Introduction

Abstract

Computer programs are written for solving problems on computers. Each program has input(s) and output(s) and is based on an algorithm that describes the procedure to attack and solve a given problem. Efficiency and accuracy are two aspects that should be considered carefully when implementing algorithms and writing programs. In addition to inputs and outputs, programs often contain constants and variables that are not visible to users. Each of these items (inputs, outputs, constants, and variables) can be a scalar, vector or matrix. This introductory chapter starts with the programming concept, where we discuss various aspects of programs and algorithms. We consider a simple omelette-cooking algorithm to understand the basic principles of programming. Then, we list the common properties of computer programs, followed by some notes on programming in R, particularly by using the function concept. Finally, matrices and vectors, as well as their representations in R, are briefly discussed.