Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nameless and Faceless: The Role of Biometrics in Realising Quantum (In)security and (Un)accountability

  • Chapter
Security and Privacy in Biometrics

  • 3098 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the contradictions between the claims that biometrics will boost security and prevent identity theft, and the growing evidence of how, as more biometric documents are introduced, there is increasing e-crime that threatens personal identity and security, and collective security in the e-spaces of egovernment and personal life. It considers the impact on and ethical implications for society of widening biometric applications to daily life; and for those responsible for ensuring security and accountability as traditional controls are eroded. It concludes with a series of suggestions for avoiding dystopia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Financial Messaging Data from the European Union to the United States for purposes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Programme, OJ L8 13 January 2010, p. 9.

  2. 2.

    Papal audience on 23 Feb 2010 to representatives of Ente Nazionale per l’Aviazione Civile Italiana (www.enac-italia.it) and Ente Nazionale per l’Assistenza al Volo (http://www.enav.it/portal/page/portal/PortaleENAV/Home) responsible for airport workers. http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/25164.php?index=25164&po_date=20.02.2010&lang=en.

  3. 3.

    UK Department for Transport, Interim Code of Practice for the Acceptable Use of Advanced Imaging Technology (Body Scanners) in an Aviation Security Environment, London, 2010. http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/security/aviation/airport/.

  4. 4.

    X-ray security screening system (The Secure 1000) was developed in 1992 and commercialised by RAPISCAN, http://www.dspguide.com/secure.htm.

  5. 5.

    UK Dept. for Transport, Interim Code of Practice for the Acceptable Use of Advanced Imaging Technology (Body Scanners) in an Aviation Security Environment, http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/security/aviation/airport/.

  6. 6.

    TRAN/D/2008/57605, 26.09.2008. http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air/consultations/2009_02_19_body_scanners_en.htm; EP Hearings, Summary of hearing of Viviane Reding—Justice, fundamental rights and citizenship; Commission’s Green Paper on detection technologies in the work of law enforcement, customs and other security authorities, COM(2006)474 final.

  7. 7.

    http://ec.europa.eu/justicehome/fsj/privacy/indexen.htm; http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/workinggroup/wpdocs/2009-others_en.htm.

  8. 8.

    http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/16&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.

  9. 9.

    European Court of Human Rights (EctHR) Case of S. and Marper versus the United Kingdom Application nos. 30562/04, Strasbourg, 4 December 2008. See Equality and Human rights Commission (2009) The Equality and Human Rights Commission’s response to the government’s consultation on: Keeping the right people on the DNA database, London. Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) (2003) Biometric Identifiers (EPIC: Washington, DC). www.epic.org/privacy/biometrics/.

  10. 10.

    See Italy’s case: GARANTE PER LA PROTEZIONE DEI DATI PERSONALI Provvedimento generale sulla biometria.

  11. 11.

    Stockholm Programme p. 18.

  12. 12.

    Communication from the Commission, Compliance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights in Commission legislative Proposals, 27.04.2005. COM(2005)172 final.

  13. 13.

    Council of the EU, Presidency to Delegations, Reports by the High Level Contact Group (HLGG) on information sharing and privacy and personal data protection, JAI 822, DATAPROTECT 74,USA102, 15851/09, 23 Nov 2009.

  14. 14.

    www.europa.eu.int/comm/indernal_market/en/dataprot/wpdocs/index/htm.

  15. 15.

    In April 2010 Irish Judge Peter Charleton argued that the Internet is merely one communication tool of many, and not ‘an amorphous extraterrestrial body with an entitlement to norms that run counter to the fundamental principles of human rights’ http://courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/09859e7a3f34669680256ef3004a27de/7e52f4a2660d8840802577070035082f?OpenDocument.

  16. 16.

    IP/C/LIBE/FWC/2005-08/SC3 PE 378.262.

  17. 17.

    BioTesting Europe, PASR 2006 Action report 2008.

  18. 18.

    Department for Transport and Detica report (2009) The benefits and costs of a national smart ticketing infrastructure, London.

  19. 19.

    As in the case of bank data, e.g. HSBC Private bank in Switzerland (like many others) in 2010 revealed the true extent of data theft to be three times higher than originally disclosed. See too the reports by data integrator Informatica, March 2011.

  20. 20.

    UK shops can be prosecuted for selling alcohol to people under 18.

  21. 21.

    Council Regulation (EC) No. 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports.

  22. 22.

    Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (2010), Technische Richtlinie TR-03127: Architektur elektronischer Personalausweis und elektronischer Aufenthaltstitel, Version 1.10, 31. März, Bonn.

  23. 23.

    ISO/IEC 247 13-1.

  24. 24.

    ePassports from Austria, Belgium, Greece, Italy, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands inter alia fall into this category.

  25. 25.

    The theft of British citizens’ identity in the Dubai case raised numerous concerns about the security against breaches of chips in epassports.

  26. 26.

    US VISIT Smart Border Alliance RFID Feasibility Study, Final Report, www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/US-VISIT_RFIDattachB.pdf.

  27. 27.

    P. McCarthy, Report on Individual Identity, Rise, 2009.riseproject.eu.

  28. 28.

    http://www.edps.europa.eu.

  29. 29.

    COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of ‘Eurodac’ for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention, OJL316/1 15 December 2000.

  30. 30.

    European Commission (2006) Document de travail des services de la Commission, Accompagnant le Projet de proposition de Reglement du Parlament Européen et du Conseil établissant un Code Communautaire des Visas RESUME DE L’ANALYSE D’IMPACT {COM(2006)403 final} {SEC(2006)957} C6-0254/06, SEC(2006)958, Bruxelles, 19.7.2006. See too Draft Report by the European Parliament’s LIBE committee 9 July 2007 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas (COM(2006)0403—C6-0254/2006—2006/0142(COD)) 2006/0142(COD).

  31. 31.

    http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/10/st05/st05842-re02.en10.pdf. Council of the EU to: Delegations Subject: Draft Internal Security Strategy for the European Union: ”Towards a European Security Model”, 5842/2/10 REV 2 JAI 90, 23 Feb 2010.; and on criminal records sharing see ECRIS Council Decision 2009/316/JHA of 6 April 2009 on the establishment of the European Criminal Records Information System (ECRIS) (OJ 2009, L 93/33) and the Opinion of the EDPS of 16 September 2008 (OJ 2009, C 42/1).

  32. 32.

    See Opinion of the EDPS of 7 December 2009 on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice, and on the proposal for a Council Decision conferring upon the Agency established by Regulation XX tasks regarding the operational management of SIS II and VIS in application of Title VI of the EU Treaty.

  33. 33.

    DG Internal Policies of the Union, Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A system still to be fully developed? PE 410.692, March 2009.

  34. 34.

    Council of the European Union, Council Decision on the conclusion of an Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Financing Messaging Data from the European Union to the United States for the purposes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Programme, 2010/0178(MLE) 24 June 2010.

  35. 35.

    European Commission Communication on the creation of a European border surveillance system (EUROSUR), COM(2008)68, 13.2.08.

  36. 36.

    See for the Prüm-system Council Decision 2008/615/JHA and 2008/616/JHA of 23 June 2008 on boosting cross-border cooperation in combating terrorism and crime (OJ 2008, L 210/01) and the Opinions of the EDPS of 4 April 2007 (OJ 2007 C 169/2) and 19 December 2007 (OJ 2008, C 89/1).

  37. 37.

    See on this the Article 20 Data Protection Working Party Work Programme for 2010–2011. http://www.ec.europa.eu/justice_home?fsj/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2010/wp170_en.pdf, 3 March 2010.

  38. 38.

    The Article 29 Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal data is an independent advisory body on data protection and privacy, set up under Article 29 of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. Comprising member states’ national data protection authorities, the EDPS and the European Commission, it examines the application of national measures adopted under data protection directives in order to contribute to their uniform application. Its tasks are set out in Article 30 of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 15 of Directive 2002/58/EC. It issues recommendations, opinions and working documents.

  39. 39.

    LIBE Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A System still to be developed? PE 410.692, March 2009:3.

  40. 40.

    EDPS (2008) EDPS sees adoption of Data Protection Framework for police and judicial cooperation only as a first step, Press release, Brussels 28 Nov 2008. Council Framework Decision 2008/877/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, OJ L350/60, 13 Dec 2008.

  41. 41.

    Ann Cavoukian, Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, “Whole Body Imaging in Airport Scanners: Activate Privacy Filters to Achieve Security and Privacy”, March 2009.

  42. 42.

    http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air/consultations/doc/2009_02_19_body_scanners_questionnaire.pdf, October 2008, the first comprehensive Privacy Impact Assessment for Whole Body Imaging was published by the US Department of Homeland Security.

  43. 43.

    http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eyouguide/navigation/index_en.htm.

  44. 44.

    These include Article 8 of the 1950 Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; the 2007 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the 1891 Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (known as Convention 108 and vital to the AFSJ and police cooperation transactions) and the variety of ad hoc data protection provisions under Europol, the partial application of the EU Directive (pre-Lisbon) to pillar I issues and hence to Eurodac and partially to Schengen II and the Visa Information Systems. LIBE PE 410.692, p. 7.

  45. 45.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Examining the creation of a European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR) Brussels, 13.2.2008, COM(2008)68 final Commission Communication, on an entry/exit system at the external borders of the European Union, facilitation of border crossings for bona fide travellers, and an electronic travel authorisation system, COM(2008)69 final, Brussels, 13.2.2008.

  46. 46.

    M.J. Beloff QC in August 2009, when asked to advise the Equality and Human Rights Commission whether the [British] Government’s proposals for a National DNA database set out in a consultation document from the Home Office on “Keeping the Right People on the DNA Database” comply with the European Convention on Human Rights stated that ‘if the proposals were enacted into law they are likely to breach the Convention and lead to findings of violations by the European Court of Human Rights. In practice, it is unclear whether much has changed as a result.’

  47. 47.

    http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,682790,00.html.

  48. 48.

    “Security by design”, Homeland Security Europe, speech by Commissioner Frattini to the EU Security Research Conference, Berlin, 26 March 2007: http://www.homelandsecurityeu.com/currentissue/article.asp?art=271247&issue=219.

  49. 49.

    http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/smn/smn21/s21mn11.htm summarises findings in Single Market News No 21 (2000). C OUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 13 December 2001 (20.12) (OR. es) 15206/01; ENFOPOL 156 NOTE from: the future Spanish Presidency to: Police Cooperation Working PartyNo. prev. doc.: OJ C 340, 10.11.1997, p. 1 Subject: Network of contact points of national authorities with responsibility for private security. Brussels, 29 January 2002 (OR. es) 5135/02 ENFOPOL 5 LEGISLATIVE ACTS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS Subject: Initiative of the Kingdom of Spain on the setting up of a Network of contact points of national authorities responsible for private security http://www.statewatch.org/news/2002/apr/priv07245.pdf As under 29 April 2004 Case C-171/02: Commission of the European Communities v Portuguese Republic based on Articles 39 EC, 43 EC and 49 EC—Directive 92/51/EEC.

  50. 50.

    http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/health/index_en.htm.

References

  1. Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data by air carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security, OJ L 204, 4 August 2007, p 16

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of financial messaging data from the European Union to the United States for purposes of the terrorist finance tracking programme. OJ L8 13 January 2010, p 9

    Google Scholar 

  3. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 4/2004 on the processing of personal data by means of video surveillance, adopted 11 February 2004, 11750/02/EN WP89

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bigo D, Jeandesboz J (2009) Border security, technology and the Stockholm programme, INEX Policy Brief, CEPs

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (2010) Technische Richtlinie TR-03127: Architektur elektronischer Personalausweis und elektronischer Aufenthaltstitel, version 1.10, 31. März, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  6. Carrera S, Wiesbrock A (2009) Civic integration of third-country nationals nationalism versus Europeanisation in the common EU immigration policy, CEPs, October 2009

    Google Scholar 

  7. Commission of the European Communities (2004) Proposal for a Council Regulation on standards for security features and biometrics in EU citizens’ passports. COM(2004)116 final, 2004/0039 (CNS), 18 Feb 2004

    Google Scholar 

  8. Commission of the European Communities (2005) Proposal for a Council Decision concerning access for consultation of the visa information system (VIS) by the authorities of member states responsible for internal security and by europol for the purposes of the prevention, detection and investigation of terrorist offences and of other serious criminal offences. COM(2005)600 final, 24 Nov 2005

    Google Scholar 

  9. Commission of the European Communities (2005) Proposal for a council framework decision on the exchange of information under the principle of availability. SEC(2005)1270, COM(2005)490 final, 12 October 2005

    Google Scholar 

  10. Commission of the European Communities (2006) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Report on the implementation of the Hague. Programme for 2005. SEC(2006)813, SEC(2006)814, COM(2006)333 final, 28 June 2006

    Google Scholar 

  11. Commission of the European Communities (2007) Communication from the commission to the European Parliament and the Council on public-private dialogue in security research and innovation. SEC(2007) 1138, SEC(2007)1139, COM(2007)511 final, Sept 2007

    Google Scholar 

  12. Commission of the European Communities (2008) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Preparing the next steps in border management in the European Union. SEC(2008) 153, SEC(2008)154, COM(2008)69 final, Brussels, 13 Feb 2008

    Google Scholar 

  13. Commission of the European Communities (2009) Amended proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the establishment of ‘EURODAC’ for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of regulation (EC) No[…/…]. COM(2009)342 final, 10 September 2009

    Google Scholar 

  14. Commission of the European Communities (2009) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. An area of freedom, security and justice serving the citizen. COM(2009)262/4, 25 Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  15. Commission of the European Communities (2009) SEC(2009)837 Commission staff working document accompanying documents to the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice and proposal for a council decision conferring upon the agency established by regulation XX tasks regarding the operational management of SIS II and VIS in application of title VI of the EU treaty impact assessment. COM(2009)292 final, COM(2009)293 final, COM(2009)294 final, SEC(2009)836 Brussels, 24.06.2009

    Google Scholar 

  16. Council of the European Union to: delegations subject: draft internal security strategy for the European Union: towards a European security model. 5842/2/10 REV 2 JAI 90, 23 Feb 2010. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/10/st05/st05842-re02.en10.pdf

  17. Council of the European Union (2009) Proposal for a council framework decision on the use of passenger name record (PNR) for law enforcement purposes. Doc 5618/09, 23 January 2009

    Google Scholar 

  18. Council of the European Union. Council decision on the conclusion of an agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of financing messaging data from the European Union to the United States for the purposes of the terrorist finance tracking programme. 2010/0178(MLE), 24 June 2010

    Google Scholar 

  19. Council Regulation (EC) no 2725/2000 concerning the establishment of eurodac for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention, 15 Dec 2000

    Google Scholar 

  20. de Hert PJA (2005) Biometrics: legal issues and implications. European Commission, January 2005. http://cybersecurity.jrc.es/docs/LIBE%20Biometrics%20March%2005/LegalImplications_Paul_de_Hert.pdf

  21. Department for Transport and Detica Report (2009) The benefits and costs of a national smart ticketing infrastructure, London

    Google Scholar 

  22. EDPS (2007) Third opinion of the European data protection supervisor on the proposal for a council framework decision on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. OJ C 139/1, 23 June 2007

    Google Scholar 

  23. EDPS (2008) Opinion of the European data protection supervisor on the draft proposal for a council framework decision on the use of passenger name record (PNR) data for law enforcement purposes. OJ C 110/1, 1 May 2008

    Google Scholar 

  24. EDPS (2008) Opinion of the European data protection supervisor on the final report by the EU-US high level contact group on information sharing and privacy and personal data protection, 11 November 2008

    Google Scholar 

  25. ENISA. ENISA REPORT on the state of pan-European eID initiatives, January 2009

    Google Scholar 

  26. Eurojust. US-Eurojust agreement. http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/official_documents/Agreements/061106_EJ-US_cooperation_agreement.pdf

  27. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (2005) Biometrics at the frontiers: assessing the impact on society. EUR21585

    Google Scholar 

  28. European Court of Human Rights (EctHR) (2008) Case of S and Marper versus the United Kingdom. Application nos 30562/04, Strasbourg, 4 December 2008

    Google Scholar 

  29. European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) (2009) Press release on ePrivacy Directive close to enactment: improvements on security breach, cookies and enforcement, and more to come, 9 Nov 2009

    Google Scholar 

  30. European Parliament (2007) Draft report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the council amending regulation (EC) no 562/2006 establishing a community code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen borders code), as regards the implementing powers conferred on the Commission. COM(2006)0904—C6-0015/2007—2006/0279(COD)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Europol (2007) US-Europol cooperation agreements. http://www.europol.europa.eu/legal/agreements/Agreements/16268-2.pdf; http://www.europol.europa.eu/legal/agreements/Agreements/16268-1.pdf

  32. Group of Experts on Information and Communication Policy (1993) Reflection on information and communication policy of the European community. Report by the group of experts chaired by Willy De Clercq, Brussels, March 1993

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hayes B Homeland security comes to Europe. http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-90-homeland-security-comes-to-europe.pdf

  34. House of Commons, Justice Committee (2010) Justice issues in Europe. Seventh report of session 2009-10, vols I and II, HC162-1, HC 162-II. The Stationery Office, London, 6 April 2010

    Google Scholar 

  35. House of Lords, European Union Committee (2010) Protecting Europe against large-scale cyber-attacks. Report with evidence, 5th report of session 2009-10, HL paper 68. The Stationery Office, London, 18 March 2010

    Google Scholar 

  36. Liberatore A (2007) Challenging liberty. In: Lodge J (ed) Are You Who You Say You Are? The EU and Biometric Borders. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lodge J (2010) Biometrics in Europe: inventory on politico-legal priorities in EU27, Del 7.1 for biometrics stakeholder network (BEST) Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lodge J (2012) Dark side of the moon: accountability, ethics and new biometrics. In: Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds) Second Generation Biometrics. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lodge J (2011) Transformative biometrics and the exercise of arbitrary power. In: BIOSIG, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  40. Monahan T, Wall T (2007) Somatic surveillance: corporeal control through information networks. Surveillance & Society 1:154–173

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mordini E, Wright D, de Hert P, Mantovani E, Wadhwa KR, Thestrup J, Van Steendam G (2009) Ethics, e-inclusion and ageing. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 3(1):5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pawlak P (2009) Made in the USA? CEPS

    Google Scholar 

  43. Privacy International (2009) Statement on proposed deployments of body scanners in airports, 31/12/2009. www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-565802

  44. The EU/US Passenger Name Record (PNR) agreement, 5 June 2007

    Google Scholar 

  45. The Passenger Name Record (PNR) Framework decision—report with evidence, London, 11 June 2008

    Google Scholar 

  46. UK Department for Transport. Interim code of practice for the acceptable use of advanced Imaging technology (body scanners) in an aviation security environment, London, 2010. http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/security/aviation/airport/

  47. US VISIT Smart Border Alliance. RFID feasibility study, final report. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/US-VISIT_REFIDattachD.pdf

  48. Van Steendam G et al. (2006) The Budapest meeting 2005, the case of reproductive cloning, germ line gene therapy and human dignity. Science and Engineering Ethics 12:731–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AIMTECH, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Juliet Lodge

Authors
  1. Juliet Lodge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliet Lodge .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Electronics, Roma Tre University, via della Vasca Navale 84, Rome, 00146, Italy

    Patrizio Campisi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lodge, J. (2013). Nameless and Faceless: The Role of Biometrics in Realising Quantum (In)security and (Un)accountability. In: Campisi, P. (eds) Security and Privacy in Biometrics. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5230-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5230-9_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5229-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5230-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation