Abstract
Ambient Intelligence solutions may provide a great opportunity for elder people to live longer at home. When assistance and care are delegated to the intelligence embedded in the environment, besides considering task-oriented response to the user needs, it is necessary to take into account the establishment of social relations. To this aim, it becomes crucial to model both the rational and the affective components of the user state of mind. In this chapter we mainly focus on the problem of modeling the cognitive and affective variables involved in the definition of a user model suitable for this domain. After providing an overlook of the state of the art, we report about our experience in designing NICA (as the name of the project Natural Interaction with a Caring Agent), a social agent acting as a virtual caregiver able to assist elderly people in a smart environment for taking care of both the physical and mental state of the users.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aizpurua A, Cearreta I, Gamecho B, Miñón R, Garay-Vitoria N, Gardeazabal L, Abascal J (2013) Extending in-home user and context models to provide ubiquitous adaptive support outside the home. In: Martín E, Haya PA, Carro RM (eds) User modeling and adaptation for daily routines. Springer, London, pp 25–59
Arroyo I, Cooper D, Burleson W, Woolf B, Muldner K, Christopherson R (2009) Emotion sensors go to school. In: Proceedings of the 14th International conference on artificial intelligence in education, Amsterdam, pp 17–24
Berry DC, Butler LT, de Rosis F (2005) Evaluating a realistic agent in an advice-giving task. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 63:304–327
Bickmore T, Picard RW (2005) Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact 12(2):293–327
Bickmore T, Cassell J (2005) Social dialogue with embodied conversational agents. In: van Kuppevelt J, Dybkjaer L, Bernsen N (eds) Advances in natural, multimodal dialogue systems. Kluwer, New York
Bickmore T (2003) Relational agents: effecting change through human-computer relationships. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bierhoff I, van Berlo A (2008) More intelligent smart houses for better care and health. In: Jordanova M, Lievens F (eds) Global telemedicine and eHealth updates: knowledge resources, vol 1. Luxexpo, Luxembourg. ISSN 1998-5509
Boersma P, Weenink D (2007) Praat: doing phonetics by computer (version 4.5.15) [computer program]. http://www.praat.org/. Retrieved 24 Feb 2007
Bomarius F, Becker M, Kleinberger T (2006) Embedded intelligence for ambient assisted living. In ERCIM special edition 67:19–20
Brahnam S, De Angeli A (2008) Special issue on the abuse and misuse of social agents. Interact Comput 20(3):287–291
Broekens J, Heerink M, Rosendal H (2009) Assistive social robots in elderly care: a review. Gerontechnology 8(2):94–103
Caridakis G, Karpouzis K, Wallace M, Kessous L, Amir N (2009) Multimodal user’s affective state analysis in naturalistic interaction. J Multimodal User Interfaces 3(1–2):49–66
Carmien SP, Martínez Cantera A (2013) Diagnostic and accessibility based user modelling. In: Martín E, Haya PA, Carro RM (eds) User modeling and adaptation for daily routines. Springer, London, pp 61–88
Carofiglio V, de Rosis F, Grassano R (2008) Dynamic models of mixed emotion activation. In: Canamero L, Aylett R (eds) Animating expressive characters for social interactions. John Benjamins, Amsterdam
Carofiglio V, de Rosis F, Novielli N (2009) Cognitive emotion modeling in natural language communication. In: Tao J, Tan T (eds) Affective information processing. Springer, London. doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-306-4
Castelfranchi C, Paglieri F (2007) The role of beliefs in goal dynamics: prolegomena to a constructive theory of intentions. Synthese 155:237–263. doi:10.1007/s11229-006-9156-3
Cearreta JM, López K, López De Ipiña C, Hernandez N, Garay M, Graña A, Álvarez (2007) Affective computing as a component of ambient intelligence. In: Information sciences 2007, Proceedings of the 10th joint conference, Salt Lake City, UT, pp 1580–1586
Cesta A, Cortellessa G, Giuliani MV, Iocchi L, Leone GR, Nardi D, Pecora F, Rasconi R, Scopelliti M, Tiberio L (2006) The roboCare assistive home robot: environment, features and evaluation. The roboCare technical report, RC-TR-0906-6
Cesta A, Cortellessa G, Pecora F, Rasconi R (2007) Supporting interaction in the roboCare intelligent assistive environment, AAAI 2007 spring symposium, interaction challenges for intelligent assistants, 26–28 Mar 2007, Stanford University, CA
CompanionAble project (2011) http://www.companionable.net/. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012
Conati C (2002) Probabilistic assessment of user’s emotions in educational games. Appl Artif Intell 16:555–575
Conati C, Maclaren H (2010) Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect. User Model User-Adapt Interact 19(3):267–303
Crespo M, Sánchez D, Crespo Foix LF, Astorga S, León A (2010) Collaborative dialogue agent for COPD self-management in AMICA: a first insight. In: Demazeau Y, Dignum F, Corchado JM, Bajo J (eds) Advances in practical applications of agents and multiagent systems, 8th international conference on practical applications of agents and multiagent systems (PAAMS 2010), advances in intelligent and soft computing, vol 70. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 75–80
Dautenhahn K (1998) The art of designing socially intelligent agents – science, fiction and the human in the loop. Appl Artif Intell 12:573–617
De Carolis B, Cozzolongo G (2009) Interpretation of user’s feedback in human-robot interaction. J Phys Agents 3(2):47–58
De Carolis B, Cozzolongo G, Pizzutilo S (2006) A Butler agent for personalized house control. In: Esposito F, Ras ZW, Malerba D, Semeraro G (eds) Foundations of intelligent systems, 16th international symposium, ISMIS 2006, Bari, Italy, 27–29 Sept 2006. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4203. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 157–166
De Carolis B, Mazzotta I, Novielli N (2010) Enhancing conversational access to information through a socially intelligent agent. In: Armano G, de Gemmis M, Semeraro G Vargiu E (eds) Intelligent information access, studies in computational intelligence, 2010, vol 301. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–20, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14000-6
De Carolis B, Pelachaud C, Poggi I, Steedman M (2004) APML, a mark-up language for believable behavior generation. In: Prendinger H (ed) Life-like characters, tools, affective functions and applications. Springer, Berlin
De Carolis B, Ferilli S, Novielli N (2012) Towards a model for recognising the social attitude in natural interaction with embodied agents. In: Proceedings IHCI-2012: the 5th international workshop on intelligent interfaces for human-computer interaction, Palermo, Italy, 4–6 July 2012
Dehn M, Mulken SV (2000) The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 52:1–22
D’Mello S, Graesser A (2010) Multimodal semi-automated affect detection from conversational cues, gross body language, and facial features. User Model User- Adapt Interact 20(2):147–187
de Rosis F, De Carolis B, Carofiglio V, Pizzutilo S (2003) Shallow and inner forms of emotional intelligence in advisory dialog simulation. In: Prendinger H, Ishizuka M (eds) Life-like characters. Tools, affective functions and applications. Springer, Berlin
de Rosis F, Novielli N, Carofiglio V, Cavalluzzi A, De Carolis B (2006) User modeling and adaptation in health promotion dialogs with an animated character. Int J Biomed Inform 39(5):514–531
de Rosis F, Batliner A, Novielli N, Steidl S (2007) You are sooo cool, valentina! Recognizing social attitude in speech-based dialogues with an ECA. In: Paiva A, Picard R, Prada R (eds) Affective computing and intelligent interaction. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4738. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 179–190
Ekman P, Friesen W (1978) Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto
Eriksson J, Mataric’ MJ, Winstein CJ (2005) Hands-off assistive robotics for post-stroke arm rehabilitation. In: IEEE 9th international conference on rehabilitation robotics: Frontiers of the Human-Machine Interface, Chicago, Illinois, June 28-July 1 2005
Feil-Seifer D, Mataric’ MJ (2005) Defining socially assistive robotics. IEEE 9th international conference on rehabilitation robotics: Frontiers of the Human-Machine Interface, Chicago, Illinois, June 28-July 1 2005
Fong T, Nourbakhsh I, Dautenhahn K (2003) A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot Autonomous Syst 42:143–166
Graf B, Hans M, Schraft RD (2004) Care-O-bot II – development of a next generation robotics home assistant. Auton Robots 16:193–205
Haigh Z, Kiff LM, Myers J, Guralnik V, Kirschbaum K, Phelps J, Plocher T, Toms D (2003) The independent lifestyle assistant (ILSA): lessons learned, technical report, technical report ACSPO3023. Honeywell Laboratories, Minneapolis
Jensen FV (2001) Bayesian networks and decision graphs, statistics for engineering and information science. Springer, New York
Jungum NV, Laurent E (2009) Emotions in pervasive computing environments. Int J Comput Sci Issues 6(1):8–22
Klein J, Moon Y, Picard R (2002) This computer responds to user frustration: theory, design, and results. Interact Comput 14:119–140
Li X (2008) Integrating user affective state assessment in enhancing HCI: review and proposition. Open Cybern Systemics J 2:192–205
Lim MY, Aylett R, Ho WC, Vargas P, Enz S (2009) A Socially-aware memory for companion agents. In: Ruttkay Z, Kipp M, Nijholt A, Vilhjálmsson HH (eds) Intelligent virtual agents, 9th international conference, IVA 2009, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 14–16 Sept 2009, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5773. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 20–26
Litman D, Forbes K, Silliman S (2003) Towards emotion prediction in spoken tutoring dialogues. In: Proceedings of the 2003 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics on human language technology: companion volume of the proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003 – short papers – Volume 2 (NAACL-Short ’03), vol 2. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, pp 52–54
Marsella SC, Johnson WL, LaBore CM (2003) Interactive pedagogical drama for health interventions. In: Hoppe U et al (eds) Artificial intelligence in education: shaping the future of learning through intelligent technologies. Ios Press, Amsterdam
Martin B (1995) Instance-based learning: nearest neighbor with generalization. Dissertation, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Mazzotta I, Silvestri V, de Rosis F (2008) Emotional and non emotional persuasion strength. In: Proceedings of the AISB 2008 symposium on persuasive technology, vol 3, The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour, London, pp 14–21
McFadden T, Indulska J (2004) Context-aware environments for independent living. In: Underwood M, Suridge K (eds) Contibuting to an ageing agenda: abstracts and proceedings of ERA 2004: the 3rd national conference for emerging researchers in ageing, Brisbane, Australia, 2 Dec 2004, Australasian Centre on Ageing, The University of Queensland
Nass C, Steuer J, Tauber ER (1994) Computers are social actors. In: Adelson B, Dumais S, Olson J (eds) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems: celebrating interdependence (CHI ’94), ACM Press, New York
Nehmer J, Becker M, Karshmer A, Lamm R (2006) Living assistance systems: an ambient intelligence approach. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on software engineering (ICSE ’06). ACM, New York
Niewiadomski R, Ochs M, Pelachaud C (2008) In: Prendinger H, Lester J, Ishizuka M (eds) Intelligent virtual agents, 8th international conference, IVA 2008, Tokyo, Japan, 1–3 Sept 2008. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5208. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 37–44
Nijholt A, de Ruyter B, Heylen D, Privender S (2006) Social interfaces for ambient intelligence environments. In: Aarts E, Encarnaçao J (eds) True visions: the emergence of ambient intelligence. Springer, New York
Nijholt A (2003) Disappearing computers, social actors and embodied agents. In: Kunii T, Hock SS, Sourin A, (eds) Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on cyberworlds (CW ’03). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC
Ortiz A, Del Puy Carretero M, Oyarzun D, Yanguas JJ, Buiza C, Gonzalez MF, Etxeberria I (2006) Elderly users in ambient intelligence: does an avatar improve the interaction? In: Stephanidis C, Pieper M (eds) Universal access in ambient intelligence environments, 9th ERCIM workshop on user interfaces for all, Königswinter, Germany, 27–28 Sept 2006. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4397. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 99–114
Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1998) The cognitive structure of emotions. University Press, Cambridge
Pineau J, Montemerlo M, Pollack M, Roy N, Thrun S (2003) Towards robotic assistants in nursing homes: challenges and results. Robot Auton Syst 42(3–4):271–281
Poggi I, Pelachaud C, de Rosis F, Carofiglio V, De Carolis B (2004) GRETA. A believable embodied conversational agent. In: Stock O, Zancanaro M (eds) Multimodal intelligent information presentation. Kluwer, New York
Pollack ME (2005) Intelligent technology for an aging population: the use of AI to assist elders with cognitive impairment. AI Mag 26(2):9–24
Pollack ME, Engberg S, Matthews LT, Thrun S, Brown L et al. (2002) Pearl: a mobile robotic assistant for the elderly. In: Proceedings of workshop on Automation as Caregiver: the Role of Intelligent Technology in Elder Care, AAAI, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Prendinger H, Mori J, Ishizuka M (2005) Recognizing, modeling, and responding to users affective states. In: Ardissono L, Brna P, Mitrovic A (eds) User modeling 2005, 10th international conference, UM 2005, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 24–29 July 2005. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3538. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 60–69
Rao M, Georgeff M (1995) BDI agents from theory to practice. Technical note 56, AAII
Reeves B, Nass C (1996) The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, New York
Reilly WSN (1996) Believable social and emotional agents. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University
Reiter E, Dale R (2000) Building natural language generation systems. Studies in natural language processing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Thrun S (2004) Towards a framework for human-robot interaction. Hum Comput Interact 19(1&2):9–24
Sabourin J, Mott B, Lester J (2011) Computational models of affect and empathy for. Pedagogical virtual agents. Standards in emotion modeling, Lorentz Center International Center for workshops in the Sciences
Sakamoto D, Ono T (2006) Sociality of robots: do robots construct or collapse human relations? In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction (HRI ’06). ACM, New York
Scherer KR, Wranik T, Sangsue J, Tran V, Scherer U (2004) Emotions in everyday life: probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns. Soc Sci Info 43(4):499–570
Soler V, Peñalver A, Zuffanelli S, Roig J, Aguiló J (2010) Domotic hardware infrastructure in PERSONA project. In: Augusto JC, Corchado JM, Novais P, Analide C (eds) Ambient intelligence and future trends-international symposium on ambient intelligence (ISAmI 2010), Advances in intelligent and soft computing, vol 72. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 149–155
Stephanidis C (2011) Ambient assisted living and ambient intelligence: improving the quality of life for European Citizens. ERCIM News, Keynote for the Special Theme: Ambient Assisted Living 87:2–3
Sundberg J, Patel S, Björkner E, Scherer KR (2011) Interdependencies among voice source parameters in emotional speech. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 2(3):162–174
van Breemen JN (2004) iCat: a generic platform for studying personal robot applications. In: Proceedings of IEEE-SMC 2004 conference 10–13 Oct, Den Haag, The Netherlands
van Ruiten AM, Haitas D, Bingley P, Hoonhout HCM, Meerbeek BW, Terken JMB (2007) Attitude of elderly towards a robotic game-and-train- buddy: evaluation of empathy and objective control. In: Cowie R, de Rosis F (eds) Proceedings of the doctoral consortium, in the scope of the second international conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII2007), Lisbon, 13 and 14 Sept 2007
Vogt T, Andre’ E, Bee N (2008) EmoVoice – a framework for online recognition of emotions from voice. In: André E, Dybkjær L, Minker W, Neumann H, Pieraccini R, Weber M (eds) Perception in multimodal dialogue systems, 4th IEEE tutorial and research workshop on perception and interactive technologies for speech-based systems, PIT 2008, Kloster Irsee, Germany, 16–18 June 2008. LNAI, vol 5078. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 188–199
Wada T, Shibata T, Saito T, Tanie K (2002) Analysis of factors that bring mental effects to elderly people in robot assisted activity. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and system, vol 2. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, pp 1152–1157
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De Carolis, B., Mazzotta, I., Novielli, N., Pizzutilo, S. (2013). User Modeling in Social Interaction with a Caring Agent. In: Martín, E., Haya, P., Carro, R. (eds) User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4778-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4778-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4777-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4778-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)