Abstract
In the current valvular guidelines, Doppler Echocardiography is considered the mainstay of diagnosis aortic valve stenosis. Invasive assessment of aortic valve stenosis is reserved in those cases with inconclusive non-invasive studies, discrepant clinical and Doppler findings, and for research purposes prior to TAVR.
In this chapter we will review the different methods of invasive assessment of aortic valve stenosis by both gradient and area measures, the indications, the advantages, and the pitfalls. We will also briefly review the invasive hemodynamics of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RRA, O’Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM, Thomas JM. ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536.
Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, et al. Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2451–96.
Kern MJ, Lim M, Goldstein JA. Hemodynamic rounds: interpretation of cardiac pathophysiology from pressure waveform analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley- Blackwell; 2009.
Folland ED, Parisi AF, Carborne C. Is peripheral arterial pressure a satisfactory substitute for ascending aortic pressure when measuring aortic valve gradients? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(6):1207–12.
Gorlin R, Gorlin SG. Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve. other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J. 1951;41:1–29.
Hakki AH, Iskandrian AS, Bemis CE, Kimbiris D, Mintz GS, Segal BL, Brice C. A simplified valve formula for the calculation of stenotic cardiac valve areas. Circulation. 1981;63:1050–5.
Segal J, Lerner D, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Alderman EA. When should Doppler-determined valve area be better than the Gorlin formula? Variation in hydraulic constants in low flow states. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(6):1294–305.
Canon SR, Richards KL, Crawford M. Hydraulic estimation of stenotic orifice area: a correction of the Gorlin equation. Circulation. 1985;71:110–78.
Dumesnil JG, Yoanathan AP. Theoretical and practical differences between te Gorlin equation and the continuity equation for calculating aortic and mitral valve areas. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1268–72.
Gorlin R. Calculations of cardiac valve stenosis: restoring an old concept for advanced applications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10(4):920–2.
Carabello BA, Grossman W. Grossman’s cardiac catheteization, angiography, and intervention, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Carabello BA. Advances in the hemodynamic assessment of stenotic cardiacvalves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:912–9.
Burwash JG, Thomas DD, Sadahiro M, Pearlman AS, Verrier ED, Thomas R, Kraft CD, Otto CM. Dependence of gorlin formula and continuity equation valve areas on transvalvular volume flow rate in valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1994;89:827–35.
Abbas AE, Franey LM, Goldstein J, Lester S. Aortic valve stenosis: to the gradient and beyond-the mismatch between area and gradient severity. J Interv Cardiol. 2013;26(2):183–94.
Levine RA, Schwammenthal E. Stenosis is in the eye of the observer: impact of pressure recovery on assessing aortic valve area. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(3):443–5.
Schobel WA, Voelker W, Haase KK, Karsch KR. Extent, determinants and clinical importance of pressure recovery in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(18):1355–63.
Oh JK, Taliercio CP, Holmes Jr DR, et al. Prediction of the severity of aortic stenosis by Doppler aortic valve area determination: prospective Doppler-catheterization correlation in 100 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:1227–34.
Skjaerpe T, Hegrenaes L, Hatle L. Noninvasive estimation of valve area in patients with aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound and two-dimesnional echocardiography. Circulation. 1986;72:810–8.
Garcia D, Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG, Sakr F, Durand LG. Assessment of aortic valve stenosis severity: a new index based on the energy loss concept. Circulation. 2000;101(7):765–71.
Nishimura RA, Grantham A, Connolly HM, et al. Low-output, low-gradient aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular systolic function: the clinical utility of the dobutamine challenge in the catheterization laboratory. Circulation. 2002;106:809–13.
Blais C, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, et al. Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2006;113:711–21.
Clavel MA, Ennezat PV, Sylvestre M M.D.,†., Dumesnil JG M.D*., Romain C, Zeineb Hachicha Z, Mathieu P, Annaïk Bellouin A, Bergeron S, Meimoun P, Arsenault M, Le Tourneau T, Pasquet A, Couture C, Pibarot P. Stress echocardiography to assess stenosis severity and predict outcome in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and preserved LVEF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;6:175–83.
Eleid M, Nishimura R, Borlaug B, Sorajja P. Acute hemodynamic effects of sodium nitroprusside in low gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(10_S). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(13)62114-2
Khot UN, Novaro GM, Popović ZB, Mills RM, Thomas JD, Murat Tuzcu E, Hammer D, Nissen SE, Francis GS. Nitroprusside in critically ill patients with left ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1756–63.
Carabello BA, Ballard WL, Gazes PC. Patient 65, cardiology pearls. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus; 1994. p. 142.
Sinning JM, Hammerstingl C, Vasa-Nicotera M, Adenauer V, lema Cachiguango SJ, Scheer AC, Hausen S, Sedaghat A, Ghanem A, Muller C, Grube E, Nickening G, Werner N. Aortic regurgitation index defines severity of peri-prosthetic regurgitation and predicts outcomes in patients after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(13):1134–41.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abbas, A.E., Hanson, I., Pica, M.C. (2015). Invasive Evaluation of Aortic Stenosis. In: Abbas, A. (eds) Aortic Stenosis. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5242-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5242-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5241-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5242-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)