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Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes and Smoking

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Book cover Blood Pressure and Arterial Wall Mechanics in Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

It is becoming increasingly clear that arterial stiffness may be determined not only by age(ing) and blood pressure, but also by exposure to other cardiovascular risk factors. This chapter reviews the evidence provided by studies adopting an aetiological model of analyses of determinants of arterial stiffness, mainly derived, if available, from prospective designs. Specifically, the following risk factors are examined: the critical axis (central) obesity – metabolic syndrome – (type 2) diabetes, and also smoking. There is convincing evidence, reinforced by recent aetiological prospective studies, that these risk factors, all of which may be preventable, increase arterial stiffness. This may explain, at least in part, the increased cardiovascular disease risk observed in these conditions. However, the molecular basis of greater arterial stiffness associated with these risk factors remains to be fully elucidated. In addition, the prognostic significance of arterial stiffness indices in individuals with these risk factors, and the extent to which intervention on these risk factors improves cardiovascular outcome through beneficial impact on arterial stiffness, is still unclear. Given the high and/or increasing prevalence of these risk factors, these issues constitute an important research agenda.

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Abbreviations

AGAHLS:

Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

AIx:

Augmentation index

baPWV:

Pulse wave velocity (brachial-ankle)

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

cfPWV:

Pulse wave velocity (carotid–femoral)

cIMT:

Carotid intima–media thickness

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

CWS:

Circumferential wall stress

D:

Diameter

EAT:

Epicardial adipose tissue

FPG:

Fasting plasma glucose

IAD:

Inter-adventitial diameter

IGM:

Impaired glucose metabolism

IGT:

Impaired glucose tolerance

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

NGM:

Normal glucose metabolism

PP:

Pulse pressure

PWV:

Pulse wave velocity (aortic)

RF:

Risk factor

SAT:

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

T1DM:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

VAT:

Visceral adipose tissue

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment (KEMTA), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands

    Isabel Ferreira PhD

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands

    Isabel Ferreira PhD, Roel J. J. van de Laar MD, PhD & Coen D. A. Stehouwer MD, PhD

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  1. Isabel Ferreira PhD
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  2. Roel J. J. van de Laar MD, PhD
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  3. Coen D. A. Stehouwer MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Isabel Ferreira PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hôtel-Dieu Hospital Diagnosis and Therapeutics Center, Paris Descartes University, Paris, Paris, France

    Michel E. Safar

  2. St Vincent Clinic and Hospital, University of New South Wales, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Michael F. O'Rourke

  3. Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Edward D. Frohlich

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Ferreira, I., van de Laar, R.J.J., Stehouwer, C.D.A. (2014). Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes and Smoking. In: Safar, M., O'Rourke, M., Frohlich, E. (eds) Blood Pressure and Arterial Wall Mechanics in Cardiovascular Diseases. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5198-2_33

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