Abstract
This chapter, preliminary to the subsequent chapters, summarises the thermodynamic properties of fluids, illustrates the Law of Corresponding States and define a parameter of molecular complexity for each working fluid. The chapter then discusses the influence of the compressibility, of the molecular complexity and of the molar mass of the working fluid on the properties of primary interest for the analysis of the thermodynamic cycles and on the basic design aspects of turbomachines (work compression and expansion, heats of evaporation and vapour pressure). In the case of non-azeotropic mixtures it is shown, with an example, how the temperature and pressure of the critical point of the mixture vary with the composition. The variation of the critical point can in fact be a helpful additional parameter available for the design of closed cycles which are discussed in the following chapters.
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Notes
- 1.
A critical point also exists for fluid mixtures, although, for a prefixed composition, it is not usually the point on the saturation dome at the maximum pressure and temperature (see, for example[1, p. 306]).
- 2.
The phase transition is said to be of the first order if, in the transition point, the derivatives of the chemical potential show discontinuity of the first kind.
- 3.
The difference between specific entropies, multiplied by the temperature at which the phase transition takes place is the latent heat of evaporation.
- 4.
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923). In his degree thesis, in 1873, he provided a semi-quantitative description of the phenomena of condensation and the critical point and derived the equation which bears his name. The equation of state which he developed derives from one describing the behaviour of an ideal gas, corrected in order to take into account the two special aspects of a real gas: the finite dimensions of the molecules and the intermolecular forces of attraction. In 1880, van der Waals also derived the Law of Corresponding States, showing that the equation of state which he had formulated could be expressed in a completely general form, by substituting the coefficients a and b, specifics of every fluid, with two universal parameters that are independent from the compound being considered.
- 5.
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more substances with a composition that cannot be distilled. That is, the glide temperature at constant pressure is null and the mixture behaves, from this point of view, as if it were a pure fluid. The composition of the liquid phase is the same of the composition of the vapour phase.
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Invernizzi, C.M. (2013). The Thermodynamic Properties of the Working Fluids. In: Closed Power Cycles. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 11. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5140-1_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5140-1_2
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