Abstract
Intra-cardiac Echocardiography (ICE) is a widely used tool in the interventional and electrophysiology laboratories because of its safety profile, ease of use and imaging to provide anatomical positioning of veins, septa, ridges and chambers of the heart. Its application overcomes some of the limitations of TTE: need for a separate operator and potential interference with the interventionalist, limited acoustic windows, and prolonged procedure using general anesthesia.
Ultrasound to image the heart was first described by Cieszynksi in 1960. Rotating single crystal probes preceded the mechanical 4-element probe followed by a 32-element phased array coil. Pandian et al. described atheterosclerosis and coronary remodeling with higher frequency rotational catheters. Transvascular passage of a phased-array probe to the heart to close experimental atrial septal defects in piglets was first described by Valdez-Cruz et al. In the early 1990s, ICE was being developed for visual guidance during electrophysiologic ablation and human ASD closure. The high-resolution imaging has evolved to deliver both far-field and near-field views to provide perspective, orientation and anatomical detail. 3D ICE is currently available and its role and incremental value compared to 2D ICE is yet to be determined.
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Wood, F.O., Hanzel, G.S. (2015). Intra-cardiac Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Imaging. In: Abbas, A. (eds) Interventional Cardiology Imaging. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5239-2_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5239-2_13
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