Abstract
Purpose
Security of supply is a relatively outdated concept for the twenty-first-century electricity systems in a low-carbon future. Resilience is proposed as an alternative, and application of the term to the UK electricity system is discussed.
Approach
Security of supply within the context of the UK electricity system is described. Key pressures on the UK electricity system to develop towards a low-carbon future are explained, and a justification is made that security of supply should be replaced with the concept of resilience. Resilience is described, along with technology transitions.
Findings
It is proposed that resilience as a concept offers greater flexibility to represent a changing concept of acceptable performance for an electricity system. Additionally, resilience as a concept incorporates all scales, from macro-level socioeconomic landscape to micro-level local issues.
Practical Implications
Further research is needed to provide a practical framework within which resilience of an electricity system can be described. This framework does not lend itself to a single indicator of resilience and the framework is likely to comprise qualitative as well as quantitative aspects.
This study investigates the policy approaches to electricity sector security in the UK and proposes electricity sector resilience as a more appropriate policy focus. Historical approaches to electricity sector security are described, approaches to resilience in other disciplines are considered, and a framework for the use of electricity sector resilience is proposed, all within the context of the UK as it makes the transition to a lower carbon energy future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amin M (2002) Toward secure and resilience interdependent infrastructures. J Infrastruct Syst 8(3):67–75
Amin M (2008) Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency and resilience of energy infrastructure: toward smart self-healing electric power grid. In: Conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century: power and energy society general meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, 20–24 July 2008
Barrett M, Bradshaw M, Froggatt A, Mitchell C, Parag Y, Stirling A, Watson J, Winzer C (2010) Energy security in a multi-polar world. Available at http://www.exeter.ac.uk/energysecurity/research.shtml. Accessed 17 July 2010
Bloomfield R, Chozos N, Nobles P (2009a) Infrastructure interdependency analysis: requirements, capabilities and strategy. Adelard, London
Bloomfield R, Chozos N, Nobles P (2009b) Infrastructure interdependency analysis: introductory research review. Adelard, London
Brand FS, Jax K (2007) Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecol Soc 12(1), article 23
Cabinet Office (2008) Learning lessons from the 2007 floods (The Pitt Review). Cabinet Office, London
Chaudry M, Ekins P, Ramachandran K, Shakoor A, Skea J, Strbac G, Wang X, Whitaker J (2009) Building a resilient UK energy system (Working paper REF UKERC/WP/ES/2009/023). UK Energy Research Centre, London
Chiaradonna S, Di Giandomenico F, Lollini P (2011) Definition, implementation and application of a model-based framework for analyzing interdependencies in electric power systems. Int J Crit Infrastruct Prot 4:24–40
Chingcuanco F, Miller EJ (2012) A microsimulation model of urban energy use: modelling residential space heating demand in ILUTE. Comput Environ Urban Syst 36(2):186–194
Climate Change Act 2008 (2008) Elizabeth II, chap 27. The Stationary Office, London
Coaffee J (2008) Risk, resilience, and environmentally sustainable cities. Energy Policy 36:4633–4638
Cohen G, Joutz F, Loungani P (2011) Measuring energy security: trends in the diversification of oil and natural gas supplies. Energy Policy 39:4860–4869
Cote M, Nightingale AJ (2012) Resilience thinking meets social theory: situating change in socio-ecological systems (SES) research. Prog Hum Geogr 36(4):475–489. doi:10.1177/0309132511425708
Council of the European Union (2008) Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection (text with EEA relevance). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Davoudi S (2012) Resilience: a bridging concept or a dead end? Plan Theory Pract Interface 13(2):299–307
De Bruijne M, van Eeten M (2007) Systems that should have failed: critical infrastructure protection in an institutionally fragmented environment. J Contingencies Crisis Manage 15(1):18–29
De Graco Carvalho M (2012) EU energy policy and climate change strategy. Energy 40:19–22
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2009a) The UK low carbon transition plan: national strategy for climate and energy. The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2009b) The UK renewable energy strategy (CM 7686). The Stationary Office, Norwich
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2009c) Smarter grids: the opportunity. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2010) 2050 pathways analysis (URN 10D/764). The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011a) UK energy sector indicators 2011. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011b) Planning our electric future: a white paper for secure, affordable and now-carbon electricity (CM8099). The Stationary Office, Norwich
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011c) Overarching national policy statement for energy (EN-1). The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011d) National policy statement for electricity networks infrastructure (EN-5). The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011e) National policy statement for renewable energy infrastructure (EN-3). The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011f) Statutory security of supply report. A report produced jointly by DECC and Ofgem. The Stationary Office, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011g) Business plan 2011–2015. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London
Department of Energy and Climate Change (2011h) Annual report of fuel poverty statistics 2011. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London
Department of Trade and Industry (2003) Energy white paper. Our energy future – creating a low carbon economy. TSO, Norwich
Egan MJ (2007) Anticipating future vulnerability: defining characteristics of increasingly critical infrastructure-like systems. J Contingencies Crisis Manage 15(1):4–17
Electricity Networks Strategy Group (2009) A smart grid vision. Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/SGF/Pages/SGF.aspx. Accessed 1 May 2012
Electricity Networks Strategy Group (2010) A smart grid routemap. Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Networks/SGF/Pages/SGF.aspx. Accessed 1 May 2012
Electricity Networks Strategy Group (2012). Our electricity transmission network: a vision for 2020. URN: 11D/954. Electricity Networks Strategy Group, Place unknown
Energy Act 2010 (2010) Elizabeth II, chap 27. The Stationary Office, London
Energy Act 2011 (2011) Elizabeth II, chap 16. The Stationary Office, London
European Commission (2010a) The EU climate and energy package. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm. Accessed 5 Jan 2012
European Commission (2010b) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond – a blueprint for an integrated European energy network. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Commission (2011) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Security of energy supply and international cooperation – the EU energy policy: engaging with partners beyond our borders. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2006) Decision No 1364/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 laying down guidelines for trans-European energy networks and repealing Decision 96/391/EC and Decision No 1229/2003/EC. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Fiskel J (2003) Designing resilience, sustainable systems. Environ Sci Technol 37:5330–5339
Frantzeskaki N, Loorbach D (2010) Towards governing infrasystem transitions: reinforcing lock-in or facilitating change? Technol Forecast Soc Change 77:1292–1301
Geels FW (2002) Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res Policy 31:1257–1274
Genus A, Coles A (2008) Rethinking the multi-level perspective of technological transitions. Res Policy 37(9):1436–1445
Goldthau A, Sovacool BK (2012) The uniqueness of the energy security, justice, and governance problem. Energy Policy 41:232–240
Grave K, Paulus M, Lindenberger D (2012) A method for estimating security of electricity supply from intermittent sources: scenarios for Germany until 2030. Energy Policy 46:193–202
Grubb M, Butler L, Sinden G (2005) Diversity and security in UK electricity generation: the influence of low carbon objectives (Cambridge working papers in economics). Cambridge University, Cambridge
Grubb M, Butler L, Twomey P (2006) Diversity and security in UK electricity generation: the influence of low-carbon objectives. Energy Policy 34:4050–4062
Gunderson LH, Holling CS (2002) Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, DC
Hammond GP, Waldron R (2008) Risk assessment of UK electricity supply in a rapidly evolving energy sector. Proc Inst Mech Eng A J Power Energy 222(7):623–642
HM Government (2010) A strong Britain in an age of uncertainty: the national security strategy. CM7953. The Stationary Office, London
HM Treasury (2010) National infrastructure plan 2010. HM Treasury, London
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2011) Key world energy statistics. International Energy Agency, Paris
MENA-OECD Investment Programme (2011) Socio-economic context and impact of the 2011 events in the Middle East and North Africa region. Paris, OECD. Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/32/49171115.pdf. Accessed 21 May 2012
Ipakchi A, Albuyeh F (2009) Grid of the future. Are we ready to transition to a smart grid? IEEE Power Energy Mag March/April:52–62
Issac M, van Vuuren DP (2009) Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy 37(2):507–521
Jamasb T, Pollitt M (2008) Security of supply and regulation of energy networks. Energy Policy 36:4584–4589
Jansen JC, Seebregts AJ (2010) Long-term energy services security: what is it and how can it be measured and valued? Energy Policy 38(4):1654–1664
Karlsson K, Balyk O, Morthorst PE, Labriet M (2010) Energy scenarios for Denmark and Europe. In: Larsen H, Petersen LS (eds) Risø energy report 9. Non-fossil energy technologies in 2050 and beyond. Risø, Roskild
Kirschen D, Strbac G (2004) Why investments do not prevent blackouts. Electricity J 17(2):29–36
La Porte TM (2006) Organizational strategies for complex systems resilience, reliability and adaptation. In: Auerswald PE, Branscomb LM, La Porte TM, Michel-Kerjan EO (eds) Seeds of disaster, roots of response: how private action can reduce public vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Moreno R, Strbac G, Porrua F, Mocarquer S, Bezerra B (2010a) Making room for the boom. Power Energy Mag 8(5):36–46
Moreno R, Pudjianto D, Strbac G (2010b) Future transmission network operation and design standards to support a low carbon electricity system. In: Power and energy society general meeting, Minneapolis, 25–29 July 2010
National Grid (2011) National electricity transmission system security and quality of supply standard version 2.1. Available at http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/784F2DFC-133A-41CD-A624-952EF4CCD29B/45776/NETSSQSS_v21_March2011.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2012
National Energy Action (2008) Fuel poverty and energy efficiency. Available at http://www.nea.org.uk/fuel-poverty-and-energy-efficiency/. Accessed 25 Apr 2012
Newell B, Marsh DM, Sharma D (2011) Enhancing the resilience of the Australian national electricity market: taking a systems approach in policy development. Ecol Soc 16(2), article 15
Nuttal WJ, Manz DL (2008) A new energy security paradigm for the twenty-first century. Technol Forecast Soc Change 75:1247–1259
O’Brien G, Hope A (2010) Localism and energy: negotiating approaches to embedding resilience in energy systems. Energy Policy 38:7550–7558
O’Rourke TD (2007) Critical infrastructure, interdependencies, and resilience. The Bridge Spring:22–29
Office for National Statistics (2011) Social trends no. 41 2011 edition. Available at http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/search/index.html?newquery=social+trends+41. Accessed 2 May 2012
OFGEM (2005a) 2001/02 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=6&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2005b) 2002/03 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=8&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2005c) 2003/04 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=7&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2005d) 2004/05 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=5&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2007a) 2005/06 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=1&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2007b) 2006/07 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=133&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2008a) Transmission annual report for 2006–07. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2008b) 2007/08 Electricity distribution quality of service data (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=138&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 02 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2008c) Transporting Britain’s energy: Ofgem’s perspective. Available at http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/5D4255D2-D3EC-441E-9E53-A4841401F8D6/35671/SteveSmithOfgem.pdf. Accessed 23 Apr 2012
OFGEM (2009) Transmission annual report for 2007–08. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2010a) Transmission annual report for 2007–08. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2010b) 2008/09 Electricity distribution quality of service data tables (excel file). Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Pages/MoreInformation.aspx?docid=143&refer=Networks/ElecDist/QualofServ/QoSIncent. Accessed 01 Mar 2012
OFGEM (2011a) Transmission annual report for 2007–08. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2011b) Electricity capacity assessment: measuring and modelling the risk of supply shortfalls. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2011c) Electricity distribution price control network asset data and performance reporting – network outputs and quality of service regulatory instruments and guidance: version 2. OFGEM, London
OFGEM (2012) Electricity and gas supply market indicators. Available at http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Markets/RetMkts/rmr/smr/Pages/indicators.aspx. Accessed 2 May 2012
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (2011) World oil outlook 2011. OPEC, Austria
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2010) Resilience of UK infrastructure. Post Note No. 362. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, London
Philo C (2012) Security of geography/geography of security. Trans Inst Br Geogr 37:1–7
Reed DA, Kapur KC, Christie RD (2009) Methodology for assessing the resilience of networked infrastructure. IEEE Syst J 3(2):174–180
Royal Academy of Engineering (2011) Infrastructure, engineering and climate change adaptation – ensuring services in an uncertain future. Royal Academy of Engineering, London
SmartGrid GB (2012) Smart Grid: a race worth winning? A report on the economic benefits of smart grid. SmartGrid GB, London
Stirling A (1994) Diversity and ignorance in electricity supply investment. Energy Policy 22(3):195–216
Stirling A (2009) The dynamics of security: stability, durability, resilience, robustness. Energy security in a multipolar world. Kohn Centre, Royal Society, London
Toft P, Duero A, Bieliauskas A (2010) Terrorist targeting and energy security. Energy Policy 38(8):4411–4421
Verbong GPJ, Geels FW (2010) Exploring sustainability transitions in the electricity sector with scio-technical pathways. Technol Forecast Soc Change 77:1214–1221
Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2), article 5
Walker B, Gunderson L, Kinzig A, Folke C, Carpenter S, Schultz L (2006) A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1), article 13
Wolfram C, Shelef O, Gertler PJ (2012) How will energy demand develop in the developing world? Working paper 17747. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
World Bank (2012) Electric power consumption (kWh per capita). Available at http://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC. Accessed 24 Apr 2012
Yergin D (2006) Ensuring energy security. Foreign Aff 85(2):69
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walker, S.L. (2013). The UK Electricity System and Its Resilience. In: Leal Filho, W., Voudouris, V. (eds) Global Energy Policy and Security. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 16. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5286-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5286-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5285-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5286-6
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)