Skip to main content

Kidneys

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1492 Accesses

Abstract

37 year old female with persistent, asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Imaging Findings CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous and oral contrast demonstrates the absence of a kidney in the expected location of the left renal fossa. A portion of the right kidney is noted (arrow in Fig. 2.1a). Note the flattened appearance of the left adrenal gland (the “lying down”) compatible with a congenitally absent left renal fossa. Figure 2.1b demonstrates a displaced left kidney across the midline which is fused with a caudally located right kidney. Figure 2.1c (obtained during a delayed portion of this exam to opacify the collecting system) demonstrates the normal entry zone of both ureters (arrows).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings by Case

Case 2.1

  • Bauer SB. Anomalies of the upper urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, editors. Campbell’s urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 1898–906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein ZJ, Hertz M, Shahin N, et al. Crossed renal ectopia: angiographic findings in six cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976;126(5):1035–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkvatan A, Olcer T, Cumhur T. Multidetector CT urography of renal fusion anomalies. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15:127–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.2

  • Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Classic signs in uroradiology. Radiographics. 2004a;24:S247–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majidpour HS, Yousefinejad V. Percutaneous management of urinary calculi in horseshoe kidneys. Urol J. 2008;5(3):188–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nino-Murcia M. deVries PA, Friedland GW. Congenital anomalies of the kidney. In: Pollack HM, McClennan BL, editors. Clinical urography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000. p. 690–763.

    Google Scholar 

Case 2.3

Case 2.4

  • Hidalgo H, Dunnick NR, Rosenberg ER, et al. Parapelvic cysts: appearance on CT and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138:667–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee FTJ, Thornbury JR. The Urinary Tract. In: Juhl JH, Crummy AB, Kuhlman JE, editors. Paul and Juhl’s Essentials of Radiologic Imaging, vol. 7. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. p. 683.

    Google Scholar 

Case 2.5

  • Katabathina VS, Kota G, Dasyam AK, et al. Adult renal cystic disease: a genetic, biological, and developmental primer. Radiographics. 2010a;30:1509–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine E, Slusher SL, Grantham JJ, et al. Natural history of acquired renal cystic disease in dialysis patients: a prospective longitudinal CT study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(3):501–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LR, Soffer O, Nassar VH, et al. Acquired renal cystic disease in end-stage renal disease: an autopsy study of 155 cases. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(4):322–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.6

  • Bosniak MA. The Bosniak renal cyst classification: 25 years later. Radiology. 2012;262(3):781–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harisinghani MG, Maher MM, Gervais DA, et al. Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak Category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:755–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israel GM, Hindman N, Bosniak MA. Evaluation of cysic renal masses: comparison of CT and MR imaging by using the Bosniak classification system. Radiology. 2004;231:365–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.7

  • Katabathina VS, Kota G, Dasyam AK, et al. Adult renal cystic disease: a genetic, biological, and developmental primer. Radiographics. 2010b;30:1509–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parfrey PS, Bear JC, Morgan J, et al. The diagnosis and prognosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(16):1085–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perrone RD. Extrarenal manifestations of ADPKD. Kidney Int. 1997;51(6):2022–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.8

  • Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Classic signs in uroradiology 1. Radiographics. 2004b;24 suppl 1:S247–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schepens D, Verswijvel G, Kuypers D, Vanrenterghem Y. Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(7):1080–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.9

  • Kim YG, Kim B, Kim MK, Chung SJ, Han HJ, Ryu JA, … Oh HY. Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with long‐term furosemide abuse in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(12):2303–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Classic signs in uroradiology 1. Radiographics. 2004c;24 suppl 1:S247–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.10

  • Hidas G, Eliahou R, Duvdevani M, et al. Determination of renal stone composition with dual-energy CT: In Vivo analysis and comparison with X-ray diffraction. Radiology. 2010;257(2):394–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.11

  • Craig WD, Wagner BJ, Mark D, et al. Pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic review. Radiographics. 2008a;28:255–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.12

  • Craig WD, Wagner BJ, Travis MD. From the Archives of the AFIP: pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic review. Radiographics. 2008;28:255–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang JJ, Tseng CC. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: clinicoradiological classification, management, prognosis, and pathogenesis. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 2000 Mar 27 [cited 2014 Apr 29];160(6):797–805. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737279.

  • Tasleem AM, Murray P, Anjum F, Sriprasad S. CT imaging is invaluable in diagnosing emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN): a rare urological emergency. BMJ Case Rep [Internet]. 2014 Jan 4 [cited 2014 Apr 28];2014(apr03_2):bcr2014204040–. Available from: http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2014/bcr-2014-204040.long.

Case 2.13

  • Craig WD, Wagner B, Travis M. Pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic review. Radiographics. 2008c;28(1):255–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes WS, Hartman DS, Sesterbenn IA. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Radiographics. 1991;11:485–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loffroy R, Guiu B, Watfa J, et al. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in adults: clinical and radiological findings in diffuse and focal forms. Clin Radiol. 2007;62:884–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verswijvel G, Oyen R, Van Poppel H, Roskams T. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: MRI findings in the diffuse and the focal type. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:586–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.14

  • Di Fiori JL, Rodrigue D, Kapstein EM, et al. Diagnostic sonography of HIV-associated nephropathy: new observations and clinical correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:713–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay C. Renal diseases in patients with AIDS: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159:551–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symeonidou C, Standish R, Sahdev A, et al. Imaging and histopathologic features of HIV-related renal disease. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1339–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.15

  • Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Goldman SM, Raval BK, Fishman EK. CT of renal inflammatory disease. Radiographics. 1997;17:851–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.16

  • Jung Y, Kim JK, Cho K-S. Genitourinary tuberculosis: comprehensive cross-sectional imaging. Am J Radiol. 2005;184:143–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchant S, Bharati A, Merchant N. Tuberculosis of the genitourinary system-Urinary tract tuberculosis: Renal tuberculosis-Part I. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013a;23(1):64–77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant S, Bharati A, Merchant N. Tuberculosis of the genitourinary system-Urinary tract tuberculosis: Renal tuberculosis-Part II. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013b;23(1):64–77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.17

  • Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Corl FM, West OC, Tamm EP, Fishman EK, Goldman SM. Imaging of renal trauma: a comprehensive review. Radiographics. 2001;21(3):557–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rezai P, Tochetto S, Galizia M, Yaghmai V. Perinephric hematoma: semi-automated quantification of volume on MDCT: a feasibility study. Abdom Imaging. 2011;36(2):222–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.18

  • Dopson S, Jayakumar S, Velez J. Page kidney as a rare cause of hypertension: case report and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:334–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth A, Collins S, Thorsteinsdottir B, Madsen B, et al. Page kidney: etiology, renal function outcomes and risk for future hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2012;14:216–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Case 2.19

  • Ross L, Titton RL, Debra A, et al. Urine leaks and urinomas: diagnosis and imaging-guided intervention. Radiographics. 2003;23(5):1133–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Case 2.20

  • Kamel IR, Berkowitz JF. Assessment of the cortical rim sign in posttraumatic renal infarction. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20:803–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Ernst RD, et al. CT evaluation of renovascular disease. Radiographics. 2000a;20(5):1321–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siablis D, Liatsikos EN, Goumenos D, et al. Percutaneous rheolytic thrombectomy for treatment of acute renal-artery thrombosis. J Endourol. 2005;19:68–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.21

  • Harris SL, Smith MP, Laurie A, Darlow BA. Neonatal renal vein thrombosis and prothrombotic risk. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(7):1104–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Ernst RD, et al. CT evaluation of renovascular disease. Radiographics. 2000b;20(5):1321–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Fine DM, Atta MG. Catheter-directed thrombectomy and thrombolysis for acute renal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(5):815–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.22

  • Davenport MS, Neville AM, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Chaudhry HS, Leder RA. Diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma with hounsfield unit thresholds: effect of size of region of interest and nephrographic phase imaging. Radiology. 2011;260(1):158–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Logue LG, Acker RE, Sienko AE. Best cases from the AFIP: angiomyolipomas in tuberous sclerosis. Radiographics. 2003;23(1):241–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrosa I, Sun MR, Spencer M, Genega EM, Olumi AF, Dewolf WC, et al. MR imaging of renal masses: correlation with findings at surgery and pathologic analysis. Radiographics. 2008;28(4):985–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.23

  • Freire M, Remer EM. Clinical and radiologic features of cystic renal masses. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(5):1367–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver IMF, Boag AH, Soboleski DA. Multilocular cystic renal tumor: cystic nephroma. Radiographics. 2008;28(4):1221–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M, et al. Adult cystic nephroma and mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney are the same disease entity: molecular and histologic evidence. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):72–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.24

  • Adamy A, Lowrance WT, Yee DS, Chong KT, Bernstein M, Tickoo SK, Coleman JA, Russo P. Renal oncocytosis: management and clinical outcomes. J Urol. 2011;185:795–801.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bai X, Wu C-L. Renal cell carcinoma and mimics: pathologic primer for radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:1289–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gakis G, Kramer U, Schilling D, Kruck S, Stenzl A, Schlemmer H-P. Small renal oncocytomas: differentiation with multiphase CT. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80:274–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon WJ, King BF, Lieber MM. Renal oncocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. J Urol. 1996;155:863–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda N, Tanaka A, Ohe C, et al. Review of renal oncocytosis (multiple oncocytic lesions) with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects. Histol Histopathol. 2012;27:1407–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz AB, Hindman N, Fitzgerald EF, Niver BE, Melamed J, Babb JS. MRI features of renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:W421–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schieda N, McInnes MDF, Cao L. Diagnostic accuracy of segmental enhancement inversion for diagnosis of renal oncocytoma at biphasic contrast enhanced CT: systematic review. Eur Radiol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s00330-014-3147-4.

    Google Scholar 

Case 2.25

  • Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance”. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:1220–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad SR, Humphrey PA, Catena JR, et al. Common and uncommon histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: imaging spectrum with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26:1795–810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.26

  • Browne RFJ, Meehan CP, Colville J, et al. Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics. 2005;25:1609–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raza SA, Sohaib SA, Sahdev A, et al. Centrally infiltrating renal masses on CT: differentiating intrarenal transitional cell carcinoma from centrally located renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(4):846–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case 2.27

  • Ganeshan D, Iyer R, Devine C, Bhosale P, Paulson E. Imaging of primary and secondary renal lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:W712–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth S, Ali S, Fishman E. Imaging of renal lymphoma: patterns of disease with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2013;26:1151–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Lefkowitz RA, Bach A. Imaging of kidney cancer. Radiol Clin North Am. 2007;45:119–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harisinghani, M.G., Rajesh, A. (2015). Kidneys. In: Genitourinary Imaging. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4772-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4772-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4771-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4772-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics