Abstract
In addition to controlling the plasma parameters, we must control particle flow and power flow. Particle flow includes supply of DT fuel to the plasma core, removal of helium “ash”, and dealing with impurities from the walls, to maintain fuel density and avoid excessive radiation losses. Large power flows must be controlled and accommodated by the walls, limiter, and divertor; and plasma instabilities may concentrate high powers in small areas, causing material failures. Several tokamak divertor concepts are being modeled by computers and tested experimentally, including single null, double null, super X, and snowflake configurations, cooled by flowing helium in “T-tubes” or “fingers”. Liquid lithium wall coatings appear to benefit power and particle control in some experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdel-Khalik S et al (2008) Experimental validation of thermal performance of gas-cooled divertors. International high heat flux components workshop, La Jolla, CA, 10–12 Dec 2008
Asakura N et al (2010) Power exhaust simulation for the Slim CS divertor with the SONIC code. ARIES Town meeting on edge plasma physics and plasma material interactions in the fusion power plant regime, University of California, San Diego, May 2010
ASDEX Team (1989) The H Mode of ASDEX, Nuclear Fusion 29, 1959, Fig. 20
Canik JM, Maingi R, Kubota S, Ren Y, Bell RE, Callen JD, Guttenfelder W, Kugel HW, LeBlanc BP, Osborne TH, Soukhanovskii VA (2013) Edge transport and turbulence reduction with lithium coated plasma facing components in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Phys Plasmas 18:056118, Fig. 2. Reprinted with permission from American Institute of Physics, Copyright 2011
Cavinato M et al (2008) ITER vertical stabilization system, Symposium on Fusion Technology 2008, P3.20
Dolan TJ (1982) Fusion research, Chap. 25. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York
Dolan TJ (2011) Influence of scrape-off layer on plasma confinement. Phys Plasmas 18:032509
Dolan TJ (2012) Lithium deuteride/lithium tritide pellet injection. Fusion Sci Technol 61:240–247
Federici G, Andrew P, Barabaschi P, Brooks J, Doerner R, Geier A, Herrmann A, Janeschitz G, Krieger K, Kukushkin AS, Loarte A, Neu R, Saibene G, Shimada M, Strohmayer G, Sugihara M (2003) Key ITER plasma edge and plasma–material interaction issues. J Nucl Mater 313–316:11–22
Greuner H, Boswirth B, Boscary J, Hofmann G, Mendelevitch B, Renner H, Rieck R (2003) Final design of W7-X divertor plasma facing components—tests and thermo-mechanical analysis of baffle prototypes. Fusion Eng Des 66–68:447–452
Hazeltine R, Hill D, Neilson H et al (2009) Research needs for magnetic fusion energy devices. In: Report of the research needs workshop (ReNeW), Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy, Bethesda, Maryland, 9–12 June 2009
Hennen BA et al (2009) A closed-loop control system for stabilization of MHD events on TEXTOR. Fusion Eng Des 84:928–934
Ihli T (2008) Divertors. KIT Summer School on Fusion Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1–12 Sept 2008
International Atomic Energy Agency (2011) 8th technical meeting on control, data acquisition and remote participation for fusion research, San Francisco, CA, USA, 20–24 June 2011
Jaworski M, Gray TK, Antonelli M, Kim JJ, Lau CY, Lee MB, Neumann MJ, Xu W, Ruzic DN (2010) Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic stirring of liquid metals. Phys Rev Lett 104:094503
Jensen RV, Post RE, Jassby DL (1978) Critical impurity concentrations for power multiplication in beam-heated toroidal fusion reactors. Nucl Sci Eng 65:282–289. Copyright by the American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois, USA, 1979
JET Team (Prepared by Monk RD) (1999) Recent results from divertor and scrape-off layer studies at JET. Nucl Fusion 39:1751
Kapitza PL (1979) Plasma and the controlled thermonuclear reaction. Science 205:959–964
Kotschenreuther M, Mahajan S, Valanju SP, Covelle B (2010) Divertor issues and magnetic geometry on FNSF. FNST/PFC/MASCO meeting, 2–6 Aug 2010. http://www.fusion.ucla.edu/FNST/
Krasheninnikov SI, Zakharov LE, Pereverzev GV (2003) On lithium walls and the performance of magnetic fusion devices. Phys Plasmas 10:1678–1682
Loarte A, Lipschultz B, Kukushkin AS et al (2007) Chapter 4: Power and particle control. Nucl Fusion 47:S2003–S263, Fig. 18a
Lehnert B (1973) Stability of plasmas penetrated by neutral gas, Nucl Fusion 13:781–791
Lore JD, Canik JM, Harris JH, Tipton J, Lumsdaine A (2011) Physics design calculations for the W7-X divertor scraper element, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Presentation, U.S. Department of Energy, 17 Aug 2011
Mansfield DK, Strachan JD, Bell MG, Scott SD, Budny R et al (1995) Enhanced performance of deuterium-tritium-fueled supershots using extensive lithium conditioning in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Phys Plasmas 2:4252
Maruyama S (2010) ITER fueling system, Karlsruhe Summer School on Fusion Technology, 13 Sept 2010
Milora SL, Foster CA (1978) IEEE Trans Plasma Sci PS-6:578–582
Milora SL, Houlberg WA, Lengyel LL, Mertens V (1995) Review paper—pellet fueling. Nucl Fusion 35:657–754
Mitri M, Nicolai D, Neubauer O, Lambertz HT, Schmidt I, Khilchenko A, Schweer B, Maier U, Samm U (2009) Optimized plasma stabilization at TEXTOR with an advanced, real-time digital control scheme. Fusion Eng Des 84:1329–1332
Moir RW (1997) Liquid first walls for magnetic fusion energy configurations, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JC-125098. Nucl Fusion 37:557–566
Moir RW (2000) Liquid walls for fusion reaction chambers. Comments Plasma Phy Control Fusion, Comments Mod Phys 2:99–111
Neto A, Sartori F, Piccolo F, Barbalace A, Vitelli R, Fernandes H (2009) Linux real-time framework for fusion devices. Fusion Eng Des 84:1408–1411 JET-EFDA
Norajitra P (2008) EU divertor concepts for fusion power plants, KIT Summer School on Fusion Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1–12 Sept 2008
Oh YS et al (2008) Corsica-based optimal current profile control in DIII-D. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Fusion Technology (SOFT), P3.27
Ono M, Bell MG, Hirooka Y, Kaita R, Kugel HW, Mazzitelli G, Menard JE, Mirnov SV, Shimada M, Skinner CH, Tabares FL (2012) Conference report on the 2nd international symposium on lithium applications for fusion devices. Nucl Fusion 52:037001, 7 pp
Pégourié B (2007) Review: pellet injection experiments and modeling. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 49:R87
Penaflor BG, Ferron JR, Walker ML, Humphreys DA, Leuer JA, Piglowski DA, Johnson RD, Xiao BJ, Hahn SH, Gates DA (2008) Worldwide collaborative efforts in plasma control software development. Fusion Eng Des 83:176–180
Penaflor BG, Ferron JR, Walker ML, Humphreys DL, Leuer JA, Piglowski DA, Johnson RD, Xiao BJ, Hahn SH, Gates DA (2009) Extending the capabilities of the DIII-D Plasma Control System for worldwide fusion research collaborations. Fusion Eng Des 84:1484–1487
Pitts RA (2010) Key physics and materials aspects of plasma-wall interactions in ITER. ITER-IAEA technical meeting: ITER materials and technologies, Monaco, 25 November
Podesta M, Bell RE, Diallo A, LeBlanc BP, Scotti F, NSTX Team (2012) Measurements of core lithium concentration in a Li-conditioned tokamak with carbon walls. Nucl Fusion 52:033008, 7 pp
Raffray AR, El-Guebaly L, Malang S, Sviatoslavsky I, Tillack MS, Wang X, ARIES Team (2007) Advanced power core system for the ARIES-AT power plant. Fusion Eng Des 82:217–236, Fig. 19
Raffray AR, Abdel-Khalik S, Ihli T, Malang S, Wang X (2008a) Example of US PFC/Divertor concepts for power plants. International high heat flux components workshop on readiness to proceed from near term fusion systems to power plants, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 10–12 Dec 2008
Raffray AR, El-Guebaly L, Malang S, Wang XR, Bromberg L, Ihli T, Merrill B, Waganer L, ARIES-CS Team (2008b) Engineering design and analysis of the ARIES-CS power plant. Fusion Sci Technol 54(3):725–746, Fig. 18
Raffray AR (2009) Fusion energy sciences advisory committee meeting, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 13 Jan 2009
Raman R (2006) Advanced fueling system for use as a burn control tool in a burning plasma device. Fusion Sci Technol 50:84
Raman R (2008) Advanced fueling system for ITER. Fusion Eng Des 83:1368–1374
Rieth M, Hoffmann A (2008) Tungsten as structural material for power plant high heat flux components. In: International high heat flux components workshop, La Jolla, CA, 10–12 Dec 2008
Rognlien TD (2008) Empirical and modeling scalings of SOL/divertor profiles. In: International high heat-flux component workshop, UCSD, San Diego, CA, 10–12 Dec 2008
Ruzic DN, Xu W, Andruczyk D, Jaworski MA (2011) Lithium-metal infused trenches (LiMIT) for heat removal in fusion devices. Nucl Fusion 51:102002, 4 pp
Ryutov DD (2007) Geometrical properties of a ‘snowflake’ divertor. Phys Plasmas 14:064502
Ryutov DD (2010) Snowflake divertors for power plants. In: ARIES Workshop, San Diego, CA, 20–21 May 2010
Sharafat S, Mills S, Youchison D, Nygren R, Williams B, Ghoniem B (2007) Ultra Low Pressure-Drop Helium-Cooled Porous-Tungsten PFC. Fusion Sci Technol 52(3):559–565, Fig. 6. Copyright by the American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois, USA, 1979
Snipes JA, Campbell DJ, Haynes PS, Hender TC, Hugon M, Lomas PJ, Lopes Cardozo NJ, Nave MFF, Schuller FC (1988) Large amplitude quasi-stationary MHD modes in jet. Nucl Fusion 28:1085, Fig. 2, p 1087
Tillack MS, Raffray AR, Wang XR, Malang S, Abdel-Khalik S, Yoda M, Youchison D (2011) Recent US activities on advanced He-cooled W-alloy divertor concepts for fusion power plants. Fusion Eng Des 86:71–98, Fig. 1
Umansky MV, Rognlien TD, Ryutov DD, Snyder PB (2010) Edge plasma in snowflake divertor. Contrib Plasma Phys 50:350
Valanju PM, Kotschenreuther M, Mahajan SM (2010) Super X divertors for solving heat and neutron flux problems of fusion devices. Fusion Eng Des 85:46–52
Suttrop W et al (2008) In-vessel saddle coils for MHD control in ASDEX Upgrade, SOFT, O5.2
Wang XR, Malang S, Raffray AR, Team ARIES (2009) Design optimization of high-performance helium-cooled divertor plate concept. Fusion Sci Technol 56:1023
Wang XR, Malang S, Tillack MS, Team Aries (2011) High performance divertor target plate for a power plant: a combination of plate and finger concepts. Fusion Sci Technol 60:218
Wang XR, Malang S, Tillack MS, Burke J, ARIES Team (2012) Recent improvements of the helium-cooled W-based divertor for fusion power plants. Fusion Eng Des 87:732–736, Fig. 1
Wesson J (2011) Tokamaks, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Clarendon
Yu DL, Chen CY, Yao LH, Feng BB, Han XY (2010) Penetration characteristics of supersonic molecular beam injection on HL-2A tokamak. Nucl Fusion 50:035009, 9 pp, Fig. 1
Zakharov LE, Gorelenkov NN, White RB, Krasheninnikov SI, Pereverzev GV (2004) Ignited spherical tokamaks and plasma regimes with Li walls. Fusion Eng Des 72:149–168
Zakharov LE, Li J, Wu Y (2010) Fusion-fission research facility (FFRF) as a practical step toward hybrids. In: Proceedings of the 18th conference on nuclear engineering ICONE18-30269, 17–21 May 2010, Xi’an, China, © American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Zakharov LE (2011a) Li wall fusion—the new concept of magnetic fusion. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Series Thermonuclear Fusion, Vol 1, pp 29–38
Zakharov LE (2011b) Basics of fusion-fission research facility (FFRF) as a fusion neutron source. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Report 4629
Zakharov LE, Li J, Wu Y (2011c) Fusion–fission research facility (FFRF) as a practical step toward hybrids. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Series Thermonuclear Fusion, vol 3, pp 27–37
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dolan, T.J. (2013). Control Systems. In: Dolan, T. (eds) Magnetic Fusion Technology. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 19. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5556-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5556-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5555-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5556-0
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)