. Oro-facial pain in the community: prevalence and associated impact. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:52–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackinnion SE, Dellon AL. Surgery of the peripheral nerve. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan EM, Janig W, Devor M, Michaelis M. Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature. 1993;363:543–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao J. Translational pain research: achievements and challenges. J Pain. 2009;10:1001–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onerci M, Ogretmenogiu O, Yilmaz T. Glass in the frontal sinus: report of three cases. J Laryngol Otol. 1997;111(2):156–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penas-Prado M, Martinez-Salio A, Porta-Etessam J, Villarejo-Galende A, Garcia-Ramos R, Daiz-Diaz RA, Moreno-Ramos T. Rev Neurol. 2007;44(2):89–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rockliff BW, Davis EH. Controlled sequential trials of carbamazepine (tegretol) in trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1966;29(3):265–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz J, Woolf CJ. Can we conquer pain? Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:1062–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sindou M, Leston J, Decullier E, Chapuis F. Microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia: long-term effectiveness and prognostic factors in a series of 362 consecutive patients with clear cut neurovascular conflicts who underwent pure decompression. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:1144–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivori LA 2nd, de Leeuw R, Morgan I, Cunningham LL Jr. Complications of frontal sinus fractures with emphasis on chronic craniofacial pain and its treatment: a review of 43 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(9):2041–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin K, Nersesyan H, Colpan M, Munawar N. Current algorithm for the surgical treatment of facial pain. Head Face Med. 2007;3:30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stajcic Z, Todorovic L. Is carbamazepine less effective in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia when prescribed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons? Anesth Prog. 1997;44:55–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff M, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L, Kruger A. An epidemiologic comparison of pain. Pain. 2007;127:278–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall PD, Melzack R. Textbook of pain. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1984. p. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber RA, Breidenbach WC, Brown RE, Jabaley ME, Mass DP. A randomized prospective study of polyglycolic acid conduits for digital nerve reconstruction in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(5):1036–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wistrom J, Norrby SR, Myhre E. Frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in 2462 antibiotic-treated hospitalised patients: a prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:43–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yelverton JC, Jackson P, Schmidt RS. Chronic rhinosinusitis in patients requiring surgical repair of a midface fracture. Ear Nose Throat J. 2014;93(9):E26–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Barry, T., Perry, M. (2020). Chronic Pain: An Overview of Causes and Management. In: Perry, M., Holmes, S. (eds) Atlas of Operative Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5616-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5616-1_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5615-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5616-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics